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1.
Ten enzymatic systems were analyzed to determine allozyme genetic differentiation among three hatchery strains (A, B and C) of white shrimp, Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei, commonly used in shrimp farming in northwest Mexico. A wild population from northern Sinaloa was used as a reference. Fifteen loci were detected, nine of which were polymorphic (ACP-1*, ACP-2*, AKP-2*, EST-2*, EST-3*, EST-4*, EST-5*, LAP*, and LDH*). Polymorphism of A, B and C were 53, 53, and 40%. The mean observed heterozygosity per locus was 0.071, 0.093, and 0.050 without any significant difference among them or with respect to the wild population (0.056). In all samples observed heteroxygosity was smaller than expected. The mean number of alleles per locus was 1.8 in A and 1.87 in both B and C. Strain A was the only sample without rare alleles. Only EST-3* and LAP* of strain A were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; the other loci were in disequilibrium in all samples. High inbreeding values and heterozygote deficiencies were detected in all samples. Distribution of allelic frequencies was heterogeneous among the samples (G-test), involving all polymorphic loci and suggesting a genetic differentiation. According to Fst, a moderate genetic differentiation (7.4%) was detected among the samples. Greater differences were between strains A and C. Based on genetic distance, the samples were grouped into two pairs, B-C and A-wild. Strain A is a young strain related to the wild sample, whereas strains B and C have a different geographic origin than the wild sample.  相似文献   

2.
采用磁珠富集和PCR筛选相结合的方法,得到番红砗磲的19个多态性微卫星标记。利用新开发微卫星标记对西沙群岛2个野生群体的遗传多样性进行比较分析,七连屿海域野生群体和永兴岛海域野生群体的平均观测等位基因数(Na)分别为11.105、11.895,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为6.274、6.173,平均期望杂合度(He)分别为0.776、0.788,平均多态性信息含量分别为0.730、0.744,发现2个野生群体的遗传多样性都处于高度多态水平,说明其有效群体大小仍然保持在较高水平。Bonferroni校正后,在2个群体中各有4个位点偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡。另外分析了这些引物在近缘种中的通用性情况,发现鳞砗磲中有7对微卫星引物具有通用性,6对具有多态性;无鳞砗磲中有3对微卫星引物具有通用性,1对具有多态性;诺瓦砗磲中有5对微卫星引物具有通用性,5对具有多态性;长砗磲中有9对微卫星引物具有通用性,8对具有多态性;砗蚝中有2对引物具有通用性,2对具有多态性。  相似文献   

3.
Ten enzymatic systems were analyzed to determine allozyme genetic differentiation among three hatchery strains (A, B and C) of white shrimp, Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei, commonly used in shrimp farming in northwest Mexico. A wild population from northern Sinaloa was used as a reference. Fifteen loci were detected, nine of which were polymorphic (ACP-1*, ACP-2*, AKP-2*, EST-2*, EST-3*, EST-4*, EST-5*, LAP*, and LDH*). Polymorphism of A, B and C were 53, 53, and 40%. The mean observed heterozygosity per locus was 0.071, 0.093, and 0.050 without any significant difference among them or with respect to the wild population (0.056). In all samples observed heteroxygosity was smaller than expected. The mean number of alleles per locus was 1.8 in A and 1.87 in both B and C. Strain A was the only sample without rare alleles. Only EST-3* and LAP* of strain A were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; the other loci were in disequilibrium in all samples. High inbreeding values and heterozygote deficiencies were detected in all samples. Distribution of allelic frequencies was heterogeneous among the samples (G-test), involving all polymorphic loci and suggesting a genetic differentiation. According to Fst, a moderate genetic differentiation (7.4%) was detected among the samples. Greater differences were between strains A and C. Based on genetic distance, the samples were grouped into two pairs, B–C and A-wild. Strain A is a young strain related to the wild sample, whereas strains B and C have a different geographic origin than the wild sample.  相似文献   

4.
Genetic variation in seven reared stocks of gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata, originating from Greek commercial farms, was assessed using five polymorphic microsatellite markers and was compared with that of two natural populations from the Ionian and the Adriatic Seas. The total number of alleles per marker ranged from 11 to 19 alleles, and hatchery samples showed the same levels of observed heterozygosity with samples from the wild but substantially smaller allelic diversity and expected heterozygosity. The global genetic differentiation for the cultivated samples was significant as indicated by Fst analysis, which might indicate random genetic drift and inbreeding events operating in the hatcheries. On the contrary, no significant difference was found between the two wild populations. Population pairwise tests between farmed and wild stocks were also significant, with the exception of one hatchery sample, the Central Greece 1, which was not significantly different from the two wild samples perhaps due to its recent use in aquaculture from wild‐caught animals. The UPGMA tree topology grouped the wild samples together with the Central Greece 1 stock, and showed a clear division between wild and farmed sample sets for the six remaining hatchery samples. Knowledge of the genetic variation in S. aurata cultured populations compared with that in the wild ones is essential for setting up appropriate guidelines for the proper monitoring and management of the stocks either under traditional practices or for the implementation of selective breeding programmes.  相似文献   

5.
The microsatellite DNA technique was used to detect the genetic variations between wild and cultured populations of Kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus Bate 1888. All the six microsatellite loci screened in this study showed high polymorphism for their PIC (0.6701–0.8989), which was much more than the standard value of 0.5. A total of 73 alleles were observed over six loci from 93 shrimps. The mean number of allele locus ranged from 9.83 (cultured) to 11.83 (wild). The number of effective alleles varied from 6.86 (cultured) to 8.58 (wild). The average of observed heterozygosity (Ho) of populations varied from 0.6935 (cultured) to 0.7370 (wild), and that of expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.8169 (wild) and 0.8209 (cultured). Tests of Hardy–Weinberg showed that these loci deviated significantly or highly significantly in one or both populations. Compared with the wild population, the cultured population showed little reduction in genetic variation. The total number of alleles (71, 59) was not significantly (P=0.296) different between wild and cultured populations. The paired‐samples t test of observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity implied that there was no significant difference (P=0.572 and 0.891 respectively) between wild and cultured populations. However, some rare allele loss might have occurred in the cultured population. A total of 14 unique alleles were found in the wild population, but only two unique alleles were observed in the cultured population. Therefore, there is a need to monitor genetic variability of cultured population, and to improve the hatchery program for the conservation of wild Kuruma prawn resources.  相似文献   

6.
棘头梅童鱼七个野生群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  
为研究中国沿海地区棘头梅童鱼群体的遗传多样性,利用微卫星标记技术,采用9对微卫星引物对中国连云港(LYG)、大丰(DF)、崇明(CM)、舟山(ZS)、温州(WZ)、宁德(ND)、厦门(XM)棘头梅童鱼7个野生群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析。结果显示,实验检测到63个等位基因,各位点等位基因数为3~13个,有效等位基因数为1.7510~8.0317;各位点的观测杂合度(Ho)为0.3596~0.7854,期望杂合度(He)为0.4300~0.8780;多态信息含量(PIC)为0.3604~0.8631,其中有2个位点表现为中度多态(0.25PIC0.5),7个位点表现为高度多态(PIC0.5),具有较丰富的遗传多样性水平。Hardy-Weinber平衡分析显示,7个群体的大部分位点未偏离平衡。基于群体间Nei氏标准遗传距离构建的7个野生群体UPGMA系统进化树结果显示,ND和WZ群体遗传关系最近,ZS和WZ群体遗传关系最远,WZ和ND聚为一支,但总体上没有显著的遗传分化。  相似文献   

7.
3个仿刺参地理种群遗传变异的微卫星DNA分析   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4  
谭杰 《水产学报》2007,31(4):437-442
运用微卫星DNA技术对仿刺参烟台群体、威海群体、大连群体的3个野生群各20个个体进行了遗传分析。对9个基因位点进行了扩增,共获得了59个等位基因。评估了9对微卫星引物的多态信息含量(PIC),范围在0.5129~0.8794之间。结果表明:3个野生群体的平均杂合度观测值分别为0.6416、0.6595、0.5824,平均杂合度期望值分别为0.7641、0.7161、0.7364;在Hardy-Weinberg平衡条件下,进行了P检验,发现3个群体均有位点发生了显著偏离;对3个群体进行了配对Fst值计算,发现3个群体之间遗传分化较弱。从变异贡献率来看,95.68%的变异来自个体之间,4.32%的变异来自群体之间。经过聚类分析,发现威海群体和大连群体之间亲缘关系较近,烟台群体与前两群体亲缘关系较远。  相似文献   

8.
采用磁珠富集法筛选适合漠斑牙鲆遗传多样性分析的微卫星分子标记。筛选共获得43条序列,其中完美型26个,占60.5%;非完美型14个,占32.6%;复合型3个,占6.9%。选取其中14对特异性好且扩增效率高的微卫星引物,对采自美国北卡罗来纳州沿海的漠斑牙鲆野生群体和养殖群体进行遗传多样性及遗传结构比较分析。研究结果表明,12对引物的扩增产物具有多态性,其中7个位点为高度多态(PIC>0.5)。两个群体中共检测到90个等位基因。12个多态性微卫星位点在两个群体中的平均观察杂合度(Ho)和期望杂合度(He)分别为0.36和0.57。9个位点在整个群体中呈现出不同程度的偏离遗传平衡(P<0.05),且偏离平衡的位点均表现为杂合子缺失(Fis>0)。野生群体和养殖群体间的遗传距离为0.1115,群体间的遗传分化微弱(Fst=0.0438)。  相似文献   

9.
邢德  李琪  张景晓 《水产学报》2017,41(12):1838-1846
为了探讨壳白长牡蛎人工选育对群体遗传变异的影响,实验利用4个多重PCR组合共10个微卫星标记分析了连续3代壳白长牡蛎人工选育群体和野生群体及基础群体的遗传多样性。结果发现,6个群体的平均等位基因数量为7.2~12.6,等位基因丰度为6.8~11.0,期望和观测杂合度分别为0.672~0.769和0.486~0.542;与野生群体相比,3代选育群体的平均等位基因数显著降低,但平均期望杂合度并无显著差异。哈迪—温伯格平衡检验结果显示,在60个群体—位点组合中有39个群体—位点组合显著偏离哈迪—温伯格平衡,近交系数F_(is)范围为0.215~0.342。群体间遗传分化指数F_(st)范围为0.005~0.076,处于中—低等的遗传分化水平。研究表明,虽然连续选育对群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化造成了一定程度的影响,但人工选育群体依然表现为较高的遗传多样性,仍可以一定的选择压力对选育群体进行人工选育。  相似文献   

10.
The genetic composition of consecutive year classes of two farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), strains was assessed, using starch gel electrophoresis of 11 enzymes encoded by a minimum of 23 loci, many of which have been shown to be polymorphic in previous studies. Angle frequencies at the majority of polymorphic loci varied significantly between year classes of each strain. Several alleles which were present at low frequency in the 1900 year classes, were absent in the samples from the 1991 cohorts. However, mean heterozygosity per locus (H) did not differ significantly between year classes of either strain, illustrating that allelic diversity is a more sensitive indicator of loss of genetic variability than mean heterozygosity. This heterogeneity between cohorts is probably due either to broodstock maintenance practices such as the use of insufficient numbers of spawners, or, in the case of one strain, to bottlenecking caused by selection for late maturation and increased growth rate. Genetic monitoring of all year classes of reared strains is suggested, if insufficient breeding and distribution records are available from egg producers. Such records are often unavailable in commercial situations.  相似文献   

11.
Three F1 families of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians, were produced from one, two and 10 individuals. The genetic changes in these populations, which suffered recent and different levels of bottleneck, were analysed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) techniques. In the parental stock, a total of 330 bands were detected using seven AFLP primer pairs, and 70% of the loci were polymorphic. All F1 groups had a significantly lower proportion of polymorphic loci when compared with the initial stock, and loss of the rare loci and reduction in heterozygosity both occurred. The progeny of the larger population (i.e., N=10) exhibited a lesser amount of genetic differentiation compared with the progeny from N=2, which showed lesser differentiation than progeny from N=1. The effective population sizes (Ne) in N=1, 2 and 10 were estimated as 1.50, 1.61 and 2.49. Based on regression analysis, we recommend that at least 340 individuals be used in hatchery populations to maintain genetic variation.  相似文献   

12.
不同野生群体与家系养殖翘嘴鳜遗传多样性分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为探讨长江野生群体、通江湖泊野生群体和家系养殖翘嘴鳜群体的遗传多样性,利用7个高度多态的微卫星标记对5个群体进行遗传分析。结果显示,7个微卫星位点的等位基因数、有效等位基因数平均值分别为29和9。观测杂合度、期望杂合度、平均多态信息量平均值分别为0.853、0.886和0.875。通过平均多态信息量PIC统计发现,遗传多样性从大到小依次为:长江野生群体>梁子湖群体>洞庭湖群体>武汉养殖群体>无锡养殖群体。遗传距离及遗传相似系数分析表明,长江野生群体和无锡养殖群体间的遗传距离最大(0.813),遗传相似系数最小(0.444)。UPGMA聚类分析显示,5个群体可分为2个亚群,其中亚群I包括梁子湖群体、洞庭湖群体和长江野生群体,亚群II包括武汉养殖群体和无锡养殖群体。结果表明翘嘴鳜不同种群间的基因交流受到了一定的地理阻碍,特别是养殖群体与长江野生群体表现较高的遗传分化。  相似文献   

13.
Genetic variation fuels selective change in natural and captive populations. In establishing a broodstock for selective improvement, the level of genetic diversity is an important consideration because it provides an indication of the scope for selective progress. Three domesticated strains of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), were examined at nine polymorphic microsatellite loci to assess detectable levels of allelic diversity and heterozygosity within and differentiation among the strains. A total of 126 alleles were observed to segregate into unique multilocus genotypes for each of the 152 individuals assayed. There was an average heterozygosity of 71.5% at these nine loci, and an average of 14 alleles at a locus. Each locus was represented by alleles unique to at least two of the three strains. Deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations of genotype frequencies were detected in each strain. Subsequent analysis indicated sub‐structuring within strains leading to Wahlund effects that caused these deviations. Significant differences in genotype frequencies and pairwise FST values demonstrated that all strains were unique. The overall FST of 0.089 provides additional evidence of unique genetic diversity present in each strain, and agrees well with the degree of genetic variation found in rainbow trout across broad geographical ranges. The genetic diversity contributed by each population suggests that there is greater scope for selective improvement of numerous traits within a synthetic strain combining these three strains than within any individual strain.  相似文献   

14.
斑鳢(Channa maculata)是华南地区的本土经济鱼类,也是杂交鳢的亲本之一。养殖个体逃逸可能会对野生种群产生影响,存在种质混杂的风险,亟须开展野生资源的遗传背景分析。该研究分析了斑鳢基因组中微卫星标记的分布特征,筛选获得20个多态性位点构建多重PCR体系,对广州、化州、江华、南宁、阳江和邵武6个野生群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析。结果显示,6个野生群体各位点的等位基因(Na)为3~28、有效等位基因(Ne)为1.28~14.88、观测杂合度(Ho)为0.10~1.00、期望杂合度(He)为0.14~0.95以及多态信息含量(PIC)为0.13~0.95。UPGAM系统进化树结果显示,化州和福建种群遗传关系最近,化州和江华种群遗传关系最远。该研究结果将为斑鳢的遗传监测和亲缘关系鉴定提供技术支持,为斑鳢种质资源养护及管理提供参考。  相似文献   

15.
随机选取津鲢和长江鲢各36尾,用16个微卫星标记进行遗传多样性分析。结果显示:16个微卫星位点在2个群体中共检测到等位基因105个,基因型241种,每个位点等位基因数3～15个,平均6.6个,基因型4～37种,平均15.1种。2个鲢群体平均观察杂合度(Ho)分别为0.5393和0.5392,平均期望杂合度(He)分别为0.5887和0.5762,结果表明该2个鲢群体遗传多样性水平较高。2个鲢群体平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.5602和0.54,固定系数(FIS)表明这2个鲢群体表现为杂合子缺乏(FIS0)。2个鲢群体之间的遗传距离为0.0566,平均遗传分化系数(Fst)值为0.021,说明仅有2.1%的遗传变异来源于群体间。  相似文献   

16.
为研究塔里木河流域叶尔羌高原鳅(Triplophysa yarkandensis)群体的遗传多样性,基于高通量测序平台,对叶尔羌高原鳅基因组进行测序,并筛选出符合条件的微卫星位点,设计100对用于PCR扩增的引物,最终筛选出39对具有多态性的引物,挑选多态性较高的15对在5个河段叶尔羌高原鳅种群中进行扩增,分析不同种群的遗传多样性和种群分化情况。结果显示,5个叶尔羌高原鳅群体的平均等位基因数(Na)和有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为48.467和15.181,平均观测杂合度(Ho)和期望杂合度(He)分别为0.578和0.929,多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.893,种群间遗传分化系数(Fst)为0.102。其中,车尔臣河群体等位基因数最多(18.143),阿克苏河群体等位基因数最少(10.429);阿克苏河群体的观测杂合度最高(0.706),台特玛湖群体的观测杂合度最低(0.517);阿尔干群体的多态信息含量最高(0.877),阿克苏河群体的多态信息含量最低(0.760);阿克苏河与台南河群体的遗传距离最小(0.606),阿尔干与台南河群体遗传距离最大(1.901);阿尔干群体与台南河群体遗传相似度最低(0.149),阿克苏河与台南河群体的遗传相似度最高(0.545)。群体遗传结构显示,车尔臣河与台特玛湖、阿克苏河与台南河、阿尔干群体分别聚为独立分支。研究表明,塔里木河各个河段叶尔羌高原鳅之间虽然有一定的差异,但仍然有基因交流现象。  相似文献   

17.
Salmo trutta abanticus is a non‐anadromous trout species native to Lake Abant and Seven Lakes in Turkey. A restocking programme by captive breeding was initiated in 1999 to support S. trutta abanticus population. Reared 2‐year‐old juveniles from randomly caught wild parental individuals in Maçka breeding farm were introduced into Lake Abant. We aimed to compare genetic and morphological divergences between wild‐ and captive‐bred populations using seven microsatellite loci and geometric morphometric measurements. A significant genetic and morphological divergences were detected between all population in Fst and canonical variate analysis based on geometric morphometric with 10 homolog landmark. Eighty‐six microsatellites alleles were recorded across loci. Number of private alleles, observed alleles and observed heterozygosity are statistically significant higher in Maçka captive‐bred population than Lake Abant and Seven Lakes populations. Of 42 tests, three departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were detected in all populations after Bonferroni correction. Two pairs of loci (Ssa85 – Str73 and Str73‐Str543) in Maçka, one pairs of loci (Ssa85‐Str73) in Abant and two pairs of loci (Ssa85‐Str60 and Str73‐Str543) in Seven Lakes populations show linkage disequilibrium. Population structure analysed with Structure software showed three genetic groups (?K = 3) in our studied populations. Relatedness estimates show higher mean relatedness values (r = 0.220 ± 0.230) for Maçka captive‐breed population than wild populations of Abant Lake and Seven Lakes (r = 0.140 ± 0.210 and r = 0.170 ± 0.200 respectively).  相似文献   

18.
为了解中国不同地理群体花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)的遗传结构,从花鲈基因组序列中筛选出11个具有多态性的微卫星位点,对中国沿海地区(天津、长岛、青岛、上海、厦门和北海)6个花鲈野生群体的遗传多样性进行分析.11个微卫星位点共检测到57个等位基因,7个微卫星位点具有高度多态性.6个群体的等位基因数(...  相似文献   

19.
The escape or release of cultured and domesticated organisms into the wild poses a threat to the genetic integrity of natural populations. Based on data from 17 microsatellite loci, the genetic differentiation between wild and hatchery Oujiang color common carp Cyprinus carpio var. color was investigated, and its potential application for identifying the escapees of hatchery strains was assessed using Bayesian genetic assignment. No significant differences were observed between pooled hatchery and pooled wild populations in terms of allelic richness (A R), observed heterozygosity (H O), and inbreeding coefficient (F IS). Analysis of molecular variance and pairwise F ST comparisons suggested significant genetic differentiation between hatchery strains and between hatchery and wild populations, which was further confirmed by principal components analysis and Bayesian clustering analysis. Bayesian genetic alignment showed high self-assignment accuracy (ranging from 86.0 to 96.0%) in the original populations, demonstrating the ability of this technique to identify hatchery Oujiang color common carp escapees in the wild population.  相似文献   

20.
Growth and variation in size of turbot and sole larvae originating from different genetic sources were compared at different stocking densities, including genetically based information that might lead to a better knowledge of heterogeneity in cultivated populations. There was no effect of density on growth rate in either species. However, between the two sole batches there was an earlier metamorphosis of faster growing fish from Norway. In sole groups after metamorphosis, variation was stable and therefore no development of size variation was observed. There was no density effect on size variation within turbot batches before, or after metamorphosis. Spreading rate and growth rate were positively correlated in sole larvae indicating that growth of the smaller fish was not equal to the larger ones, but size variation followed a different pattern in turbot. No evidence for either overall significant heterozygosity excess, or deficiency was evidenced in the farmed strains of either species . However, significant differences between farmed populations in terms of genetic variability (θ) were reported, which was rather attributed to within differentiation than between strains. One could safely argue that different strains of Dover sole originated from different genetic sources (factorial analysis). Moreover, when the analysis was extended to individual loci to assess whether specific loci had any consistently larger, or smaller effect on heterozygosity, locus specific significant trends were discerned in turbot. A positive Heterozygosity Fitness (growth rate) Correlation (HFC) suggests that heterozygotes reported enhanced growth rates compared with homozygous ones in flatfish larvae, thus special precautions should be taken into account whenever different genetic structure patterns emerge, because of various flatfish broodstock geographical origin and year class samples.  相似文献   

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