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1.
To investigate the histidine requirement of fingerling Catla catla (3.65 ± 0.15 cm; 0.65 ± 0.36 g), six casein‐gelatin based diets (33% CP; 13.58 kJ g?1 DE) containing graded levels of L‐histidine (0.25%, 0.39%, 0.53%, 0.67%, 0.83%, 0.96% of the dry diet) were fed near to satiation thrice a day for 12 weeks. Maximum absolute weight gain (AWG; 8.63 g fish?1), protein gain (PG; 1.45 g fish?1), histidine gain (HG, 48.19 mg fish?1), RNA/DNA ratio (4.15), best feed conversion ratio (FCR; 1.31), highest haemoglobin (Hb, 9.61 g dL?1), RBCs (2.84 × 106 mm?3) and haematocrit (Ht, 30.12%) were recorded in fish fed diet containing 0.67% histidine. However, broken‐line regression analysis of AWG, PG, HG, RNA/DNA ratio, FCR, Hb, Ht and RBCs against dietary histidine reflected the histidine requirement at 0.65%, 0.64%, 0.63%, 0.68%, 0.63%, 0.66%, 0.68% and 0.65% dry diet respectively. Carcass protein was found to improve significantly (P < 0.05) from 13.36% to 16.42% with the increase in dietary histidine from 0.25% to 0.67%. Based on regression analysis of AWG, PG, HG, RNA/DNA ratio, FCR, Hb, Ht and RBCs, it is recommended that the diet for fingerling catla should contain histidine in the range of 0.63–0.68% dry diet, equivalent to 1.91–2.06% of the dietary protein for optimum growth, feed utilization, blood profile and carcass composition.  相似文献   

2.
Dietary lysine requirement of fingerling Heteropneustes fossilis (6.96 ± 0.05 g) was quantified by conducting 12‐week feeding trial in a flow‐through system at 28°C. Casein–gelatin based isonitrogenous (38% CP) and isocaloric (14.7 kJ g?1 DE) amino acid test diets with six levels of dietary lysine (1.5%, 1.75%, 2.0%, 2.25%, 2.5%, 3.0% dry diet) were fed to apparent satiation in triplicates. Broken‐line and second‐degree polynomial regression analyses at 95% plateau of absolute weight gain (AWG; g fish?1), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein deposition (PD; g fish?1) and lysine deposition (LD; g fish?1) exhibited lysine requirement between 2.0% to 2.3% of the dry diet, corresponding to 5.3–6.1% protein.  相似文献   

3.
A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to estimate the dietary copper requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus. Six casein?gelatin‐based test diets (450 g kg?1 crude protein; 18.81 kJ g?1 gross energy) with graded levels of copper as copper sulphate (3.7, 4.7, 5.7, 6.7, 7.7 and 8.7 mg copper equivalent kg?1 diet) were formulated and fed to triplicate groups of fish (7.25 ± 0.81 cm; 5.21 ± 0.27 g) near to satiation. Fish fed diet with 6.7 mg kg?1 copper had highest absolute weight gain (AWG; 51.63 g fish?1), protein efficiency ratio (PER; 1.42 g fish?1), protein gain (PG; 8.34 g fish?1), haemoglobin (Hb; 9.68 g dL?1), haematocrit (Hct; 31.18%) and RBCs (3.24 × 106 × mm?3). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found to be best (1.57) at above level of dietary copper. Whole body copper concentration was found to increase with the increasing levels of dietary copper. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances concentration was found to decrease with increasing dietary concentrations of copper up to 6.7 mg kg?1 beyond which a reverse trend in this parameter was noted. Broken‐line regression analysis of AWG, FCR and PG concentrations against varying levels of dietary copper yielded the requirement in the range of 6.66–6.78 mg kg?1. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating copper‐balanced commercial feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.  相似文献   

4.
Amino acids are vital for all living organisms including fish and histidine is an essential amino acid for fish. In view of this, dietary histidine requirement of fry Heteropneustes fossilis was determined by feeding casein–gelatin‐based isonitrogenous (430 g kg?1 CP) and isocaloric (17.9 MJ kg?1 GE; 15.5 MJ kg?1 DE) amino acid test diets (10 to 20 g histidine kg?1 dry diet) to quadruplicate groups of randomly assigned fish to apparent satiety for 12 weeks. Maximum absolute weight gain (AWG; 44 g fish?1), protein retention efficiency (PRE; 20%), protein efficiency ratio (PER; 1.04), haemoglobin (Hb; 11.24 g dL?1), haematocrit (Hct; 35.11%), red blood count (RBCs; 2.98 × 109 mL?1) and lowest erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR; 1.92 mm h?1) were obtained at 16 g histidine kg?1 dry diet. The 95% maximum quadratic response of above data exhibited the requirement to be at 15.2, 15.1, 15.6 and 15.5 g histidine kg?1 diet. As histidine is found in higher concentration in haemoglobin, requirement obtained for Hct% and Hb is 4% greater than that required for maximizing weight gain and protein retention. Based on these results, dietary histidine requirement of H. fossilis fry is recommended between 15.1 and 15.6 g kg?1, corresponding to 35.1–36.3 g kg?1 protein.  相似文献   

5.
Dietary arginine requirement of Heteropneustes fossilis fry (3.0 ± 0.5 cm; 5.1 ± 0.3 g) was determined by feeding casein‐gelatin‐based isonitrogenous (400 g kg?1 crude protein) and isocaloric (17.97 kJ g?1) amino acid test diets containing graded levels of l ‐arginine (15, 17, 19, 21, 23 and 25 g kg?1 dry diet) for 12 weeks. Maximum absolute weight gain (AWG) (44.4), best feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.22), highest protein retention efficiency (PRE%) (41%), energy retention efficiency (ERE%) (75%), best condition factor, hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index were noted at 21 g kg?1 arginine of the dry diet. Maximum body protein (189.8 g kg?1) was also obtained in fish fed above diet. Highest haematocrit value (35%), Hb concentration (9.54 g dL?1), RBC count (3.44 × 109 mL?1) and lowest Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (1.93 mm h?1) were obtained at the above level of arginine in the diet. AWG, FCR, PRE% and ERE% data were analysed using broken‐line and an exponential fit to obtain more precise dietary arginine requirement. On the basis of broken‐line and exponential analyses of AWG, FCR, PRE and ERE data, inclusion of dietary arginine in the range of 20.4–22.6 g kg?1 dry diet, corresponding to 51–56.5 g kg?1 dietary protein, is recommended for formulating arginine‐balanced feeds for rearing H. fossilis fry.  相似文献   

6.
The effects of feeding rates on growth, feed conversion, protein deposition and carcass quality of fingerling Catla catla (3.61 ± 0.03 cm; 0.71 ± 0.04 g) were worked out by conducting a 16‐week feeding trial. Fingerlings were fed with a casein‐gelatin‐based purified diet (40% crude protein CP; 14.95 MJ kg?1 digestible energy; DE) at 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6% and 7% body weight per day. The absolute weight gain (AWG; 10.50 g fish?1) and feed conversion ratio (FCR; 1.41) were highest at the feeding rate of 5% body weight per day. However, protein gain (PG; 0.36 g fish?1) and carcass protein content attained the maximum values at 4% BW day?1. Quadratic regression analyses of AWG g fish?1 and PG g fish?1 at 95% maximum response indicated that these parameters attained the best values at 4.19% and 3.81% BW day?1. On the basis of the above results it is recommended that the feeding rate in the range of 3.81–4.19% BW day?1 with a P:E ratio of 26.69–27.74 mg protein MJ?1 DE is optimum for maximum growth, efficient feed conversion and best carcass quality in fingerling C. catla.  相似文献   

7.
An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary l ‐threonine on growth, protein utilization, threonine retention efficiencies, nucleic acid indices and body composition of fingerling Heteropneustes fossilis (6.6 ± 0.1 g; 10.9 ± 0.2 cm). Casein–gelatin based isonitrogenous (38% crude protein; CP) and isocaloric (15.3 kJ g?1 digestible energy; DE) amino acid test diets with six levels of dietary l ‐threonine (0.75%; 1.0%; 1.25%; 1.5%; 1.75%; 2.0% dry diet) were prepared and hand‐fed to quadruplicate groups of fingerling to apparent visual satiation twice daily. Weight gain (WG; 46.3 g fish?1), feed conversion ratio (FCR; 1.98), protein utilization efficiency (PUE; 0.25), threonine retention efficiency (TRE; 0.69), lipid productive value (LPV; 0.45), body protein (18.2%) and RNA/DNA ratio (3.6) of fish fed graded levels of dietary threonine increased significantly (P < 0.05) up to 1.49% threonine of dry diet. To generate precise information, the WG, RNA/DNA and LPV data were subjected to broken‐line and quadratic regression analyses. The two models were superimposed and requirement was determined by establishing the point, where the quadratic curve first intersected the plateau of broken‐line. Based on the above mathematical analyses, optimum dietary threonine requirement of fingerling H. fossilis was estimated to range between 1.62% and 1.69% of the diet, corresponding to 4.26–4.44% protein.  相似文献   

8.
A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted in eighteen 70 L indoor polyvinyl circular troughs provided with a water flow‐through system (1–1.5 L min?1) at 28 ± 1 °C to evaluate the dietary tryptophan requirement of fingerling Catla catla (3.45 ± 0.24 cm; 0.60 ± 0.13 g). Six casein‐gelatin‐based amino acid test diets (330 g kg?1 crude protein; 13.6 kJ g?1 digestible energy) containing graded levels of L‐tryptophan (1.0, 1.4, 1.9, 2.3, 2.8, 3.4 g kg?1 dry diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish near to satiation at 08:00, 12:30 and 17:30 h. Absolute weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein gain, RNA/DNA ratio, hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index, condition factor and haematological indices improved with the increasing levels of tryptophan from 1.0 to 2.3 g kg?1 of dry diet. Significantly higher carcass protein was obtained at 2.3 g tryptophan per kilogram of the dry diet. Exponential analysis of absolute weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein gain and RNA/DNA ratio against dietary tryptophan levels at 95% maximum and minimum responses displayed the tryptophan requirement at 2.5, 2.3, 2.5 and 2.1 g kg?1 dry diet, respectively. Inclusion of dietary tryptophan in the range of 2.1–2.5 g kg?1 dry diet, equivalent to 6.4–7.6 g kg?1 dietary protein, is recommended in formulating tryptophan‐balanced feed for the culture of this fish species.  相似文献   

9.
Growth response of fingerling Heteropneustes fossilis (6.8 ± 0.2 g; 11.2 ± 0.3 cm) to dietary l ‐leucine levels was assessed by conducting 8‐week feeding trial in a flow‐through system (1–1.5 L min?1) at 28 °C water temperature. Casein–gelatin‐based isonitrogenous (380 g kg?1; crude protein) and isoenergetic [17.9 MJ kg?1; gross energy (GE)] basal diet was supplemented with different levels of l ‐leucine to achieve desired leucine levels ranging between 10 and 22.5 g kg?1 dry diet. Analysed values were 9.9 (Lc9.9), 12.4 (Lc12.4), 15.1 (Lc15.1), 17.4 (Lc17.4), 20.1 (Lc20.1) and 22.4 (Lc22.4) g leucine kg?1 diet. Fishes were stocked randomly in quadruplicates and fed to satiation at 07:00 and 17:30 h. Maximum absolute weight gain (AWG g fish?1), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein utilization efficiency (PUE%), leucine retention efficiency (LRE%) and haematological parameters were found in fish fed diet Lc17.4. For precise determination of dietary leucine requirement of Singhi, AWG g fish?1, FCR, PUE% and LRE% were subjected to broken‐line and second‐degree polynomial regression analysis. Second‐degree polynomial regression analysis fitted the data more accurately (P > 0.05) exhibiting high R2 values. Hence, based on this analysis, dietary leucine requirement of fingerling H. fossilis is recommended to be 16.5 g kg?1 of the diet, corresponding to 43.4 g kg?1 protein for developing leucine‐balanced commercial feeds.  相似文献   

10.
A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary threonine requirement of fingerling Indian major carp, Catla catla (3.35 ± 0.11 cm; 0.59 ± 0.06 g). Six casein‐gelatin based (33% crude protein; 3.23 kcal g?1 digestible energy) amino acid test diets with graded levels of analysed threonine (0.74%, 0.96%, 1.21%, 1.48%, 1.72% and 1.93% dry diet) were fed to satiation to triplicate groups of fish. Absolute weight gain (g per fish), feed conversion ratio, protein retention efficiency, threonine deposition, RNA/DNA ratio and carcass protein significantly improved with the increase in dietary threonine and peaked at 1.48% of the dry diet. Haematological indices were also found to be best in fish fed at 1.48% threonine diet. Quadratic regression analysis of absolute weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein retention efficiency, threonine deposition, RNA/DNA ratio, carcass protein, haemoglobin (g dL?1), haematocrit (%) and RBCs (106 × mm?3) at 95% of maximum and minimum response exhibited the threonine requirement of fingerling C. catla between 1.35% and 1.48% dry diet, corresponding to 4.09–4.48% dietary protein. Present finding would be useful in formulating threonine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of C. catla.  相似文献   

11.
Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.  相似文献   

12.
Two feeding experiments were conducted to quantify the total sulphur amino acid (TSAA) requirement and replacement value of cystine for methionine for fingerling Labeo rohita. In Experiment I, isonitrogenous (380 g kg?1 CP) and isocaloric (17.90 kJ g?1 GE) amino acid test diets with graded levels of methionine (4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 g kg?1 dry diet) and 0.4 g kg?1 cystine were fed to fish (4.62 ± 0.2 cm; 0.66 ± 0.1 g) and methionine requirement determined by analysing absolute weight gain (AWG) (5.48), feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.26), protein retention efficiency (PRE%) (39%) and energy retention efficiency (ERE%) (85%) data which were best at 10 g kg?1 methionine of dry diet. In Experiment II, six diets with different ratios of L‐cystine and L‐methionine on equimolar sulphur basis were fed to fish (4.71 ± 0.1 cm; 0.69 ± 0.2 g) under identical conditions. Maximum AWG (5.58), best FCR (1.24), PRE (41%) and ERE (86%) in fish fed Diet IV indicated cystine replacement value to be 40%. On the basis of the broken‐line and second‐degree polynomial regression analyses of results obtained in Experiments I and II, it is concluded that inclusion of TSAA in the range of 25.2–31.31 g kg?1 of protein is optimum of which 33–39% could be spared by cystine.  相似文献   

13.
This study was conducted to quantify dietary vitamin C requirement of fingerling, Cirrhinus mrigala, (0.79 ± 0.07 g; 3.51 ± 0.15 cm) by feeding casein‐gelatin based purified diets (400 g/kg crude protein; 3.45 kcal/g digestible energy) containing nine levels of vitamin C as l‐ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate (0.0, 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 75, and 95 mg vitamin C equivalent/kg diet) to triplicate groups of fish to apparent satiation for 16 wk. Absolute weight gain (AWG, g/fish), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein retention efficiency (PRE%), RNA/DNA ratio, hemoglobin (Hb, g/dL), and hematocrit value (Hct%) were taken as the response criteria to determine vitamin C requirement of mrigal. Fish fed diet with 35 mg/kg vitamin C had significantly higher AWG (9.94 g/fish), FCR (1.39), PRE (27.72%), RNA/DNA ratio (4.18), Hb (11.15 g/dL), and Hct (34.44%) values. However, liver vitamin C concentration was found to be higher (64.92 µg/g wet tissue) in diet containing 45 mg vitamin C/kg. Broken‐line regression analysis of AWG data estimated the requirement of 35.65 mg/kg, whereas that of the liver vitamin C concentration data projected the requirement to 41.99 mg/kg.  相似文献   

14.
This study was aimed at quantifying methionine requirement of Indian major carp fry, Cirrhinus mrigala (2.2 ± 0.2 cm; 0.19 ± 0.02 g) by conducting a 12‐week feeding trial. Casein–gelatine‐based isonitrogenous (40 g 100 g?1 crude protein) and isoenergetic (15.42 kJ g?1 DE) amino acid test diets were prepared to contain six levels of l ‐methionine (1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9 and 2.1 g 100 g?1 dry diet) at a fixed level of cysteine (0.85 g 100 g?1 dry diet) and fed to apparent satiation thrice daily to triplicate groups of fish. When absolute weight gain (g per fish), feed conversion ratio, protein deposition (g per fish) and nitrogen retention efficiency data were subjected to broken‐line and second‐degree polynomial regression analysis, 95% of the plateau of above parameters was achieved at dietary methionine concentrations between 1.60 and 1.69 g 100 g?1 dry diet or 0.10 to 0.11 g methionine kJ?1 DE, corresponding to 4.1–4.22 g 100 g?1 protein or 0.44–0.47 g methionine kJ?1 DE. Based on these results, dietary methionine requirement of fry C. mrigala is recommended 1.60–1.69 g 100 g?1 diet or 0.10–0.11 g methionine kJ?1 DE.  相似文献   

15.
The aim of the present work was to obtain the lipid utilization of Octopus vulgaris supplying formulated semi‐moist diets with different contents in cod oil (reduced from water content): 0 g kg?1 (A0, 138 g kg?1 lipids DW; N = 4), 100 g kg?1 (A100, 286 g kg?1 lipids DW; N = 6) and 200 g kg?1 (A200, 388 g kg?1 lipids DW; N = 6). The rest of the ingredients were constant in the three diets: 200 g kg?1 gelatin, 100 g kg?1 egg yolk powder, 150 g kg?1 freeze‐dried Todarodes sagittatus and 50 g kg?1 freeze‐dried Sardinella aurita). Survival was 100% with the three diets. The highest absolute feeding (15.8 ± 1.2 g day?1), growth (9.6 ± 1.4 g day?1; 0.91% BW day?1) and feed efficiency rates (60.3%) were obtained with diet A0. This diet also showed greater retention of lipid and protein than A100 and A200. Protein digestibility was above 95% in all of the diets. Only diet A0 led to a high lipid digestibility coefficient (81.25%), which fell drastically to 12.3% in A200. It was notable the high polar lipid digestibility rates (83–89%) respect to neutral lipids (2–87%) in all diets. The best results were obtained with lipid feeding rates of around 1 g day?1 and a suitable lipid content on 130–140 g kg?1 DW in formulated diets for O. vulgaris.  相似文献   

16.
The effect of feeding graded levels of vitamin E (E0, E20, E40, E60, E100, E140, E180, E220, E260) in nine casein–gelatin‐based isonitrogenous (450 g kg?1 crude protein) and isoenergetic (17.97 kJ g?1 gross energy) experimental diets was evaluated in fingerling Channa punctatus for 12 weeks. Growth, nutritional and haematological parameters were studied. Hepatic lipid peroxidation as thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) was also assayed. The maximum absolute weight gain (AWG g/fish, 55), best feed conversion ratio (FCR, 1.32), protein retention efficiency (PRE, 40%) and energy retention efficiency (ERE, 76%) were achieved in fish fed on a diet supplemented with 140 mg vitamin E kg?1 diet (E140). A consistent decline in the hepatic TBARS concentration and an improvement in haematocrit (Hct) and haemoglobin (Hb) were displayed in fish fed on diets with increasing concentrations of vitamin E up to 140 mg kg?1 (E0–E140), beyond which (E180–E260) a reverse trend in these parameters was evident. Based on the broken‐line regression and exponential analyses of AWG, FCR, PRE, ERE, Hb and Hct data, diets for fingerling C. punctatus should contain vitamin E in the range of 140–169 mg kg?1 to maintain satisfactory fish performance.  相似文献   

17.
Camelina meal (Camelina sativa) (CM) is a potential protein source for aquaculture feeds, on account of its crude protein level (380 g kg?1) and inclusion of most indispensable amino acids. Two experiments were conducted with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Rainbow trout (44.9 g fish?1) were fed diets with CM at 0 g kg?1 (0% CM), 70 g kg?1 (7% CM), 140 g kg?1 (14% CM) or 210 g kg?1 (21% CM) for 12 weeks at 14 °C in freshwater, and salmon (241.8 g fish?1) were fed diets with CM at 0 g kg?1 (0% CM), 80 g kg?1 (8% CM), 160 g kg?1 (16% CM) or 240 g kg?1 (24% CM) for 16 weeks at 14 °C in sea water. Growth, lipid and amino acid tissue compositions were compared between species. Trout could tolerate up to 14% CM diets without affecting the growth compared to the control, while salmon fed ≥8% CM gained less weight than the control (P = 0.008). The feed conversion ratio in trout fed 21% CM was higher than the control (P = 0.002), and feed intake in salmon fed ≥8% CM was lower than the control (P = 0.006). Trout fatty acid and amino acid composition showed minimal differences between CM‐fed and control‐fed fish, while salmon showed significant alterations after feeding CM diets. Multivariate analyses emphasized differences in tissue composition between species fed CM diets.  相似文献   

18.
The aim of the present work was to test the capacity of Octopus vulgaris to use carbohydrates supplied in three diets: a diet without added carbohydrates (diet C0: 500 g kg?1 water, 200 g kg?1 gelatine, 100 g kg?1 egg yolk powder, 50 g kg?1 freeze‐dried Sardinella aurita and 150 g kg?1 freeze‐dried Todarodes sagittatus) and two obtained by substituting 50 g kg?1 of T. sagittatus by glucose (diet GLU50) or by starch (diet STA50). The most stable and best‐accepted diet was STA50 (SFR 1.26%BW day?1) although there were no significant differences in the growth rates obtained with the three diets: 10.12 g day?1, 9.37 g day?1 and 11.22 g day?1 for C0, GLU50 and STA50, respectively (P > 0.05). The feed efficiency indices were better for GLU50, of particular note being the protein productive value of 71.88% and a feed conversion ratio lower than 1. Protein and lipid digestibility were similar in all the three diets (96–98% for proteins and 85–94% for lipids), whereas carbohydrate digestibility was higher in GLU50 (98%) than in C0 (84%) and STA50 (0.33%). The content of carbohydrates increased in muscle and the digestive gland as a consequence of the increased carbohydrates intake.  相似文献   

19.
Relative bioavailability (RBV) of arginine (Arg) from Indian mustard protein concentrate (IMC, 62% crude protein) and Indian mustard meal (IMM, 42% crude protein), and a commercially available soy protein concentrate (SPC, 57% crude protein) was compared with that of crystalline L‐arginine (L‐Arg) in rainbow trout. A basal diet highly deficient in Arg (1.23%) was formulated. Eight other isoproteic and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain ~1.35% and ~1.5% Arg by adding increasing amount of IMC, IMM, SPC and L‐Arg. The experimental diets were fed for 16 weeks using a standard protocol. Growth rate, weight gain (g fish?1) and protein (PD, g fish?1) and lipid (LD, g fish?1) deposition were increased linearly with increasing level of Arg from all ingredients. Arg availability from protein‐bound sources were equal or higher than those from L‐Arg. RBV of Arg from IMC, IMM and SPC were ranged from 100% and 123% than that from L‐Arg (assumed as 100% bio‐available). Among the ingredients, only the RBV of Arg from IMC was significantly higher than those from SPC (P < 0.05). The findings suggest that the RBV of Arg from IMC and IMM are very good and comparable to that of the commercial SPC used in this study.  相似文献   

20.
Two trials were conducted to investigate protein requirements of juvenile (3.18 g in Trial 1) and on‐growing (87.1 g in Trial 2) gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS III. Six isoenergetic diets containing 250–500 g kg?1 dietary protein were formulated using soy protein concentrate (SPC) and casein as protein sources. The results showed that weight gain (WG) increased when dietary protein increased from 250 to 400 g kg?1 and decreased at 400 to 500 g kg?1 CP in Trial 1, while WG increased when dietary protein increased from 250 to 350 g kg?1 and kept constant at 350 to 500 g kg?1 CP in Trial 2. With increasing dietary protein, feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased, while protein retention efficiency (PRE) decreased in Trial 1 and was not affected in Trial 2. Apparent digestibility coefficient of protein (ADCp) increased with increasing dietary protein in two trails. Trypsin activity increased with dietary protein in the juveniles and was not affected in on‐growing fish. Hepatic alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities increased with dietary protein. Broken‐line and quadratic regression of WG estimated that dietary protein requirements for maximum growth were about 402–427 g kg?1 for the juvenile and 337–418 g kg?1 for on‐growing gibel carp.  相似文献   

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