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1.
不同光照周期下鲇幼鱼的日摄食节律 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
水温(23±1)℃,研究了鲇幼鱼自然光照、持续光照(自然光或日光灯作光源)和持续黑暗条件下的日摄食节律.试验结果表明,3种光照周期下,鲇幼鱼昼夜均有连续摄食特性,期间具有明显的摄食高峰(夜间)和低谷(白天),鲇幼鱼有明显的日摄食节律;持续黑暗与自然光照周期下的鲇幼鱼日摄食节律基本一致,持续光照与自然光照周期下的鲇幼鱼日摄食节律有所差异.研究证明,鲇幼鱼在3种光照周期下均属于典型的夜晚摄食类型;光照周期的改变对鲇幼鱼的日摄食率无显著影响(P>0.05). 相似文献
2.
南方鲇幼鱼的胃排空特征及其数学模型 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为考察摄食后专性肉食性鱼类南方鲇幼鱼胃内容物重量的变化特征并确定其最优数学模型,研究以南方鲇幼鱼为实验对象,在25℃条件下以6%(5.8%±0.2%)鱼体重的新鲜泥鳅肉块[(3.33±0.09)g]为实验饵料,分别在摄食后0、2、4、8、16、24、36、48 h测定南方鲇幼鱼[(58.45±1.66)g,(19.4±0.2)cm,n=48]胃内容物的湿重和干重。研究结果表明,随摄食后时间的延长,胃内容物的湿重和干重均显著下降(P<0.01),二者的摄食量百分比也具类似的变化特征(P<0.01);三种数学模型均能较好地拟合胃内容物重量的变化过程,但三者之间在以相关系数(R2)、残差平方和(RSS)及残差的标准差(SDR)为标准仍存在明显差异。用平方根模型对南方鲇幼鱼胃内容物湿重和干重数据的拟合结果最优,其方程分别为Y0.5=1.889-0.051×t(R2=0.87,P<0.001)和Y0.5=0.870-0.024×t(R2=0.86,P<0.001);南方鲇幼鱼在25℃下的胃排空率为0.051 g/h,其99%胃排空时间为36.7 h,该种鱼近99%胃排空时间的实测值为餐后36 h,这与最优数学模型的计算... 相似文献
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本文采用封闭流水式装置测溶氧的方法对似鲇高原鳅[Triplophysa siluorides(Herzenstenin)]幼鱼的耗氧率和窒息点进行了初步研究。结果表明:水温在9℃、13℃、17℃、21℃条件下,似鲇高原鳅耗氧率分别为0.224 mg/(g·h)、0.290 mg/(g·h)、0.264 mg/(g·h)、0.231 mg/(g·h)。跟据试验结果推测温度13℃为似鲇高原鳅最适生长温度。耗氧率昼夜变化显示,20:00时耗氧率最高为0.386 mg/(g·h),8:00时耗氧率最低为0.164mg/(g·h),窒息点为1.22 mg/L。 相似文献
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标准代谢率(Standard metabolic rate,SMR)通常被作为鱼类维持基础代谢的指标,日常代谢率(Routine metabolic rate,RMR)则反映了鱼类在日常自发游泳非受限制状态下的代谢水平,两者大量被用于衡量鱼类种内个体差异研究。以鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)幼鱼为研究对象,在环形水槽(微流速)及矩形呼吸室(静水)中测定了水温20℃条件下的耗氧率,分别作为RMR和SMR1的指标,并用递增流速法得到耗氧率随流速变化的曲线,将不同流速下的耗氧率变化拟合得到指数曲线(y=a10b U)并将曲线外推至U=0与Y轴相交,截距可认为是速度为0时的耗氧率,即为标准代谢率SMR2,比较3种方法得到的耗氧率。结果表明:(1)自然水温条件下,SMR1为(401±55.59)mg/(h·kg),变化范围为325~484 mg/(h·kg),个体差异近0.7倍;而RMR为(594.17±126.21)mg/(h·kg),变化范围434~770 mg/(h·kg),个体差异近0.6倍。实验鱼的SMR1与RMR呈显著正相关,随着SMR1的增大,RMR逐渐升高,RMR约为SMR1的1.5倍;(2)静水中得到的SMR1为(401±55.59)mg/(h·kg)和利用活动代谢率外推得到的SMR2为(418±66.24)mg/(h·kg),2种不同方法得到的SMR大致为1∶1,相差不显著,且2种方法得到的SMR值均显著小于RMR的值(P0.05)。研究有助于探究鲢幼鱼SMR和RMR之间的关系及不同测试方法对SMR的影响,对水生态保护及水产养殖具有指导意义。 相似文献
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可靠的能量消耗估算可以更好地衡量鱼体在上溯过程中的能量分配方式,为鱼道水力设计提供依据,实现鱼道过鱼的高通过率。为探究鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)幼鱼运动过程中游泳行为和能量消耗的关系,利用丹麦Loligo Systems公司生产的鱼类行为视频跟踪系统,对24尾鲢幼鱼进行了室内游泳行为实验。采用流速递增法测得鲢幼鱼的活动代谢率,水体溶氧量由每个流速工况下等时距读取,静水条件下通过AutoRespTM测定水体溶氧变化值,计算标准代谢率;利用水槽上方架设的摄像头(25帧/s)记录鱼体运动行为,连接uEye Cockpit程序观测鱼体运动情况,采用LoliTrack进行运动行为分析,获取鱼体运动行为学参数。结果表明,鲢幼鱼的游泳速度与摆尾频率(TBF)呈显著正相关关系,其耗氧率(MO2)与摆尾频率(TBF)的拟合方程为MO2=318.3+1.04TBF2.87(R2=0.99,P0.001),拟合指数值为2.87,且摆尾频率的幂指数越大,表征鱼体游泳效率越低。实验测得鲢幼鱼的标准代谢率(SMR)为(284.47±30.75)mg/(kg·h),耗氧率方程得到的标准代谢率拟合值为318.3mg/(kg·h),与实测值较为接近;通过建立活动代谢率(AMR)与鱼体重量(M)及游速(U)的关系,得出鲢幼鱼生物能量模型AMR=10.39 M0.12 U0.39(R2=0.95,P0.001)。生物能量模型的建立,可以为鱼道不同过鱼目标的水力设计提供参考。 相似文献
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南方鲇幼鱼运动代谢的个体变异和重复性及其饥饿响应 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为考察温水性鱼类运动代谢的种内个体变异和重复性及其对饥饿的反应,本研究以南方鲇幼鱼为实验对象,在(25±0.5)℃条件下,在饥饿前(测定Ⅰ)后(测定Ⅱ)分别测定饥饿组[(12.15±0.14)g,n=29,饥饿2周]和对照组[(12.00±0.23)g,n=28,每隔一天投喂一次4％ ～5％体质量黄鳝肉块]的静止代谢率(MO2rest)、临界游泳速度和活跃代谢率(MO2active),并计算有氧代谢空间(AMS=MO2active-MO2rest)、单位距离耗能(COT)和最适游泳速度(Uopt).结果显示:(1)饥饿之后,饥饿组的MO2rest,MO2active和AMS分别下降了8.6％,36.3％和44.1％,而对照组的MO2rest较其两周前的上升25.9％,其MO2active的无显著变化导致AMS下降了12.6％,但该降幅明显小于饥饿组.(2)饥饿组MO2rest的变异系数(CV)变小,其MO2active和AMS的CV却变大,而对照组相应指标的CV呈反向的变化趋势.饥饿组MO2rest,MO2active和AMS的重复比例均相应低于对照组.(3)饥饿组在两次测定中运动耗氧率与游泳速度的线性方程的斜率保持不变,但其截距明显下降,对照组的斜率和截距均无明显变化;饥饿导致南方鲇运动耗氧率的重复性下降.(4)饥饿组的最小COT(COTmin)和Uopt分别下降25％和11.3％,对照组的COTmin和Uopt也分别降低8％和4.8％,但均明显小于饥饿组.研究表明:在环境食物资源匮乏情况下,南方鲇表现出较高的运动代谢重复性,其降低最适游泳速度并提高游泳效率的策略是对饥饿环境的一种生态适应,可能有助于提高该种鱼的存活率. 相似文献
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对怀头鲇(♀)与兰州鲇(♂)的杂交F1人工养殖条件的生长进行研究。结果显示:在水温22￣25℃条件下,平均体长(2.75±0.16)cm、平均体重(0.36±0.06)g的杂交F1幼鱼经过100d培育后,平均体长和平均体重分别达到(28.56±3.26)cm和(193.33±59.50)g。体长与日龄呈线性关系,L=0.3131t+1.4389,R2=0.9178;体重与日龄呈指数函数关系,W=0.0159L2.7664,R2=0.9148。体重与体长呈幂函数关系,关系式为W=0.0159L2.7664,R2=0.9963,其中b值接近于3,怀头鲇和兰州鲇的杂交F1幼鱼为等速生长类型,体重生长与全长生长速度相近。 相似文献
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插片育珠对三角帆蚌耗氧率的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用流水法现场比较研究了不同季节(夏季和秋季)育珠和未育珠三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cummingii)的耗氧率。所用三角帆蚌为养殖在同一个池塘中的同一批的3龄蚌。夏季和秋季实验所用的育珠蚌插片后的养殖时间分别为83 d和128 d。实验结果表明,夏季育珠蚌(蚌重137.6 g±14.4 g)的耗氧率为(769±267)mg/(kg·h),显著低于未育珠蚌(蚌重100.3±15.0 g)的耗氧率[(1 146±265)mg/(kg·h)]。秋季育珠蚌(蚌重144.2 g±16.2 g)的耗氧率[(632±191)mg/(kg·h)]与未育珠蚌(蚌重134.4±17.9 g)的耗氧率[(601±137)mg/(kg·h)]相比无显著差异。无论夏季或秋季,育珠蚌和未育珠蚌耗氧率在夜间均高于白天。在夏季将育珠蚌和未育珠蚌连续饥饿3 d后其耗氧率均显著下降;而在秋季连续饥饿3 d后育珠蚌和未育珠蚌耗氧率变化相对较小。本实验结果证实插片育珠可影响三角帆蚌耗氧率,但不会改变三角帆蚌耗氧率的昼夜节律;插片育珠对三角帆蚌耗氧率的影响程度因养殖季节而异。 相似文献
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社会等级因素对虎斑乌贼生长、存活及相关酶活的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为探究虎斑乌贼养殖过程中,社会等级因素存在下优势大个体对劣势小个体的生长是否产生胁迫影响,本实验在室内小网筐(Φ=60 cm,高20 cm)控制条件下,采用单因子实验,研究了不同规格(大规格L:体质量为4~5 g,中规格M:体质量为2.5~3.5 g,小规格S:体质量为1~2 g)的虎斑乌贼单一规格养殖和混合规格养殖(LMS比1∶1∶1)条件下的存活率、特定生长率、耗氧率、排氨率和代谢酶(ATP酶、丙酮酸激酶和己糖激酶)的变化,培养时间40 d。结果显示,单一规格养殖和混合规格养殖条件下L乌贼特定生长率差异不明显,但混合规格养殖组M和S乌贼特定生长率明显低于单一规格养殖组M和S乌贼特定生长率,各组乌贼特定生长率排序:LMS-M(3.12±0.35)%/dM(5.21±0.24)%/d,LMS-S(1.39±0.28)%/dS(4.37±0.42)%/d;养殖10 d,单一规格养殖组和混合规格养殖组乌贼成活率差异不明显,从20 d开始,混合规格养殖组成活率明显低于单一规格养殖组,养殖40 d各组乌贼成活率排序:LMS(41%±5.35%)M(60%±4.58%)L(61%±6.43%)S(63%±5.57%);单一规格养殖和混合规格养殖条件下L乌贼耗氧率差异不明显,但混合规格养殖组M和S乌贼耗氧率明显低于单一规格养殖组M和S乌贼耗氧率,各组乌贼耗氧率排序:LMS-M[(0.48±0.03)mg/(g·h)]M[(0.69±0.02)mg/(g·h)],LMSS[(0.75±0.04)mg/(g·h)]S[(0.94±0.04)mg/(g·h)];单一规格养殖和混合规格养殖条件下L乌贼排氨率差异不明显,但混合规格养殖组M和S乌贼排氨率明显低于单一规格养殖组M和S乌贼排氨率,各组乌贼排氨率排序:LMS-M[(0.057±0.004)mg/(g·h)]M[(0.082±0.007)mg/(g·h)],LMS-S[(0.085±0.007)mg/(g·h)]S[(0.135±0.007)mg/(g·h)];单一规格养殖和混合规格养殖条件下L乌贼ATP酶、丙酮酸酶和己糖激酶活性差异不明显,但混合规格养殖组M和S乌贼3种酶活性明显低于单一规格养殖组M和S乌贼,各组乌贼ATP酶活性LMS-M[(1.25±0.16)U/mg prot]M[(2.74±0.26)U/mg prot],LMS-S[(0.77±0.11)U/mg prot]S[(1.94±0.09)U/mg prot];各组乌贼丙酮酸酶活性HET-M[(51.14±6.24)U/mg prot]M[(78.05±8.38)U/mg prot],LMS-S[(27.94±6.65)U/mg prot]S[(55.92±2.81)U/mg prot];各组乌贼己糖激酶活性LMS-M[(10.71±1.24)U/mg prot]M[(23.59±1.67)U/mg prot],LMSS[(5.91±0.83)U/mg prot]S[(13.82±1.66)U/mg prot]。研究表明,在混合规格养殖条件下L乌贼对M和S乌贼的正常生长产生显著影响,对养殖十分不利,因此在人工养殖虎斑乌贼的过程中,要定期地挑拣分级,保证规格的均一性,以减轻大个体乌贼对小个体乌贼的胁迫作用,进而提高乌贼养殖的生产效率。 相似文献
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通过分离、培养我国北方海域(烟台、青岛)和南方海域(舟山、温州)的萱藻丝状体,比较研究了不同光强[7.2、21.6、36.0、50.4、64.8、86.4、108.0和129.6μmol/(m2·s)]和不同光周期(8L:16D、10L:14D、12L:12D、14L:10D和16L:8D)对我国南北方萱藻丝状体生长及发育的影响。结果表明:(1)过高[≥108.0μmol/(m2·s)]或过低[≤21.6μmol/(m2·s)]光强条件均不利于我国南北方萱藻丝状体的快速生长;(2)我国南北方萱藻丝状体生长的最适光强条件相同,在64.8μmol/(m2·s)条件下培养20 d后,其丝状体的增重倍比和日均增长率均达到最大值;(3)我国南北方萱藻丝状体发育的最适光强条件均为36.0μmol/(m2·s),培养20 d后,烟台、青岛、舟山和温州的萱藻丝状体的孢子囊枝比例均达到最大值,分别为34.72%±0.91%、35.06%±1.17%、35.37%±0.59%和34.33%±0.41%;(4)我国南北方萱藻丝状体生长的最适光周期条件不同,培养20 d后,北方萱藻丝状体的增重倍比和日均增长率均在14L:10D条件下达到最大值,分别为82.75%±2.39%、3.00%±0.36%和81.28%±4.53%、3.04%±0.49%,而南方均在16L:8D条件下达到最大值,分别为89.52%±0.88%、3.18%±0.30%和88.66%±7.09%、3.22%±0.26%;(5)经过20 d的培养观察,我国北方萱藻丝状体发育的适宜光周期范围为8L:16D~10L:14D,而南方的适宜光周期范围为10L:14D~12L:12D。 相似文献
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Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean 
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下载免费PDF全文 The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna. 相似文献
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Liping Li Rui Wang Wanwen Liang Xi Gan Ting Huang Yan Huang Jian Li Yunliang Shi Honglin Luo Ming Chen 《广西水产科技》2014,(1)
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China. 相似文献
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Iciar Martinez Amaya Velasco Ricardo Pérez-Martín Eskil Forås Michiaki Yamashita Carmen G. Sotelo 《Journal Of Aquatic Food Product Technology》2013,22(4):289-297
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus. 相似文献
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In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg. 相似文献
17.
Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Florence Le Gac Odile Blaise Alex Fostier Pierre-Yves Le Bail Maurice Loir Brigitte Mourot Claudine Weil 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,11(1-6):219-232
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations. 相似文献
18.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation. 相似文献
19.
Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 G Sharon M Pimenta‐Leibowitz M C L Vilchis N Isakov D Zilberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(1):67-74
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality). 相似文献
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