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一、骆驼饲养业的重要地位和作用
骆驼是一种非常特殊的畜牧业饲养动物,被称为"沙漠之舟",它独具的耐饥饿、耐渴、耐劳、耐极端温度和严酷环境的性能,超越了任何一种动物.骆驼不吃不喝15天能正常役用,45天不吃不喝仍然能康复正常;夏季地面温度高达50多度或冬季气温下降到零下40度时骆驼仍然能够适应环境,正常生存.从世界各地骆驼的分布规律来看,哪里有沙漠哪里就有骆驼,哪里的水、草、气候等自然条件严酷,哪里的骆驼分布密度就越高. 相似文献
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骆驼在不同气温条件下的行为特征张映宽（甘肃省安西县畜牧站７３６１００）骆驼能够在严酷的荒漠、半荒漠地区生活，对干旱、多风沙恶劣气候环境有很强的适应性，这是经过长期自然选择形成耐热、耐饥渴、抗风沙的特殊功能。在自然草地上散牧的骆驼，多数是夜不归牧，一天... 相似文献
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试验旨在评价南极磷虾粉氨基酸营养价值。采用国标方法,测定南极磷虾粉中氨基酸含量及组成,并将12种水产动物肌肉氨基酸组成作为参考模式,评价南极磷虾粉作为饲料蛋白源的氨基酸营养价值,并与鱼粉和豆粕进行比较。试验结果表明：南极磷虾粉中总氨基酸、必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸分别占干物质总重的67.18%、32.64%和23.73%,必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸分别占氨基酸总量的48.59%和35.32%,必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸的比值为94.50,符合FAO/WHO的理想蛋白质模式。通过氨基酸比值系数法计算,南极磷虾粉第一限制性氨基酸主要为蛋氨酸,而在所选的水产动物中,南极磷虾粉适合作为点篮子鱼、黄颡鱼和红鳍东方鲀的饲料蛋白源。南极磷虾粉氨基酸平衡性较好,营养价值较高,是一种值得开发利用并在水产动物饲料中应用的优质资源。 相似文献
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为了解生驼乳中金黄色葡萄球菌的污染状况,本文从骆驼养殖户中采集了90 份生驼乳,对其进行金黄色葡萄球菌的增菌、培养和分离,并利用全自动微生物生化鉴定仪进行鉴定,同时对分离出的阳性菌株采用纸片扩散法进行耐药性分析。生化鉴定结果表明,90 份生驼乳样本中分离出8 株金黄色葡萄球菌,分离率8.9%。耐药性分析表明,8 株阳性菌株对青霉素耐药率达75%;对氧氟沙星敏感率最高,可达100%;对头孢哌酮钠、环丙沙星敏感性较高,敏感率可达87.5%;对链霉素、卡那霉素、阿莫西林、头孢唑啉和头孢西丁,四环素、氯霉素、头孢噻肟、林可霉素、苯唑西林、庆大霉素较敏感,敏感率在37.5%~75.0%之间。本研究为对生驼乳中的金黄色葡萄球菌的污染防控提供了参考依据。 相似文献
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In order to understand the genetic diversity of Bactrian camel and the genetic evolutionary relationships between different populations,the genetic diversity of Alashan camel, Qinghai camel, Nanjiang camel, Beijiang camel, Subei camel and Sunite camel populations in China were analyzed using 10 microsatellite markers. By calculating heterozygosity (H), polymorphism information content (PIC), effective allele (Ne), Shannon information index, the genetic variation within populations were analyzed. By calculating the F-statistics, gene flow, genetic differentiation coefficient and genetic distance to analyze the genetic relationship between populations. The results showed that 89 alleles were tested at the 10 microsatellite loci,8.9 alleles were tested at every locus in average. All loci were medium-highly polymorphic loci (except YWLL08),the average PIC of the Bactrian camel population was between 0.488 to 0.752. The observed heterozygosity (0.355 to 0.448) of 6 Bactrian camel populations was lower than the expected heterozygosity (0.643 to 0.703). Almost all loci Shannon index was greater than 1,and most of loci were in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium. The genetic differentiation coefficient between groups (Fst) value was 0.059 and in the low degree of moderately differentiated state. The average Fis values of 6 Bactrian camel populations were positive which suggested 6 Bactrian camel populations had different levels of inbreeding. The standard genetic distance (DS) and genetic distance T (DA) clustering analysis showed that the Nanjiang camel and Beijiang camel jointed as one group, the Alxa camel, Qinghai camel, Subei camel, Sunite camel jointed as the other group. Research showed that Chinese Bactrian camel was abundant in genetic diversity, genetic variation within population was larger, and there was a phenomenon of inbreeding. There was a certain gene flow between populations, the differentiation of populations were mainly caused by genetic variation within population. 6 Chinese Bactrian camel populations were divided into two groups. 相似文献
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为了解中国双峰驼群体的遗传多样性及不同种群间的遗传进化关系,本研究采用微卫星标记技术,对中国阿拉善驼、青海驼、南疆驼、北疆驼、肃北驼、苏尼特驼6个双峰驼群体进行了遗传多样性分析。通过计算杂合度（H）、多态信息含量（PIC）、有效等位基因（Ne）、Shannon信息指数等分析群体内遗传变异,通过计算F-统计量、基因流、遗传分化系数、遗传距离等分析群体间遗传进化关系。结果显示,10个微卫星位点共检测到了89个等位基因,平均每个位点检测到8.9个等位基因;所有位点均属中高度多态位点（YWLL08除外）,平均PIC值在0.488~0.752之间;6个群体观测杂合度值（0.355~0.448）都低于期望杂合度值（0.643~0.703）;几乎所有位点的Shannon指数都>1,且处于哈代-温伯格不平衡状态（P< 0.05）。群体间遗传分化系数Fst值为0.059,处于较低程度的中等分化状态; 6个双峰驼群体的平均Fis值均为正值,说明6个双峰驼群体都存在不同程度的近交。基于标准遗传距离DS和遗传距离DA进行聚类分析,南疆驼和北疆驼聚为一支,阿拉善驼、青海驼、肃北驼、苏尼特驼4个群体聚为一支。研究表明,中国双峰驼遗传多样性丰富,群体内遗传变异较大,存在一定近交现象;群体间存在着一定的基因流动,群体间的分化主要由群体内的遗传变异造成;6个群体分为2个类群。 相似文献
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内蒙古阿拉善盟双峰驼驼乳理化性质研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文研究了10峰内蒙古阿拉善盟双峰驼不同泌乳时间驼乳的一般理化性质。其比重及pH值与已有报道的单峰驼驼乳结果基本一致,而酸度(%)高于单峰驼。电导率与乳中Na+、K+和Cl-含量之和有关,随三者之和的增减而增减。驼乳的蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖、干物质、灰分和钙的含量均高于牛乳,磷的含量比牛乳略低。驼乳的缓冲性与牛乳有差异:当乳样先酸化后用碱回滴时,驼乳和牛乳分别在pH4.4～6.6和pH5.0～6.6范围内出现典型的“弧形线”,驼乳的最大缓冲作用发生在pH近似4.4处,牛乳的最大缓冲作用在pH近似5.1处,但驼乳在pH4.9处仍有一个缓冲峰。双峰驼驼乳的酒精稳定性(75±2.0)%稍低于牛乳的酒精稳定性(77±1.0)%,驼乳与牛乳的酒精稳定性的变化趋势基本一致,加入Na+、K+都引起酒精稳定性降低,游离Ca2+浓度的降低或pH值的上升都会导致酒精稳定性的增加。 相似文献
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A study concerning performance traits of the Ethiopian camel indicated that, in the camel herds examined, there was one active bull camel for 25 females. The bull camel was 5 years old at puberty; it reached rutting vigour at the age of 9 years, the number of mountings per day was 8 during the breeding season, and the reproduction span was 10 years. The female camel reached puberty at 4 years of age; the age at first calving was 5 years, and the lactation period was one year; the calving interval was 2 years, the calving rate was 50%, and the reproduction span was 10–15 years. The survival rate of the newborn calves was 50%. The average milk yield was 2.5 L per day; the price of camel's milk was higher than that of cow's milk at US$0.5. Adult camels weighed around 500 kg; the dressing-out percentage was 52%. Mutton was preferred to camel meat, which came second in popularity, costing US$2/kg. Owing to their poor reproductive performance, camels are not efficient for producing meat. The camels worked for 16 h per day, covering 60 km. Animal health problems encountered were trypanosomosis, camel pox, camel pustular dermatitis, camel cephalopsis, dermatomycosis, mange mite, tick infestation and balantidiosis, most of which mainly affected the young animals. 相似文献
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试验旨在系统地分析不同的季节、泌乳阶段、产地和奶站驼乳理化指标的差异。收集了某公司2015年收购生驼乳质量检测数据18 372条,通过四分位数检验法确定了各指标的变化范围,对处理后的数据进行最小二乘方差分析。结果显示,不同的产地、奶站、泌乳阶段和季节驼乳的相对密度、脂肪、非脂乳固体、乳蛋白、乳糖、冰点、灰分有极显著差异（P<0.01）。因此,双峰驼繁殖和分娩具有较强的周期性和季节性,导致在一年内的不同季节和月份驼乳的产量和理化指标有较大的区别,同时驼乳生产企业可以通过此类分析获知不同的产地、奶站、泌乳阶段和季节的驼乳质量情况,驼乳产品的质量取决于生驼乳的理化指标和卫生状况。 相似文献
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试验旨在研究骆驼尿液对预防四氯化碳(CCl_4)诱导小鼠肝损伤的保护作用。将40只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为正常组,模型组,骆驼尿液低剂量组(170 mg/kg)、中剂量组(340 mg/kg)和高剂量组(500 mg/kg),3组骆驼尿液组灌胃相应剂量的骆驼尿液,正常组和模型组灌胃等量的生理盐水,每日灌胃1次,连续14 d;试验末期,除正常组外(橄榄油),各组小鼠腹腔注射20%CCl_4橄榄油混合溶液,建立小鼠急性肝损伤模型;12 h后摘眼球取血和采集肝脏样本,并记录肝脏重量,计算肝脏指数;测定小鼠血清相关指标,并进行肝脏组织病理切片检查。结果显示,与模型组比较,低、中、高剂量骆驼尿液组小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性及总胆红素(TBIL)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、葡萄糖(GLU)含量较模型组均明显降低,白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)含量升高,且高剂量组效果较好;而小鼠肝脏病理学切片观察显示,骆驼尿液组均有不同程度的改善,其中高剂量骆驼尿液组小鼠肝脏组织病理学损伤明显减轻,与正常组的肝脏组织形态接近。比较低、中、高3种浓度骆驼尿液处理发现,浓度越高治疗效果越好,说明骆驼尿液治疗效果具有剂量依赖性。综上所述,骆驼尿液对CCl_4诱导小鼠肝损伤具有一定的预防保护作用,且高剂量骆驼尿液组的效果较好。 相似文献
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ZHANG Meng-hua CHEN Gang-liang ZANG Chang-jiang DONG Jing HUANG Xi-xia LU Dong-lin 《中国畜牧兽医》2016,43(10):2628-2633
This study was aimed to systematically analyze the difference of camel milk physicochemical index of different seasons,stage of lactation,production sites and milk station.Collected 18 372 testing data about raw camel milk quality which were purchased by a company in 2015.The range of each index was determined by the four point test method,SAS 8.1 least squares analysis of variance were performed on the processed data.The results showed that different area,milk stations,stage of lactation and season effect of camel milk had extremely significant influence (P<0.01) on the relative density,fat,non fat milk solid,milk protein,lactose,freezing point and ash.Therefore,the reproduction and childbirth of Bactrian camel had strong periodicity and seasonality,lead to a larger difference in camel milk yield and physicochemical index of different seasons and months within a year,at the same time,camel milk producers could learn about the quality of camel milk situation of different production sites,milk station,stage of lactation and season using such analysis methods,the quality of camel milk product was determines by the physical and chemical indicators and health conditions of the raw camel milk. 相似文献
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旨在比较胚胎期和成年期双峰驼瘤胃在组织形态、编码基因表达上的变化,挖掘影响双峰驼瘤胃发育的关键基因和通路,从消化系统探究双峰驼的沙漠适应性机制。本研究选取3峰10~12岁健康状况良好的成年期阿拉善双峰驼,以及3峰9~10月龄健康状况良好的胚胎期阿拉善双峰驼,采集瘤胃组织样品,制作石蜡组织切片,观察成年期与胚胎期双峰驼瘤胃,比较其组织结构之间的差异。分别提取成年期和胚胎期双峰驼的瘤胃组织总RNA,利用Illumination Hiseq 2000测序平台分别进行转录组测序,对转录组数据进行质控、比对、差异基因筛选、GO、KEGG富集分析。随机选择6个差异表达基因进行荧光定量试验,关联转录组数据与荧光定量试验的表达趋势。结果表明,胚胎期瘤胃组织中上皮细胞和肌纤维细胞清晰可见,分布密集,在成年期的瘤胃组织中,可见明显的肌纤维,肌纤维直径较宽,肌纤维间的空隙较大。转录组测序结果显示,每个样本获得至少10G的数据量,各样本的质控率都在90%以上,Q30数据都在88%以上。对测序数据进行分析,以胚胎期为对照组,成年期为试验组,筛选到1 207个差异表达基因,其中上调基因456个,下调基因751个;对差异表达基因进行层次聚类分析,结果显示,成年期的3个个体（M1、M2、M3）表达模式接近,胚胎期的3个个体（T1、T2、T3）表达模式接近。对差异表达基因进行GO和KEGG富集分析,结果显示,上调差异表达基因显著富集到62条显著的GO条目,下调差异表达基因显著富集到366条显著的GO条目,73条显著的KEGG通路。差异表达基因主要富集在代谢过程的负调控、RNA生物合成过程的负调控、基因表达的负调控等GO条目中,KEGG主要富集到MAPK信号通路、PI3K-Akt信号通路、糖尿病并发症中的AGE-RAGE信号、胰岛素信号通路、醛固酮的合成与分泌等通路中。同时筛选到MAPK12、MAPK13、FABP5、PPARγ、CaMK1等与双峰驼沙漠适应性相关的基因。荧光定量结果显示,差异基因在成年期和胚胎期瘤胃组织中的表达模式与RNA-Seq的结果一致。上述结果表明,双峰驼的瘤胃组织可能与脂肪细胞分化有关。在沙漠环境中,双峰驼可能降低瘤胃组织代谢效率、通过胰岛素抵抗作用提高血糖耐受性以及促进醛固酮的合成与分泌以调节血压平衡,以更好地在沙漠干燥缺水的环境中生存。 相似文献