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马思奇 《中国预防兽医学报》1994,(6)
粘膜免疫与未来疫苗的发展马思奇（中国农科院哈尔滨兽医研究所）一、粘膜免疫的意义粘膜免疫是区别于全身免疫的局部免疫。粘膜免疫的基础是机体存在着完整普遍的粘膜免疫系统。该系统是由位于胃肠道以集合淋巴结、阑尾及小的孤立淋巴结为代表的肠相关淋巴样组织（ＧＡＬ... 相似文献
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肠道粘膜免疫研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
肠道粘膜不仅是机体消化、吸收营养物质的场所，而且还具有重要的免疫功能。分泌型免疫球蛋白A、上皮内淋巴细胞、微皱褶细胞和细胞因子，共同组成肠道粘膜免疫系统，以阻止食物大分子和外来微生物抗原的侵入，保护肠道的结构和正常生理功能。 相似文献
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粘膜免疫已成为当前生物医药研究领域的又一热点。作为粘膜免疫主要防御因子的分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)备受研究人员的重视。近些年,随着家禽粘膜免疫的深入开展,围绕鸡sIgA的各类研究也逐渐开展起来。家禽粘膜系统由胃肠道、呼吸道及某些外分泌腺(如哈德氏腺、盲肠扁桃体)等粘膜相关淋巴组织构成。家禽粘膜免疫主要通过sIgA来发挥作用。在粘膜表面大量存在的sIgA是第一道免疫防线,sIgA抗体可通过阻碍粘膜与细菌和病毒的接触,从而给粘膜表面提供特异的免疫屏障,同时在穿越上皮时,在上皮细胞内显示其抗病原微生物的能力,清除感染。但鸡… 相似文献
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早已证明免疫刺激复合物在注射免疫中可起着有效的强佐剂和载体输送系统。不同抗原结合形成的ISCOM也已证明在粘膜免疫中有效。Lovgren等首次用低剂量的流感病毒ISCOM单次鼻腔接种后可诱导粘膜免疫应答而产生保护作用。进一步研究结果表明,ISCOM与霍乱毒素(CT)、大肠杆菌热依赖性毒素(LT)一样,可打破免疫耐受,表现强粘膜佐剂活性,产生分泌性IgA和系统免疫应答,鼻腔接种ISCOM后最为显著的特点是能引起CTL反应。与CT相比,ISCOM先产生粘膜免疫随之产生系统免疫应答,此系统免疫应答依赖于IL-12,与IL-4无关。重组霍乱毒素与相同ISCOM粒子结合后起协同作用。鼻腔接种γCTB-ISCOM后,对γCTB的IgA应答在肺中增加100倍,在远距离的生殖道粘膜免疫中增加10倍多。在生殖道中也证实可加强对OVA抗原的IgA应答,接种RSV-衣壳蛋白-ISCOM后,产生高血清抗体,同样,注射免疫后,在局部呼吸粘膜和远处生殖道和肠道粘膜中均引起强烈的Ig A应答。Herpes simplex virus、流感病毒以及Mycoplasma mycoides等的衣壳蛋白与ISCOM结合后也出现相似结果。在应答过程中,利用了RSV衣壳蛋白可锚定粘膜的特性,鼻腔接种HIV-gp120RSV-ISCOM后在雌体生殖道中可观察到很强的分泌性IgA对gp120的免疫应答。总之,病毒衣壳蛋白、细胞膜蛋白等此类抗原与ISCOM结合后依然保持其生物学活性、形态结构、可锚定粘膜以及中和病毒等特性。ISCOM是一种多用途输送系统,被应用于粘膜免疫尤其适用于鼻腔免疫,它依赖于IL-12诱导粘膜免疫,而且ISCOM能诱导Th1/Th2的平衡性应答且无耐受。 相似文献
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应用鸡新城疫弱毒疫苗进行消化道粘膜免疫，或在肌肉注射生长抑素(SS)亚单位疫苗的基础上应用鸡新城疫弱毒疫苗进行消化道粘膜免疫，通过RT—PCR方法检测免疫鸡十二指肠中SS基因的表达。结果表明，首免后第3周，新城疫免疫组的SSmRNA表达高于SS亚单位苗组，但各试验组无显著差异；首免后第4周，新城疫免疫组SSmR—NA的表达显著高于SS亚单位苗组(P＜0．05)并高于对照组。提示粘膜免疫可促进小肠粘膜SSmRNA的表达，SS亚单位苗可在基因水平上降低SSmRNA的表达。 相似文献
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粘膜免疫已成为当前生物医药研究领域的又一热点。作为粘膜免疫主要防御因子的分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIgA)理所当然更加倍受研究人员的重视。近些年，随着家禽粘膜免疫的深入开展，围绕鸡SIgA的各类研究也逐渐开展起来了。家禽粘膜系统由家禽胃肠道、呼吸道及某些外分泌腺(如哈德氏腺、盲肠扁桃体)等与粘膜相关淋巴组织构成。家禽粘膜免疫主要通过SIgA来发挥作用。在 相似文献
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大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素对狂犬病病毒减毒疫苗株粘膜免疫效应的增强作用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
将狂犬病病毒 SRV9减毒疫苗与大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素 (L T)混合 ,分别经口腔滴入、灌胃、灌肠等途径免疫小鼠。通过检测外周血淋巴细胞特异性转化率、CTL反应、Ig G、Ig A、SIg A等免疫指标 ,并结合攻毒保护 ,探讨了狂犬病病毒经消化道不同途径接种产生的免疫效果以及 L T在粘膜免疫中的作用。结果表明 :肠道接种组的狂犬病病毒特异性免疫应答水平高于口腔和胃接种组的免疫应答水平 ,L T可增强狂犬病病毒减毒疫苗诱导的免疫应答反应 相似文献
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选用1日龄科宝-500肉鸡240只,随机分为6个处理,每处理4个重复,每重复10只,Ⅰ组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组分别在基础日粮中添加0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%和2.0%的谷氨酰胺,试验时间15～42日龄,共28d。试验期间从每天09：00-17：00温度维持在（35±1）℃8h,17：00至次日09：00温度维持在（30±1）℃,鸡舍相对湿度控制在70%～80%。试验测定了热应激条件下21、28、35、42日龄肉鸡小肠黏膜分泌型免疫球蛋白含量A,血浆中血液内毒素含量和白介素-1、肿瘤细胞坏死因子含量。结果表明,日粮中添加谷氨酰胺显著提高了21、28、35、42日龄热应激肉鸡小肠黏膜分泌型免疫球蛋白含量（P〈0.05）,降低血浆中血液内毒素、白介素-1、肿瘤细胞坏死因子的含量（P〈0.05）。因此,在基础日粮中添加一定水平的谷氨酰胺可改善热应激肉鸡的肠道免疫性能。 相似文献
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The immune mechanisms of defence against fungal infections are numerous, and range from protective mechanisms that were present early in evolution (innate immunity) to sophisticated adaptive mechanisms that are induced specifically during infection and disease (adaptive immunity). The first-line innate mechanism is the presence of physical barriers in the form of skin and mucous membranes, which is complemented by cell membranes, cellular receptors and humoral factors. There has been a debate about the relative contribution of humoral and cellular immunity to host defence against fungal infections. For a long time it was considered that cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was important, but humoral immunity had little or no role. However, it is accepted now that CMI is the main mechanism of defence, but that certain types of antibody response are protective. In general, Th1-type CMI is required for clearance of a fungal infection, while Th2 immunity usually results in susceptibility to infection. Aspergillosis, which is a disease caused by the fungus Aspergillus, has been the subject of many studies, including details of the immune response. Attempts to relate aspergillosis to some form of immunosuppression in animals, as is the case with humans, have not been successful to date. The defence against Aspergillus is based on recognition of the pathogen, a rapidly deployed and highly effective innate effector phase, and a delayed but robust adaptive effector phase. Candida albicans, part of the normal microbial flora associated with mucous surfaces, can be present as congenital candidiasis or as acquired defects of cell-mediated immunity. Resistance to this yeast is associated with Th1 CMI, whereas Th2 immunity is associated with susceptibility to systemic infection. Dermatophytes produce skin alterations in humans and other animals, and the essential role of the CMI response is to destroy the fungi and produce an immunoprotective status against re-infection. The resolution of the disease is associated with a delayed hypersensitive response. There are many effective veterinary vaccines against dermatophytoses. Malassezia pachydermatis is an opportunistic yeast that needs predisposing factors to cause disease, often related to an atopic status in the animal. Two species can be differentiated within the genus Cryptococcus with immunologic consequences: C. neoformans infects predominantly immunocompromised hosts, and C. gattii infects non-immunocompromised hosts. Pneumocystis is a fungus that infects only immunosupressed individuals, inducing a host defence mechanism similar to that induced by other fungal pathogens, such as Aspergillus. 相似文献
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干扰素-ε（IFN-ε）是新发现的一种Ⅰ型干扰素（IFNs），是由多种细胞分泌的一类细胞因子，其本质是一种糖蛋白，可间接发挥抗病毒、免疫调节和抗肿瘤的生物学活性。但与其他Ⅰ型干扰素不同，IFN-ε的产生不需要病毒诱导，其由黏膜上皮细胞组成型表达，并受激素调节，在黏膜免疫中具有重要作用。目前相关研究报道较少，本文就人和不同动物IFN-ε的起源、体内分布规律，以及对生殖系统的保护、神经系统的调节及抗病毒等研究进展进行综述，以便进一步了解和开发新型干扰素。 相似文献
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Cell-mediated immunity in calves immunized against or infected with the bovine rhinotracheitis virus
Simple and expeditious methods--leucocyte adherence inhibition LAI and leucocyte migration inhibition LMI--are described in the present paper; these methods enable to investigate cell-mediated immunity of animals. The two tests, along with serological and virological methods, were used to study changes in the immunity of calves after experimental infection by IBRV and after immunization by inactivated oil vaccine against IBRV. The results have indicated that the changes in cell-mediated immunity after experimental infection and vaccination of calves assumed courses independent of the changes in humoral reaction. Total cell-mediated immunity reaction started earlier in experimentally infected calves than in vaccinated ones. In some vaccinated calves a modified course of cellular immunity reactions was observed, characterized also by elimination of IBR virus on the nasal mucous membrane after challenge infection. The LAI and LMI test can be recommended for immunological monitoring in clinical laboratories and in research. 相似文献
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黄芪是一味药食两用、补中益气的中国传统中药,黄芪多糖是其最重要的天然活性成分,具有无耐药性、抗菌、抗病毒、提高机体免疫力及抗氧化功能,改善肠道微生态等作用,其中以免疫调节作用最为突出。大量研究证明,黄芪多糖在体内外均具有显著的免疫调节作用。作者归纳了黄芪多糖对免疫相关基因的调控,在器官免疫、细胞免疫、细胞因子和胞内信使物质、心血管系统免疫、抗菌免疫、抗病毒免疫等方面的作用,以及其作为免疫佐剂在猪瘟（CSF）、猪圆环病毒病（PCVD）、猪口蹄疫（FMD）、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征（PRRS）、猪支原体肺炎（MPS）等仔猪疾病应用的最新研究进展,发现黄芪多糖主要作为免疫佐剂及动物饲料添加剂使用,应用范围狭窄,缺乏深度的研究开发。今后应加强对分离、纯化后的均一组分低分子质量黄芪多糖及其结构特点,以及其与免疫调节作用间构效关系的研究以提高黄芪多糖疗效,推广其临床应用。 相似文献
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Equine influenza is one of the most economically important contagious respiratory diseases of horses. In this paper the current state of knowledge of equine influenza virus and the most important aspects of these virus infections, e.g. epidemiology, clinical aspects, pathogenesis and pathology, immunity, diagnosis, treatment, management and vaccination, are reviewed with an emphasis on epidemiology, diagnosis and vaccinology. Many questions have remained and with the advent of improved technology new questions have arisen. Consequently, research priorities should be set in an attempt to answer them. Therefore, this review ends with some personal recommendations for important priorities for future research. 相似文献
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肠道黏膜免疫研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黏膜免疫是当前免疫学领域的研究热点,尤其是肠道黏膜免疫越来越被人们重视.近年来国内外学者分别探讨了肠道黏膜组织结构、肠道菌群及黏膜疫苗对黏膜免疫的作用及影响,研究表明,肠道黏膜组织结构中主要是M细胞、树突状细胞和巨噬细胞进行抗原摄取和转运,对起始黏膜免疫起着重要的作用.肠道菌群在免疫过程中主要是促进抗原的分泌和调节各种细胞因子的产生.合适的黏膜疫苗能够有效地激发黏膜免疫反应,具有方便、快捷、安全、有效、持续等优点.文章重点阐述了肠道菌群对黏膜免疫的影响及黏膜免疫的优点,并指出了制约黏膜免疫发展的关键因素、存在的问题及其发展前景. 相似文献
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A. O. Díaz A. M. García C. V. Devincenti & A. L. Goldemberg 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2001,30(3):135-139
The characteristics of the mucous cells located in the gills of the fish Micropogonias furnieri were investigated. Using histochemical procedures that included methods for localization and characterization of glycoproteins (GPs), no differences were detected between the mucous cell contents of the primary and secondary lamellae. The GPs were identified with (a) oxidizable vecinal diols; (b) sialic acids and some of their chain variants, C7 or C9; (c) carboxyl groups and (d) sulphate groups. The electron microscope showed large mucous globules of different electro densities from mucous cells located deep in the epithelium between the other epithelial cells; the release of mucus by exocytosis was observed. GPs secreted on the surface of the mucous cells was suggested to be important for the lubrication, protection and inhibition of microorganisms. It is possibility that GPs could have similar roles in Micropogonias furnieri gills. 相似文献