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1.
安徽省农业灾害情况及防灾减灾对策分析 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
分析安徽省主要农业灾害发生及分布情况,探讨相应的防灾减灾对策,为实现安徽省农业可持续发展及保障安徽省粮食安全提供依据。以1978—2012年安徽省农业灾情及粮食播种面积、粮食总产等数据为依据,分析农业灾害对安徽省农业生产的影响和安徽省水灾、旱灾、风雹灾、霜冻灾等主要农业灾害发生及分布规律,并提出防灾减灾对策。结果表明,1978年以来,安徽省农业气象灾害频发,1991、1998、2003年受灾面积较大,总体上粮食总产呈增加趋势,农业气象灾害受灾及成灾面积与粮食总产呈负相关;1979—2012年安徽省粮食总产呈周期性波动,且与成灾面积的年际增长率呈负相关关系,表现为每3年左右为1个周期;影响安徽省农业生产发展的最主要灾害种类是旱灾、水灾、风雹、霜冻等,其中水灾和旱灾是最主要灾害,其危害多数年份占所有农业灾害危害受灾面积和成灾面积的80%以上;安徽省绝大部分地市的旱灾成灾面积指数大于水灾成灾面积指数,说明旱灾是影响安徽省农业生产发展的最重要农业气象灾害类型。该研究可为安徽省农业灾害风险的有效管理和政府部门相关决策提供技术支持和参考。 相似文献
2.
河南省水旱灾害时空分布特征及与粮食产量关系 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
全球气候变暖背景下,气象灾害呈明显上升趋势,极端灾害事件频繁发生,给粮食生产造成严重损失。水旱灾害是对粮食生产产生最直接、最经常性影响的农业灾害类型,与粮食产量关系的研究可以为粮食生产和防灾减灾提供基础的科学依据。以中国中部河南省为例,根据1988-2007年河南省水旱灾害受灾面积、成灾面积、农作物播种面积以及粮食单产等数据,分析了河南省水旱灾害时空分布特征及其与粮食产量的关系。结果表明：河南省的水旱灾害具有明显的年际波动性和地区差异性,1994年旱灾最严重,频发区为三门峡、洛阳两市,2003年水灾最严重,频发区为驻马店市;粮食单产波动系数和水旱灾受灾系数的相关性在不同时段具有较大差异,洛阳、三门峡和郑州受旱灾的影响较大,开封、商丘、驻马店受水灾影响较大。 相似文献
3.
为了降低极端气候事件对农作物产量与经济的损失,本文基于灾害学理论,运用数理统计的趋势分析等方法,分析了1978—2017年旱灾、水灾、风雹灾与低温成灾4种极端气候事件对广西区农作物成灾、受灾面积的影响。并用极端气候事件的气候因素响应频率来近似代替一定区域极端气候发生的概率,结合1978—2017年4种极端气候事件灾损评估,对广西区旱灾、水灾、风雹灾与低温成灾进行时空分析,揭示其时空变化趋势。结果表明:（1）研究期内,广西区农作物因灾致损程度为:旱灾>水灾>低温成灾>风雹灾;（2）广西区由旱灾引起的农作物受灾面积与成灾面积呈下降趋势,因灾致损严重区域由中部与西部逐步变化至西南部与东北部;（3）广西区由水灾引起的农作物受灾面积与成灾面积变化呈上升趋势,因灾致损严重区域由南部向中西部逐渐变化;（4）广西区由风雹灾引起的农作物受灾面积与成灾面积变化呈下降趋势,因灾致损严重区域由北部与南部向中部与南部逐渐变化;（5）广西区由低温成灾引起的农作物受灾面积与成灾面积变化呈上升趋势,因灾致损严重区域主要集中在北部。 相似文献
4.
灰色关联分析在粮食产量影响因素分析中的应用——以川东地区为例 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为了有效提高粮食产量,通过采用灰色系统理论中的灰色关联分析方法,研究对粮食产量的影响,选择了以粮食作物耕地面积、播种面积、粮食单产、有效灌溉面积、化肥施用量、农业劳动力、农村用电量、农业机械总动力、受旱灾面积9项影响因子。结果表明：播种面积始终是影响遂宁市粮食产量的主要因素;化肥施用和粮食单产是影响粮食产量减少的最主要因素;耕地面积和有效灌溉面积是影响粮食产量增加的主要因素;农村用电量对粮食产量的影响力在下降;农业劳动力对粮食产量的影响始终很小。最后通过分析各影响因子,提出可供参考的关于提高粮食产量的意见。 相似文献
5.
安徽省全国重要的粮食主产省。本文依据1978~2010年安徽省粮食产量统计数据,应用波动理论和灰色关联度理论分析安徽省粮食产量波动规律,考察安徽省粮食产量波动的历史过程、数量特征和影响因素。研究结果表明,安徽省粮食产量波动表现为古典型波动;周期较短,长度比较规则;波动幅度总体呈现中度;扩张期略长于收缩期;在粮食产量波动性比较中可以将各周期划分为几个阶段;用灰色关联度分析得出,化肥是粮食增产的重要因素,应该加大力度研究,合理施肥;农作物受灾面积对粮食产量的影响较小。 相似文献
6.
7.
采用灰色关联分析法,将1999—2017年陕西省粮食产量划分为2个阶段,对2个时段的粮食产量10个影响因素进行动态分析,利用SAS统计软件实现灰色关联分析的数据处理,为提升陕西省粮食产能、增强粮食安全保障的主要途径提供数据支撑。结果表明,影响陕西省粮食产量的第一重要因素是粮食播种面积;有效灌溉面积、农村就业人数对粮食产量的影响逐渐增强;农药化肥减量增效势在必行,有较大提升空间。宏观层面上,自然因素仍是影响粮食产量的第一因素,科技因素对粮食产量的影响上升,最后是政策因素。加强耕地质量建设,稳定粮食作物播种面积,农药化肥精准施用减量增效,推广粮食绿色生产方式,是保障粮食安全的重要举措。 相似文献
8.
为了达到山东省粮食稳产和增产的目标,通过1991—2010年的统计数据,利用灰色关联法分析了山东省粮食产量的影响因素。结果表明：有效灌溉面积对山东省粮食产量影响最强,粮食单产、粮食播种面积、农业化肥折纯量、农业机械总动力、农药使用量、农村用电量对山东省粮食产量也依次有重要影响。根据结果提出提高有效灌溉面积,稳定和提高粮食单产和粮食播种面积等建议来保证山东省粮食的稳产和增产。 相似文献
9.
福建省粮食产量气象灾害风险评估 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
利用福建省1978-2004年66个县（区）的粮食单产资料,通过统计处理得到相对气象产量,并以相对气象产量的变化来表征福建粮食产量气象灾害风险程度。采用歉年平均减产率,歉年减产率变异系数,相对气象产量小于－5％的保证率三个风险指标作为综合风险评估指标,来评估福建粮食单产气象灾害风险。结果表明全省各县综合风险指数介于0.08～0.73之间,高风险区主要分布在平潭县、泉州和漳州的大部县市、龙岩和三明的西部县市、宁德市东北部和南平的部分县市,这些区域的台风、暴雨、干旱和寒害等灾害对粮食单产的影响较大;低风险区主要分布在福建中部沿海县市及内陆县市,气象灾害对对粮食单产的影响相对小些。 相似文献
10.
江苏省粮食产量影响因素的灰色关联分析 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为了探明江苏省粮食产量波动的影响因素,加快推进粮食生产供给侧结构性改革,针对江苏省粮食生产特征,将1999—2015年江苏省粮食生产划分为两个时段,采用灰色关联分析法,对两个时段中10个影响因素进行动态分析。结果表明：粮食播种面积是影响江苏省粮食产量的首要因素;有效灌溉面积和农业机械总动力经历了由弱到强的变化;农业支出占比地位重要但拉动作用有所减弱;大量使用化肥、农药对粮食增产作用很大,有较大提高利用率空间;宏观层面上,科技因素对粮食产量的影响上升,其次政策、自然因素。稳定粮食作物种植面积,大力提升农业科技水平,积极发展粮食绿色生产,持续加大财政支农投入,是增加江苏省粮食产量的主要途径。 相似文献
11.
Jens Jensen 《Euphytica》1979,28(1):47-56
Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans. 相似文献
12.
G. H. Kroon 《Euphytica》1994,76(1-2):125-125
Summary
K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes. 相似文献
13.
Hongyan WEI Jian ZHOU Jinguang LU Jingzheng SONG Qiongxi YU Zhihong JIANG 《Medicinal Plant》2019,(6):27-29
[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol... 相似文献
14.
Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed. 相似文献
15.
D. A. Bond G. J. Jellis G. G. Rowland J. Le Guen L. D. Robertson S. A. Khalil L. Li-Juan 《Euphytica》1993,73(1-2):151-166
Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses. 相似文献
16.
Chunli TANG Fengxian ZHAO Hongxia CHEN Jiabao MA Jiangcun WEI Meiyan QIU Zhen XIE 《Medicinal Plant》2019,(6):60-65
[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination... 相似文献
17.
E. Keep 《Euphytica》1986,35(3):843-855
Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F1 hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf
1) and recessive for the other (Rf
2).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph
3(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf
1(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf
1and Rf
2were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf
1, and 0.15 for Lf
1-Sph
3were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph
3.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf
1-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph
3. Poor performance of lf
1- (and possibly lf
2-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off). 相似文献
18.
[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho... 相似文献
19.
Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed. 相似文献
20.
Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques. 相似文献