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1.
基于挡位利用率的装载机传动比优化方法 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
装载机各挡位传动比大都采用等比级数分配,或者根据设计者经验按偏置等比级数分配。这些传动比分配方法都有一定的局限性。该文试验装载机各挡位利用情况,统计各挡位利用率。根据发动机和液力变矩器共同工作输入特性和共同工作输出特性曲线,作出牵引特性曲线图。考虑挡位利用率建立优化目标函数,用复合形法对装载机各挡位传动比进行了优化。借助装载机性能仿真软件,对优化前后装载机的燃油经济性进行仿真计算。优化结果表明,挡位利用率越高,挡位间的传动比间隔也越小。优化结果反映了装载机实际使用工况对传动比分配的影响,改善了装载机的燃油经济性。 相似文献
2.
基于实时工况的装载机智能换挡规律 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
把装载机工作泵分为空载工作、满载工作、半载工作3种情况,分别计算ZL50装载机的输入特性和输出特性;完成ZL50装载机的牵引特性的计算。在此基础上,提出根据装载机油门开度、车速和油泵的压力为控制参数的3参数换挡规律。建立装载机传动系统数学模型,进行了计算机仿真。从仿真结果看,3参数换挡规律符合工程车辆的实际工作状态,能更好地满足工程车辆的动力性要求。 相似文献
3.
针对目前发动机与液力变矩器常用匹配方案中发动机净转矩获取方法的不足,为实现发动机与液力变矩器更科学、合理的匹配,构建了装载机液压测试系统,对传感器性能进行了标定。在典型工况下开展了实机试验,应用nSoft软件对测试数据进行处理,得到液压系统实际消耗的发动机转矩为288.76 N·m,进而提出了一种基于典型工况的发动机与液力变矩器匹配方案。根据试验用装载机发动机与液力变矩器原始特性数据,应用数据拟合方法,得到了发动机与变矩器的共同输入与输出特性。采用积分平均方法求取了涡轮工作高效区涡轮轴平均输出功率和发动机平均油耗率。在变矩器高效区,试验功率匹配方案的涡轮轴平均输出功率分别比原匹配方案、部分功率匹配方案高17.02%和42.59%,试验功率匹配方案的发动机平均油耗率分别比原匹配方案、部分功率匹配方案低3.80%和8.72%。结果表明文中提出的匹配方案优于目前常用的匹配方案。该研究为液力变矩器的优化设计、发动机与液力变矩器合理匹配提供了参考。 相似文献
4.
装载机动力传动系统的设计借鉴了汽车动力传动系统的设计理念,而循环工况是汽车动力传动系统参数设计的重要参考依据。由于目前还没有装载机的循环工况,所以在设计阶段也无法利用循环工况考察其燃油经济性和动力性。根据装载机发动机功率分流情况,装载机循环工况应由装载机典型工况液压系统载荷时间历程、铲斗工作阻力时间历程、工作速度时间历程构成。针对这一情况,以ZL50装载机为例,构建了试验方案,分别试验测试了装载机液压泵消耗发动机转矩的时域波形数据,前、后传动轴消耗发动机转矩的时域波形数据,以及前传动轴转速时域波形数据。对液压系统试验获取的数据进行分段、合并、去除异常值等预处理后,采用加权求和方法,制取了典型工况液压系统载荷时间历程。应用同样的数据处理方法,分别获得典型工况工作速度时间历程,以及典型工况传动系统载荷时间历程。根据典型工况传动系统载荷时间历程,应用装载机工作过程中力的平衡方程方程,求得典型工况铲斗工作阻力时间历程。典型工况液压系统载荷时间历程、铲斗工作阻力时间历程、工作速度时间历程组合在一起,共同构成装载机循环工况。应用该循环工况,虚拟试验ZL50装载机燃油经济性,与实车试验结果的一致性较好,构建的循环工况可行。装载机循环工况可为虚拟试验装载机动力性、燃油经济性提供加载数据,具有重要的工程实践意义。 相似文献
5.
单泵多马达传动系统输出转矩特性分析与试验 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为了使单泵多马达系统的输出转矩更加平稳,以双作用叶片泵和双作用双定子马达组成的传动系统为例,利用波动系数分析了在输入油液存在波动的前提下双作用双定子马达的输出转矩的特性,并搭建了单泵多马达传动系统试验平台。试验结果表明:多马达受到脉动油液作用后,在不同的工作方式下输出特性不同。当泵和马达波动周期一致时,其中内外马达差动工作时输出的转矩脉动最小,其转矩不均匀系数约为1.5%~1.9%。滞后角不同对内外马达并联工作时输出的转矩脉动影响较大,其转矩不均匀系数值最大时约为1.9%~2.7%,大于其他3种工作方式的转矩不均匀系数值。合理地调整滞后角可以使内外马达并联工作时输出转矩的转矩不均匀系数值小于内马达或外马达单独工作时的转矩不均匀系数值,降至1.9%~2%,也可使马达整体的输出转矩脉动降低,说明滞后角对马达输出的转矩脉动有很大的影响。该研究可为减小马达转矩脉动和单泵多马达传动系统的设计与应用提供参考。 相似文献
6.
基于析因试验的喷滴灌两用自吸泵设计 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了使自吸泵能够同时满足喷灌系统在流量12 m3/h、扬程30 m、滴灌系统在流量18 m3/h、扬程20 m时2个工况点的设计要求,该文采用试验设计(design of experiment,DOE)和数值模拟相结合的方法,对1台50ZB-30C自吸泵的叶轮进行多工况设计改进。重点分析了叶轮几何参数对泵扬程的影响规律,建立了不同工况点的扬程与叶轮主要几何参数之间的回归方程,并对该方程的参数进行赋值计算,得到满足设计要求的叶轮几何参数值。样机试验结果表明:安装了新叶轮的喷滴灌两用自吸泵在流量为12 m3/h时扬程达30.3 m,流量为18 m3/h时扬程达21 m,达到了设计要求。证明通过DOE方法能够建立数学模型来描述不同工况点的扬程与叶轮几何参数之间的关系。随着叶片包角的增大和叶片出口安放角的减小,扬程曲线会更加陡峭。研究为泵的多工况设计提供参考。 相似文献
7.
典型工况下装载机液压系统载荷时间历程的制取方法 总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1
针对目前装载机发动机与液力变矩器功率匹配存在的缺陷,该文构建了装载机液压测试系统,确定了传感器压力信号与转矩间的定量关系。在分析确定装载机典型试验工况为铲装工况、采样频率为1000Hz与样本长度为60个作业循环的基础上,按照规范对装载机进行了实机试验,应用Vib’SYS和nSoft软件对试验数据进行了分段与合并处理、滤波与去异值处理以及数据平稳性检验,研究了装载机典型工况液压系统载荷时间历程的制取方法,并给出了铲掘原生土时液压系统消耗发动机转矩的单次典型循环时间为87.304s的载荷时间历程,该研究为装载机优化匹配设计提供依据。 相似文献
8.
谷物联合收割机油耗随机森林预测模型 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
近年来农业机械保有量不断增加,农业机械对化石燃料的消耗也不断增长。该研究以实现沃得4LB-150AA型号谷物联合收割机田间作业时的油耗预测为目的,基于收割机CAN(Controller Area Network)总线及GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System)终端采集的发动机工况数据、行驶工况数据,构建了发动机平均扭矩、发动机平均转速、平均速度、加速度均值、减速度均值、加速度方差、减速度方差7个指标,探索了7个指标与油耗之间的相关性,分析了收割机在不同区域的油耗差异,建立了基于随机森林的收割机油耗预测模型。结果表明:7个指标都与油耗存在相关性,其中发动机平均扭矩、发动机平均转速、平均速度与油耗的相关性较高,相关系数在0.6以上,其次是加速度均值、减速度均值、加速度方差、减速度方差,相关系数在0.4以上;并且不同区域的收割机作业油耗存在显著差异,其中单位面积产量高的区域油耗也相对较高;同时基于随机森林的油耗预测模型可以实现收割机作业时油耗的准确预测,均方根误差为0.14 L/h,平均绝对误差为0.24 L/h,决定系数为0.84。该研究提出的方法可为农机的工况优化及精准油耗监管提供参考。 相似文献
9.
10.
拖拉机双离合器自动变速器换挡品质评价指标 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
针对双离合器自动变速器拖拉机在田间高负载作业工况下进行换挡时,原换挡品质评价指标不能充分考察对性能的影响,提出了变速器输出转矩传递系数和变速器输出转矩2个评价指标。归纳了奇数挡和偶数挡离合器接合与分离时序对换挡品质影响规律,建立了拖拉机DCT换挡动力学模型和换挡品质仿真模型。以东方红1804拖拉机为研究对象,对其犁耕工况进行了仿真分析,结果表明:当离合器油压上升滞后时间分别为0、0.1及0.2 s时,对应的变速器最小输出转矩传递系数分别为0.42、0.36及0.12,变速器最小输出转矩分别为2 257、1 932及725 N·m,产生的动载荷逐渐增大,拖拉机动力性变差;提出的2个换挡品质评价指标可较好地对换挡过程中产生的动载荷和拖拉机动力性进行评价,对原换挡品质评价指标进行了补充,完善了拖拉机DCT换挡品质评价体系。该研究为拖拉机双离合器自动变速器换挡控制策略制定提供了理论依据。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
18.
Dhritiman Ghosh Velusamy Srinivasan Olli H. Tuovinen Aaron Peacock Mark Radosevich 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(6):1331-1334
We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg−1 buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg−1 in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation. 相似文献
19.
Pilar García Juan-Vicente Monte Carlos Casanova Consuelo Soler 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2002,49(1):103-109
Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed. 相似文献
20.
The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants. 相似文献