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正围产期是指奶牛产前15d到产后15d这一阶段,其中产前15d为围产前期,这一阶段对母牛产后的生产性能、健康和所产犊牛的健康有十分重要的意义;产后15d为围产后期。围产期奶牛经历了干奶、日粮结构变化、饲养环境改变、分娩、产奶等生理与代谢变化,对围产期奶牛护理的好坏将直接影响着整个泌乳周期产奶性能的发挥和经济效益的提高,这一阶段奶牛在生理上发生了很大变化,抵抗力降低,极易患病,必须进行科学的饲养管理。 相似文献
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本试验旨在研究围产期饲粮中添加异位酸对奶牛生产性能、营养物质表观消化率、瘤胃发酵参数和奶牛、新生犊牛血清指标的影响,为异位酸添加剂在奶牛生产中的合理添加使用提供理论依据。选取18头健康、第3胎次、预产期相近的经产荷斯坦围产期奶牛,按照完全随机区组设计分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头奶牛。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,Ⅰ组饲喂基础饲粮+30 mL/(d·头)的异位酸,Ⅱ组饲喂基础饲粮+60 mL/(d·头)的异位酸。预试期10 d,正试期42 d,从奶牛产前21 d开始到产后21 d结束。结果表明:1)在产后10和21 d,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组产奶量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。2)Ⅰ、Ⅱ组干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)表观消化率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。Ⅰ、Ⅱ组瘤胃氨态氮(NH 3-N)含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);Ⅱ组瘤胃微生物蛋白(MCP)、乙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3)在产前10 d,Ⅱ组奶牛血清球蛋白(GLB)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。在分娩当天,奶牛血清白蛋白(ALB)含量显著高于对照组和Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。在产前10 d和产后21 d,Ⅱ组奶牛血清尿素氮(UN)含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。在产后21 d,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组奶牛血清葡萄糖(GLU)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。4)在产前10 d,Ⅰ组奶牛血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),在产后10和21 d,Ⅱ组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。在分娩当天和产后10 d,Ⅱ组奶牛血清丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。在分娩当天,Ⅰ组奶牛血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著高于对照组(P<0.05),在产后10 d,Ⅱ组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。5)在产前10 d和分娩当天,Ⅱ组奶牛血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。在分娩当天,Ⅱ组奶牛血清免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量显著高于对照组和Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。6)Ⅰ、Ⅱ组新生犊牛血清GSH-Px活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),Ⅰ组新生犊牛血清IgA、IgG含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上所述,在围产期饲粮中添加异位酸可提高奶牛产奶量、营养物质表观消化率、瘤胃发酵参数、奶牛的抗氧化及免疫能力,并在一定程度上增强新生犊牛的抗氧化和免疫能力。本试验中,奶牛围产期饲粮中异位酸适宜添加量为60 mL/(d·头)。 相似文献
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奶牛围产期低血钙发生状况及其调节作用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了解奶牛围产期低血钙发生状况及其调节作用,本试验选取围产期经产的健康奶牛20头,分别对其产前21d、14d、7d、产后7d、14d、21d及分娩当天血中钙(Ca)、磷(P)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、羟脯氨酸(HYP)、甲状旁腺素(PTH)、骨钙素(BGP)、降钙素(CT)浓度进行测定.按血钙水平将试验奶牛按上述时间点均分为对照组(血钙正常)和低血钙组.结果显示:奶牛在产前21d至产后21d低血钙发生率分别为:0%、45%、20%、80%、25%、15%、10%.对照组奶牛血浆Ca、BGP的浓度产前14d到产后21d显著高于低血钙组(P<0.05),ALP、HYP在产前7d到产后21d显著高于低血钙组(P<0.05).两组奶牛血浆P浓度在围产期无显著差异(P>0.05).对照组血浆CT浓度在产前7d和分娩当天显著低于低血钙组(P<0.05),其他时间点差异不显著(P>0.05);对照组血浆PTH浓度在产前7d到产后21d时显著低于低血钙组(P<0.05).结论:奶牛围产期易发生低血钙,以分娩时发生率最高.奶牛围产期易发低血钙与钙代谢调节激素未能发挥其动员骨钙的调节作用有关. 相似文献
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张金梅 《青海畜牧兽医杂志》2007,37(5):54-54
奶牛围产期是指母牛分娩前的15d(围产前期)和分娩后的15d(围产后期)的1个月时间,在围产期母牛从干奶—分娩—泌乳,经历了3个不同的生理阶段,所以围产期是奶牛整个产奶周期中最为关键的阶段,要求有相应的饲养管理与之相适应,否则不仅影响本胎次产奶量而且影响以后的健康和配种繁 相似文献
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围产期是指奶牛产前3周至产后2周这段时间,围产期奶牛要经历妊娠、分娩、泌乳等生理过程,是奶牛生命中最脆弱的阶段,围产期奶牛饲养好坏直接影响到整个泌乳周期产奶性能的发挥,关系到奶牛饲养效益的高低,所以奶牛围产期饲养管理特别重要,必须引起奶牛饲养户的高度重视。 相似文献
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为了解健康奶牛围产期钙代谢特点,本试验选取围产期健康奶牛20头,分别在产前7d、3d,分娩当天,产后3d、7d对试验奶牛血浆Ca、P、ALP、HYP浓度进行测定。按每个时间点血钙水平将试验奶牛分为血钙正常组(C)和低血钙组(L)。结果显示:奶牛在产前7d至产后7d低血钙发生率分别为45%、20%、80%、25%、15%。产前7d到产后7d,C组奶牛血浆Ca、ALP、HYP水平均显著高于L组(P0.05)。两组奶牛血浆P浓度围产期无显著差异(P0.05)。结论:奶牛围产期易发生低血钙,以分娩时发生率最高;围产期奶牛低血钙症的发生可能与骨钙动员能力低有关。 相似文献
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In order to study the differences of productive performances and serum biochemical indices between primiparous and mulitiparous dairy cows during the perinatal period, ten primiparous and ten multiparous healthy dairy cows were selected and were fed the same total mixed ration.Blood samples were collected from the caudal vein before the morning feeding on -7, -4, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 7 and 14 d after parturition, and serum glucose, triglyceride and calcium concentrations were determined. Milk yields were recorded every day from 11 to 40 days after parturition. Milk samples were collected from each experimental cow on 30th day after parturition and milk compositions and somatic cell counts were determined. The results indicated that no significant difference was observed in serum triglyceride, milk fat, milk protein, milk lactose and milk dry matter between primiparous and multiparous dairy cows (P>0.05). Mutiparous cows had greater daily milk yield and higher milk somatic cell count than primiparous cows (P<0.05). Primiparous cows had significant higher serum glucose level on -4, 2 and 4 d after parturition (P<0.05), but significant lower serum glucose level on calving date (P<0.05) when compared with multiparous cows. Higher serum calcium concentrations were found on -2, -1 and 2 d after parturition in primiparous cows than multiparous cows (P<0.05). 相似文献
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本试验旨在研究饲粮全棉籽比例对奶牛泌乳性能和乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响.试验采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,选择8头泌乳早期的经产中国荷斯坦奶牛(产奶量、胎次、产犊日期接近,健康无疾病),分为4组,每组2个重复,每个重复1头牛.A组饲喂基础饲粮,B、C和D组分别饲喂含5％、10％、15％全棉籽的试验饲粮.每期试验28 d,其中预试期为7d,正试期为21 d.结果表明:随着饲粮全棉籽比例的增加,奶牛产奶量有提高趋势(P＞0.05),校正乳产量极显著提高(P＜0.01).全棉籽极显著地提高了奶牛的乳脂率(P＜0.01),对乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳非脂固形物率无显著影响(P＞0.05).全棉籽极显著降低了饱和脂肪酸( SFA)的含量(P＜0.01),不同程度地提高了乳中多不饱和脂肪酸( PUFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)的含量(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);短链脂肪酸和中链脂肪酸含量都显著降低(P＜0.05),长链脂肪酸含量有不同程度的提高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结果提示,饲粮中添加全棉籽可以提高奶牛产奶量,优化乳脂脂肪酸组成,改善乳脂品质,并以10％为泌乳早期奶牛最佳饲粮全棉籽比例. 相似文献
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The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of prepartum diets on dry matter intake (DMI) around parturition and on milk production in early lactation during a hot summer. Nine cows due to calve in July or August were assigned to two groups and fed either control (group C; four cows) or high‐concentrate (group H; five cows) diets to meet 110% of their energy requirements from 18 days before the expected calving date to parturition. The proportion of concentrate in the control diet was 35%, and that in the high‐concentrate diet was 45%. For 21 days after parturition, all cows were fed the same diets for lactation ad libitum. The DMI of cows in group H almost met their energy requirements. In group C, the DMI was decreased relative to group H and the concentration of plasma non‐esterified fatty acids was significantly higher (P < 0.05) before parturition. Therefore, the cows in group C were thought to be energy deficient before parturition. After parturition, there were no significant differences in DMI between the two groups. The milk yield of cows in group H tended to be higher than that of cows in group C at 21 days after parturition. Milk protein yield was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group H 21 days after parturition relative to group C. There were no significant differences in milk composition between the two groups. 相似文献
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为比较头胎奶牛与经产奶牛在围产阶段生产性能和血清生化指标的差异,本研究选取临床健康的头胎和经产奶牛各10头,在同等条件下饲喂全混合日粮,于预产期前7、4、2、1 d及产后0、1、2、4、7、14 d晨喂前尾静脉采血并分离血清,测定血糖、甘油三酯和血钙浓度,产后11~40 d记录产奶量,于产后第30天采集乳样,测定乳成分和体细胞数。结果显示,头胎奶牛与经产奶牛血清甘油三酯、乳脂、乳蛋白、乳糖和乳干物质等指标均无显著差异（P>0.05）;经产牛产后日均产奶量和乳体细胞数均显著高于头胎牛（P<0.05）;在分娩前第4天和分娩后第2、4天时,头胎牛血糖浓度显著高于经产牛（P<0.05）,但在分娩时,头胎牛血糖浓度显著低于经产牛（P<0.05）;头胎牛在产前第1、2天、分娩当天及产后第2天的血钙水平显著高于经产牛（P<0.05）。 相似文献
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为了对比不同泌乳阶段奶牛的采食、反刍、逍遥行为和日粮营养物质表观消化率,选择体重、胎次相近的8头健康荷斯坦泌乳奶牛,其中,4头处于泌乳盛期(泌乳盛期组),4头处于泌乳后期(泌乳后期组),进行了采食行为观察和消化试验,两组奶牛预饲期20 d,正试期15 d。结果表明,泌乳盛期组奶牛每天的干物质采食量为21.2 kg,极显著高于泌乳后期组的14.1 kg(P<0.01),但两组奶牛的采食时间和采食次数无显著差异(P>0.05),泌乳盛期组奶牛每千克DM采食的时间也极显著低于泌乳后期组奶牛(P<0.01);一昼夜总反刍时间泌乳盛期组奶牛极显著低于泌乳后期组(P<0.01),每千克DMI需反刍时间泌乳盛期组奶牛极显著低于泌乳后期组(P<0.01)。泌乳盛期组奶牛躺卧、走动和站立时间与泌乳后期组奶牛相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。泌乳盛期组奶牛日粮中NDF和ADF的表观消化率极显著低于泌乳后期组(P<0.01),两组奶牛NDF的表观消化率分别为55.8%、67.8%,ADF的表观消化率分别为44.2%、60.7%。 相似文献
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The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of compound enzyme and compound enzyme bacteria preparation on the degradation rate of diet in vitro and milk production performance of dairy cows at different lactation stages.In in vitro experiment,the basic diet (group Ⅰ) and the basic diet added with compound enzyme (group Ⅱ) and compound enzyme probiotics preparation (group Ⅲ) were used as fermentation substrate respectively.After 72 h of culture in vitro,the dry matter degradation rate (DMD) and crude protein degradation rate (CPD) of the diet were measured at different time (6,12,24,36,48 and 72 h).In feeding experiment,24 dairy cows with similar body weight,parity and condition were divided into three groups at early lactation (30 d±5 d),middle lactation (100 d±5 d) and late lactation (250 d±5 d),respectively.The cows in control group (group Ⅰ) were fed with TMR,in compound enzyme group (group Ⅱ) and the compound enzyme probiotics group (group Ⅲ) were fed with the TMR added with 1 kg/t compound enzyme and compound enzyme probiotics respectively.The trial period was 74 days,including 14 days of pre trial period and 60 days of normal trial period.`The results showed that:①In vitro DMD and CPD of the two groups increased with the prolongation of treatment time.At each time point,the values of DMD and CPD in group Ⅲ were higher than those in group Ⅱ,the difference of DMD was significant at 6 and 72 h (P<0.05),CPD was significant at 36 and 72 h (P<0.05),and there was no significant difference at other time points (P>0.05).②In the early stage of lactation,the average daily milk production of groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ increased by 3.68% and 4.10% respectively compared with group Ⅰ,the difference was significant (P<0.05),and the difference between groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ was not significant (P>0.05).In mid-lactation,the average daily milk production of groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ increased by 7.53% and 10.66% respectively compared with group Ⅰ (P<0.05),and the difference between groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ was not significant (P>0.05).In the later stage,the average daily milk production of groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ increased by 7.06% and 5.16% respectively compared with group Ⅰ (P<0.05),and the difference between group Ⅱ and Ⅲ was not significant (P>0.05).In conclusion,both compound enzymes and compound enzyme probiotics preparations could improve the in vitro DMD and CPD of the diet and the milk production of dairy cows in different periods to a certain extent.Among them,the compound enzyme preparation had a better effect on increasing milk production of dairy cows in the late lactation,while the compound enzyme probiotics preparation has a better effect on increasing milk production in mid-lactating dairy cows. 相似文献
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本试验旨在研究复合酶及复合酶菌制剂对奶牛日粮体外降解率及不同阶段奶牛产奶性能的影响。在体外试验中,分别以基础日粮（Ⅰ组）及基础日粮中分别添加复合酶制剂（Ⅱ组）、复合酶菌制剂（Ⅲ组）的日粮作为发酵底物,体外培养72 h,测定不同时间点（6、12、24、36、48、72 h）日粮干物质降解率（DMD）和粗蛋白质降解率（CPD）。在饲养试验中,分别选取体重、胎次、体况相近的泌乳前期（30 d±5 d）、泌乳中期（100 d±5 d）和泌乳后期（250 d±5 d）奶牛各24头,平均分成3组,其中对照组（Ⅰ组）奶牛饲喂全混合日粮（TMR）,复合酶制剂组（Ⅱ组）和复合酶菌制剂组（Ⅲ组）奶牛在TMR中分别添加1 kg/t的复合酶制剂和复合酶菌制剂。每期试验持续74 d,其中预试期14 d,正试期60 d,每天记录产奶量。结果显示：①体外试验中,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的DMD、CPD均随处理时间的延长而增加。在各个时间点,Ⅲ组的DMD、CPD均高于Ⅱ组,其中DMD在6、72 h时差异显著（P<0.05）,CPD在36、72 h时差异显著（P<0.05）,在其他时间点差异均不显著（P>0.05）。②在泌乳前期,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的平均日产奶量与Ⅰ组相比分别提高了3.68%和4.10%,差异显著（P<0.05）,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）;泌乳中期,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的平均日产奶量与Ⅰ组相比分别提高了7.53%和10.66%,差异显著（P<0.05）,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）;泌乳后期,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的平均日产奶量与Ⅰ组相比分别提高了7.06%和5.16%,差异显著（P<0.05）,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）。综上,复合酶与复合酶菌制剂均能在一定程度上提高日粮体外DMD和CPD以及奶牛在不同时期的产奶量,其中,复合酶制剂对提高泌乳后期奶牛产奶量效果更好,复合酶菌制剂对提高泌乳中期奶牛产奶量效果更好。 相似文献
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研究旨在探讨放养密度对早期泌乳奶牛氧化应激状态和乳腺通透性的影响。试验选择32头泌乳期奶牛,根据奶次和产奶量随机为为2组,每组16头牛,每个重复1头牛。奶牛采用两种放养方式,即75%的放养密度和100%放养密度,试验共开展8周,且试验期间两组奶牛饲喂相同的饲料。结果显示:75%较100%放养密度组显著提高了泌乳量、能量校正乳和4%脂肪校正乳产量(P<0.05),同时75%放养密度组显著降低了乳中尿素氮含量(P<0.05),显著提高了整个试验期间乳中蛋白质含量(P<0.05),而100%放养密度组较75%放养密度组显著提高了奶牛乳中体细胞数量(P<0.05)。75%放养密度组血清乳糖含量显著低于100%放养密度组(P<0.05),75%放养密度组较100%放养密度组显著提高了血清SOD和T-AOC活力(P<0.05)。75%放养密度组血清胰岛素及胰岛素与胰高血糖素比值最低(P<0.05),但催乳素和生长激素最高(P<0.05)。结论:泌乳早期奶牛在75%放养密度条件下氧化应激水平较低,而100%放养密度导致氧化应激水平升高,同时乳腺通透性较高。因此建议泌乳早期奶牛的放养密度应该维持在较低水平,以防止氧化应激。 相似文献
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本研究旨在探讨3种不同类型的轻音乐对奶牛泌乳性能及能量代谢指标的影响。选用泌乳量、年龄、胎次、泌乳期相近的荷斯坦泌乳牛64头,随机分成4组,即轻音乐A(速度60 bmp的钢琴轻音乐《梁祝》,音色圆润)组、轻音乐B(速度70 bmp、小提琴演奏的泌乳牛情绪调控曲,音色明亮)组、轻音乐C(速度60 bmp、钢琴演奏的奶牛泌乳性能调控曲,音色圆润)组和对照组,每组16头。3个轻音乐组分别于早、中、晚3次挤奶前各播放音乐2 h,对照组无音乐播放。预试期7 d,正试期60 d。正试期每隔20 d测定泌乳量,并采集血样和乳样。结果表明:1)试验20、40 d及1~60 d,轻音乐A组、轻音乐B组和轻音乐C组奶牛干物质、有机物、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪摄入量均高于对照组。2)试验1~60 d,轻音乐C组奶牛泌乳量、4%标准乳产量显著或极显著高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。3)试验1~60 d,轻音乐B组和轻音乐C组血液谷草转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶活性显著低于对照组(P0.05),轻音乐C组血液谷丙转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶活性显著低于对照组(P0.05)。4)试验40、60 d,轻音乐C组奶牛血液甘油三酯含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验1~60 d,轻音乐C组奶牛血液葡萄糖含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);整个试验期,轻音乐A组、轻音乐B组和轻音乐C组奶牛血液游离脂肪酸含量均低于对照组,但差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,3种轻音乐均有提高奶牛营养物质摄入量、刺激泌乳及改善奶牛能量代谢指标的作用趋势;70 bmp的轻音乐较60 bmp的轻音乐对奶牛泌乳更为有利;与音色明亮的轻音乐相比,奶牛对音色圆润的轻音乐敏感性更高,音色圆润的轻音乐更能提高奶牛泌乳性能。 相似文献
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文章旨在评价甘蔗渣作为粗饲料对泌乳奶牛采食量、消化率、采食行为、泌乳量、乳成分及微生物蛋白合成等方面的影响。试验选择10头初始体重为(450±25.6)kg,泌乳天数为(143.7±30.7)d的杂交奶牛为研究对象,试验采用5×5拉丁方设计,饲喂周期为5个21 d(1~14 d为适应期,15~21 d为数据采集期)。试验日粮分为对照日粮、45%、50%、55%和60%甘蔗渣日粮。结果:对照组与45%和50%甘蔗渣组干物质、有机物、总可消化养分摄入量、干物质和有机物消化率无显著差异(P>0.05),而55%和60%甘蔗渣组干物质和有机物消化率最低(P<0.05)。甘蔗渣组与对照组对中性洗涤纤维摄入量和表观消化率的影响具有显著差异(P<0.05),其中45%甘蔗渣组奶牛的非纤维碳水化合物摄入量和消化率与对照组相似(P>0.05)。日粮甘蔗渣添加水平对营养物质的摄入量和消化率呈显著线性降低(P<0.05)。60%甘蔗渣组较对照组显著降低了奶牛反刍时间,显著提高空闲时间(P<0.05)。奶牛的反刍时间、反刍和采食效率随日粮甘蔗渣添加水平的升高显著线性降低(P<0.05),而空闲时间随饲粮中甘蔗渣含量的增加线性增加(P<0.05)。结论:日粮添加甘蔗渣降低了奶牛日产奶量,但添加水平为45%~50%时可以使奶牛泌乳量达到12 kg/d。 相似文献