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【目的】试验旨在制备一种能在局部递送盐酸米诺环素的络合物温敏凝胶。【方法】将盐酸米诺环素与Ca2+形成的络合物装载入泊洛沙姆407（P407）与泊洛沙姆188（P188）制备形成的温敏凝胶中，对其温敏性、表征结构、药物含量、稳定性、体外释放效果及抗菌性能进行研究。【结果】本研究制备的盐酸米诺环素温敏凝胶，在其组方为每50 mL凝胶中含米诺环素0.25 g、P407 8 g、P188 1.5 g、CaCl2 0.01 g、乙酸调pH至4.0±0.2、其余量为去离子水时，外观性状显示为淡黄色澄清溶液，透明度均匀，无沉淀及药物析出，温敏性能良好（31℃即可发生胶凝）；扫描电镜下可见该凝胶形成的网格孔洞结构致密且分布均匀；平均粒径为11.5 nm，Zeta电位为－3.8 mA；体外释放药物时间长达48 h，与原料药相比明显延长；在抗菌性能检测中，与原料药相比，同浓度盐酸米诺环素络合物温敏凝胶的抑菌能力没有降低，且体外抑菌时间明显延长，抑菌效果良好。【结论】本研究成功制备了一种盐酸米诺环素络合物温敏凝胶，通过模拟体外释放试验及体外抑菌曲线表明该凝胶能显著延长药物作用时间，提高药物利用率，可为临床使用盐酸米诺环素提供一种新的给药方式。 相似文献
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为了改良丝胶型药物载体的结构性能,将丝胶粉末与海藻酸钠溶液均匀混合后,采用氯化钙胶凝法制备了粒径为1.88 mm±0.15 mm的丝胶/海藻酸钠复合凝胶粒。红外光谱检测表明该复合凝胶粒中的丝胶与海藻酸钠之间以物理方式混和;差示扫描量热分析发现丝胶与海藻酸钠复合后,其结构稳定性有所提高;机械性检测表明丝胶/海藻酸钠复合凝胶粒具有更好的力学性能;溶胀性检测表明丝胶/海藻酸钠复合凝胶粒具有pH敏感溶胀性。研究结果表明丝胶/海藻酸钠复合凝胶粒使丝胶作为药物固定化载体的结构与性能得到改善,更有利于开发利用。 相似文献
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《饲料与畜牧》2020,(9)
本试验旨在研究3种磷酸型复合酸化剂对常见致病菌的体外抑菌效果。以大肠杆菌(ATCC83912)、沙门菌(ATCC21512)和金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC65213)3种常见的致病菌为指示菌,采用牛津杯双层板法,测定3种酸化剂和复合抗生素的抑菌圈直径(mm),比较3种酸化剂(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)不同浓度(0.20%、0.30%、0.40%、0.50%、0.70%)的抑菌效果,比较0.50%酸化剂与复合抗生素(日粮中含土霉素100 mg/kg+金霉素75 mg/kg+喹烯酮250 mg/kg)的抑菌效果。结果表明,①3种酸化剂的抑菌效果差异显著(P0.05),抑菌作用:沙门氏菌大肠杆菌金黄色葡萄球菌;抑菌效果:酸化剂Ⅲ酸化剂Ⅱ酸化剂Ⅰ,并且酸化剂Ⅱ、酸化剂Ⅲ的抑菌效果随其浓度增加而增加;②0.5%酸化剂Ⅱ、酸化剂Ⅲ对沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌抑菌效果优于复合抗生素(P0.01),而对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果不如复合抗生素(P0.01)。综上所述:3种酸化剂中,酸化剂Ⅲ的抑菌效果最佳,酸化剂对沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌抑菌效果优于复合抗生素,建议在日粮中的添加量不低于0.5%。 相似文献
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为了研究中草药对3种不同血清型禽源沙门菌的体外抑菌效果,采用水煎法制备黄连、黄柏、白头翁、金银花、女贞子、乌梅6种单味中草药水提液,然后进行药物敏感性试验,并进一步测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果显示,鼠伤寒沙门菌LLCL-8株对黄连、金银花和白头翁较为敏感,MIC分别为(62.50±0) mg/mL、(83.33±29.46) mg/mL、(125.00±0) mg/mL,MBC分别为250.00 mg/mL、250.00 mg/mL、大于500.00 mg/mL;鸡白痢沙门菌LLC-51株对黄连敏感,MIC为(31.25±0) mg/mL,MBC为125.00 mg/mL;肠炎沙门菌S株对黄连、白头翁敏感,MIC分别为(62.50±0) mg/mL、(104.16±29.46) mg/mL,MBC均为250.00 mg/mL。说明黄连对3种血清型禽源沙门菌具有广谱抑菌作用,且抑菌效果相对明显;白头翁、金银花对某些血清型菌株具有较好的抑菌效果。 相似文献
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15味蒙药和3种蒙方抗大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌作用研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了进一步研究蒙药对奶牛乳房炎两种主要病原菌的体外抑菌和体内抗菌作用,用牛津杯法测定了15味蒙药对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌圈直径,用二倍稀释法测定了3种蒙方在体外的最低抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(minimal bactericidal concentration,MBC)。又以大肠埃希菌感染小鼠,经口灌服蒙方以判断其体内抗菌效果。有8味蒙药对两种菌有较好的抑菌作用,抑菌环直径均大于12 mm,最大达到22 mm。3种蒙方体外有较好的抑菌作用,其中方Ⅱ对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌抑制作用最强,MIC分别为0.125 g/mL和0.25 g/mL,MBC均为0.25 g/mL。口服不同剂量方Ⅰ的感染小鼠生存率明显高于阴性对照组。 相似文献
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氟喹诺酮类药物对草鱼常见病原菌的体外抑菌试验 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
为有效治疗草鱼常见细菌性疾病,指导临床合理用药,本试验选用了氟喹诺酮药物乳酸诺氟沙星、盐酸环丙沙星、甲磺酸培氟沙星进行了对草鱼常见病原菌的体外抑菌试验。3 种氟喹诺酮药对荧光假单孢菌和肠型点状产气单孢菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为0.625、1.25、1.25μg/m l和5、1.25、1.25μg/m l,而对照药硫酸链霉素的MIC 均大于1000μg/m l。结果表明了氟喹诺酮药物具有很强的抗菌能力,与硫酸链霉素相比抗菌效果更为显著。 相似文献
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为了制备一种以纳米氧化锌、聚六亚甲基双胍为主药的复合水凝胶,试验采用体外抑菌试验确定两药的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)及分级抑菌浓度指数(FIC),探究纳米氧化锌、聚六亚甲基双胍抗金黄色葡萄球菌的最佳比例,并进行单因素试验,筛选纳米氧化锌-聚六亚甲基双胍复合水凝胶的基质、基质用量、甘油添加量及聚六亚甲基双胍质量浓度,以单因素试验为基础进行正交试验设计,根据优化后配方制备纳米氧化锌-聚六亚甲基双胍复合水凝胶,从外观、稳定性、黏度和抗菌性能等方面对纳米氧化锌-聚六亚甲基双胍复合水凝胶进行质量评价。结果表明：纳米氧化锌、聚六亚甲基双胍对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC分别为64,0.5μg/mL。纳米氧化锌-聚六亚甲基双胍复合水凝胶的最优处方为壳聚糖季铵盐6.50%、甘油8.00%、聚六亚甲基双胍2.00μg/mL、纳米氧化锌8.00μg/mL。纳米氧化锌-聚六亚甲基双胍复合水凝胶外观为淡黄色透明状,pH值为5.18±0.50,黏度为65.0 Pa·s,离心稳定性和高低温稳定性均良好;纳米氧化锌-聚六亚甲基双胍复合水凝胶对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果明显,抑制率为98.32%。说明制得的纳米氧化锌-聚六亚甲基双... 相似文献
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《饲料工业》2019,(22):34-40
为进一步提高微胶囊对乳酸菌的保护性能,以海藻酸钠和瓜尔豆胶为复合壁材,利用乳化法对嗜酸乳杆菌进行微胶囊包被,并通过测定微胶囊物理特性(包被率、粒径大小、外观结构)及胃肠道性能(耐酸性、耐胆盐以及肠道释放)等方面,评估微胶囊对目标菌的保护效果。结果显示,复合壁材包被率为(47.49±1.91)%,活菌数(荷载量)为(1.78±0.44)×10~9CFU/g,与对照组相比,差异显著(P<0.05);SEM图像展示了复合壁材微胶囊更为有序致密的表面结构;胃肠存活率方面,复合壁材微胶囊显示出更佳的保护效果(P<0.01),胃肠液作用后目标菌活菌数均接近107CFU/g;释放性能方面,复合壁材微胶囊在进入肠液后2 h达到最大释放性能,保证了嗜酸乳杆菌正常生理功能的发挥。据此,复合壁材微胶囊对嗜酸乳杆菌有较好的包载效果并对其可以起到充分的保护作用。 相似文献
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Rassnick KM Gieger TL Williams LE Ruslander DM Northrup NC Kristal O Myers NC Moore AS 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2001,15(3):196-199
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks. 相似文献
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Davis MS Willard MD Nelson SL Mandsager RE McKiernan BS Mansell JK Lehenbauer TW 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(3):311-314
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large. 相似文献
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Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Johansson AM Gardner SY Levine JF Papich MG LaFevers DH Fuquay LR Reagan VH Atkins CE 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):887-895
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses. 相似文献
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Waruiru RM Thamsborg SM Nansen P Kyvsgaard NC Bogh HO Munyua WK Gathuma JM 《Tropical animal health and production》2001,33(3):173-187
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round. 相似文献
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The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host. 相似文献
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Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ 
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下载免费PDF全文 S. Pashaei T. Ghoorchi A. Yamchi 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2016,100(2):211-216
An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed. 相似文献
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Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb
albumin
- ALT
alanine aminotransferase
- AST
aspartate aminotransferase
- BUN
blood urea nitrogen
- Chol
cholesterol
- Glob
globulin
- -GT
-glutamyl transpeptidase
- IP
inorganic phosphorus
- TP
total protein 相似文献
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正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in 相似文献
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Tropical Animal Health and Production - 相似文献