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1.
Aspects of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials used in veterinary dermatological practice 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Aspects of bacterial resistance to the major classes of antimicrobials used in veterinary dermatology are presented in this review. Resistance of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria to tetracyclines, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotics, chloramphenicol, mupirocin, sulphonamides, trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and β-lactam antibiotics are depicted with respect to the different mechanisms of acquired and intrinsic resistance. Examples are given for the three major resistance mechanisms, enzymatic inactivation, decreased intracellular drug accumulation and target modification. In addition, basic information about mobile genetic elements which carry resistance genes, such as plasmids, transposons and gene cassettes, and their modes of spreading via transduction, conjugation, mobilization and transformation is provided. 相似文献
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Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest threats to human and animal health. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. (MRS) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE) are of increasing importance in hospital and/or nosocomial infections and represent a potential risk of transmission to humans from infected or colonized companion animals. Studies on the risk factors associated with colonization by multiresistant bacteria in animals are scarce. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of MRS and VRE in canine patients hospitalized in a veterinary hospital and to identify the risk factors for its acquisition and persistence.Nasal and perianal swabs were obtained from 72 dogs. Antimicrobial susceptibility assays and molecular detection of mecA and van genes were performed.A prevalence of 13.9% and incidence of 26.5% was observed in dogs colonized by MRS at hospital admission and release, respectively, higher values than those described in most veterinary studies. Thirty-five Staphylococcus isolates had mecA gene and showed higher resistance levels to most of the antimicrobials evaluated. Previous and concomitant use of antibiotics and corticosteroids has been associated with an increase in MRS colonization. The use of antibiotics in other animals living with the canine patients has also been identified as an associated factor, suggesting cross transmission. The presence of van-resistant genes from Enterococcus spp. was not detected.Pets should be considered possible vehicles of transmission and reservoirs for MRS bacteria and veterinary hospitals should be considered high-risk environments for the occurrence and spread of nosocomial infections and resistant bacteria. 相似文献
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《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2017,(3)
Nanoparticles have been used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in the human medical field for quite some time, though their application in veterinary medicine and animal production is still relatively new. Recently,production demands on the livestock industry have been centered around the use of antibiotics as growth promoters due to growing concern over microbial antibiotic resistance. With many countries reporting increased incidences of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, laws and regulations are being updated to end in-feed antibiotic use in the animal production industry. This sets the need for suitable alternatives to be established for inclusion in feed.Many reports have shown evidence that nanoparticles may be good candidates for animal growth promotion and antimicrobials. The current status and advancements of nanotechnological applications in animal production will be the focus of this review and the emerging roles of nanoparticles for nutrient delivery, biocidal agents, and tools in veterinary medicine and reproduction will be discussed. Additionally, influences on meat, egg, and milk quality will be reviewed. 相似文献
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Risks for the consumer regarding the acquisition of resistant bacteria and/or resistance genes via the consumption of pork are discussed. In general, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli that originate from animals do not easily transfer their resistance genes to the resident intestinal flora of humans. The prevalence of resistant E. coli in humans seems more associated with being a vegetarian (odds ratio (OR) 1.89) than with the consumption of meat and meat products. Other risk factors are treatment with antimicrobials (OR 2-5), becoming hospitalized (OR 5.93), or working in a health setting (OR 4.38). In the Netherlands, annually an estimated 45,000 people (0-150,000) become a carrier of resistant E. coli and/or resistance genes that ori ginate from pigs, while an estimated 345,000 persons (175,000-600,000) become a carrier of resistant E. coli and/or resistance genes that originate from hospitals, e.g. other patients. Any problems with resistant Salmonella spp. that stem from pigs are, in fact, an integral part of the total problem of food-borne salmonellosis. Sometimes there are outbreaks of a specific multi-resistant clone of S. typhimurium that causes problems in both farm animals and humans. The probability that in the next 30 years there is no or maximally one outbreak of a specific clone that originates from pig herds is estimated at about 75%. Antimicrobials used as a growth promoter can have a measurable influence on the prevalence of resistant bacteria. The likely chain of events regarding avoparcin and the selection and dissemination of resistance against vancomycin in the enterococci gives the impression that the impact of the use of antimicrobials in animals on the prevalence of resistance in humans is largely determined by whether resistance genes are, or become, located on a self-transferable transposon. Furthermore, consumer health risks of antimicrobials used in slaughter pigs are mainly determined by the selection and dissemination of bacterial resistance and much less by the toxicological properties of any residues in pork. It is also concluded that most of the problems with resistant bacteria in humans are associated with the medical use of antimicrobials, and that the impact of particularly the veterinary use of antimicrobials is limited. However, the impact of antimicrobials used as a feed additive appears to be much greater than that of antimicrobials used for strictly veterinary purposes. The use of antimicrobials as a feed additive should therefore be seriously reconsidered. 相似文献
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A longitudinal study was conducted over 2 years to identify types of antibiotics and sulfonamides used in Michigan dairy herds for disease prevention and treatment, to determine patterns of use of antibiotics and sulfonamides by herd size and animal age group, and to determine the influence of veterinary presence during diagnosis on the types of antimicrobials used for disease treatments. In order of frequency, the most commonly used preventive antibiotic and sulfonamides were penicillins, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and cephalosporins, making up over 86% of all antimicrobials used for disease prevention. The most commonly used therapeutic antibiotics and sulfonamides were penicillins, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and sulfonamides, making up over 81% of all antimicrobial drugs used for disease treatment. Cows received the greatest number of drugs, followed by calves (cattle from birth to weaning). Young stock (cattle from weaning to first calving) received the lowest number of drugs. All herds had similar patterns of drug use for the 3 age groups, regardless of herd size. With the exception of polymyxin and chloramphenicol, producers used antibiotics on their own more than with a veterinarian present or on the advice of a veterinarian. Overall, veterinary presence was significantly associated with increased use of tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and nitrofurans, and decreased use of penicillins and aminoglycosides. Implications for drug residue prevention strategies are discussed, with emphasis on the role of the practicing veterinarian. 相似文献
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Gordoncillo MJ Bender J Noffsinger J Bartlett PC 《Journal of veterinary medical education》2011,38(4):404-407
Recognizing the crucial role of veterinarians in mitigating antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has funded the development of a suite of educational materials to promote the responsible veterinary medical use of antimicrobials. An open-access, Web-based multimedia curriculum regarding antimicrobial resistance in veterinary practice was thus created. The antimicrobial-resistance learning site (AMRLS) for veterinary medical students was completed and made available for use in January 2011 (http://amrls.cvm.msu.edu/). Designed for integration into existing veterinary medical courses, the AMRLS is also a resource for continuing education for practicing veterinarians, animal scientists, and food-animal industry specialists. This Web site emphasizes the mechanisms by which AMR emerges and spreads, the significant role of veterinarians in mitigating AMR, and the need to preserve the efficacy of antibiotics for future generations. 相似文献
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The human and veterinary literature on the effect of antimicrobials on the clinical and bacteriological cure in uncomplicated Salmonella gastroenteritis is reviewed. Comparison of data on the efficacy of conventional antimicrobials (chloramphenicol, neomycin, ampicillin, amoxycillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfonamide combinations) and the newer fluoroquinolones indicate that quinolones may shorten the course of clinical disease in contrast to the conventional antimicrobials. Postconvalescent excretion of Salmonella was not affected by the conventional antimicrobials whereas the data on the fluoroquinolones in this respect are conflicting. The fluoroquinolones are the drugs of choice in human medicine for severe Salmonella infections and for the elimination of the carrier state. These drugs have not been evaluated in this respect in veterinary medicine. Well designed prospective placebo-controlled studies regarding the effect of antimicrobials, especially the fluoroquinolones, on the clinical cure and the postconvalescent shedding of Salmonella in animals are imperative to develop optimal therapeutic strategies. 相似文献
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随着养殖业的迅速发展，兽用抗菌药物的应用越来越广泛，但由于抗菌药物的不合理选择与滥用导致细菌对抗菌药物的耐药率在逐渐提高，几乎所有细菌都获得耐药基因。目前，细菌耐药已成为一个全球性问题，并且临床上，疾病病因复杂，常表现为多种病原菌的继发感染和混合感染，单一用药往往难以有效控制疾病，严重危害养殖业发展。抗菌药物的联合用药可以提升药物的治疗效果，缓解或减少不良反应，降低细菌耐药性发生率，对混合感染或不能进行细菌学诊断的病例，联合用药还可扩大抗菌范围。而药物代谢动力学（PK）与药效学（PD）结合模型可以有效综合药物、机体和致病菌之间的相互关系，为临床提供合理用药方案。因此，作者通过介绍联合用药的优势与问题，抗菌药物PK/PD的分类及PK/PD对联合用药给药方案的优化与指导，总结现阶段兽药抗菌药物联合用药的PK-PD研究进展，以期促进兽医临床抗菌药物的合理使用。 相似文献
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J R Walton 《The Veterinary record》1988,122(11):249-251
The results of large scale surveys have indicated that in general terms antibiotic resistance in bacteria has not increased, especially in Europe and North America. When the prevalence of resistance in specific bacteria has increased the increase has usually been associated with the introduction of a novel antimicrobial agent, whether in human or veterinary clinical practice, but the prevalence of resistance that is recognised may be very small. It would appear that the use of antibiotics in livestock farming during the past 20 years has not compromised public health. Any problems in human medicine which are due to bacterial resistance have resulted from the use of antibiotics in man and not from their use in agriculture. Similarly, any problems in veterinary medicine which are due to bacterial resistance have resulted from the use of antibiotics in animals and not from their use in man. 相似文献
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为深入了解兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动的实施现状,笔者对我国12省20余家兽用抗菌药物使用减量化行动试点达标养殖场开展了现场调研。结合调研数据,对达标养殖场兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动的实施效果、存在问题与积累经验进行了总结、分析与建议,旨在为兽用抗菌药物使用减量化行动的进一步推进提供参考 相似文献
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本试验主要探讨救必应中药血清与抗菌药联合诱导细菌传代的体外抑菌活性。制备救必应中药血清,采用二倍微量稀释法体外检测抗菌药的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),然后救必应中药血清与抗菌药联合诱导产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended spectrumβ-lactamases,ESBLs)细菌传代。救必应中药血清与抗菌药联合诱导细菌传代对耐药大肠杆菌有不同程度的抑菌活性。救必应中药血清可明显地增强β-内酰胺类抗菌药、氨基糖苷类抗菌药、喹诺酮类抗菌药和卡巴氧类抗菌药对耐药菌的抑制作用。 相似文献
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本实验用试管药物稀释了四种兽用抗生素对猪常见病原菌和正常菌的最小抑菌浓度 （minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC） 和最小杀菌浓度 （minimal bactericidal concentration, MBC）。通过实验发现：各种菌对四种药物的敏感性存在很大的差异,大多数细菌对药物C和D较敏感而对药物A和B存在较严重的耐药。 相似文献
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P.‐L. Toutain A. Bousquet‐Melou 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2013,36(5):420-424
In both human and veterinary medicine, it has been shown that flooding the market with different generics and/or ‘me‐too’ branded drugs has increased overall antibiotic consumption correlating with the emergence and spread of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Another possible undesirable consequence of the promotion of generics is the promotion of an economic incentive that encourages the use of old drug products with very poor oral bioavailability, marketed with historical dosage regimens and extensively excreted in the environment. What veterinary medicine rather needs is new innovative and ‘ecofriendly’ antibiotics to actually enforce a more prudent use of antibiotics. For a pharmaceutical company, generics are inexpensive to manufacture and on a short‐term basis, the generic market is very appealing. However, on a long‐term basis, this marketing orientation provides a disincentive to the development of new and innovative products that will be required to meet the therapeutic needs of the veterinary community while being consistent with public health concerns. Indeed, for veterinary medicine, the key issue surrounding antibiotics is public health. It is the opinion of the authors that veterinary antibiotics and/or veterinary drug formulations should be innovative in terms of selectivity (no or minimal impact on the commensal gut flora), biodegradable (with minimal environmental disruption), and more expensive, with a strictly regulated market rather than unselective, cheap, and freely available drugs. 相似文献
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Surgical site infections caused by bacteria that are resistant to multiple classes of antimicrobials are an important and increasing problem in veterinary medicine. Organisms such as methicillin-resistant staphylococci, extended spectrum beta-lactamase Enterobacteriaceae and multi-drug resistant Enterococcus, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas spp. are among the current concerns; however, the emergence and dissemination of other multi-drug resistant organisms will likely follow. Despite the negative connotations that are associated with multi-drug resistant infections, most infections are potentially treatable if basic principles of infection treatment and infection control are followed. 相似文献
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Mary McCarthy 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1975,4(1):54-58
Bacterial infections are not infrequent problems in the surgical patient. Until recently, it was not economically feasible for most practicing veterinarians to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the organisms causing infections. The treatment regimen of such infections was based on experience and the use of antibiotic combinations or broad-spectrum antibiotics. A number of recent reports have shown the multiple resistance of bacterial isolates from animals, especially to Streptomycin, Tetracycline and Penicillin.5, 14, 15, 20, 21 Since these antimicrobials are some of the most liberally used in veterinary medicine, it appears that the incorporation of susceptibility testing into the evaluation and treatment of the infected patient would be helpful. 相似文献
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鸡白痢沙门氏菌耐药性的监测研究 总被引：42，自引：0，他引：42
采用WHO推荐的Kirby-Bauer法对我国部分地区1962－1999年间346株鸡白痢沙门氏菌进行了药物敏感性测定。结果表明，在近40年时间里，鸡白痢沙门氏菌对氨苄青霉素、壮观霉素、复方磺胺、磺胺异恶性唑、甲氧苄胺嘧啶、羧苄青霉素、四环素、链霉素、青霉素的耐药率显著增强（P＜0.01)。菌株的多重耐药率明显增加。60年代以二耐菌株为主（37.0%)，70年代以四耐、五耐菌株居多（60.5%)，80年代五耐、六耐、七耐菌株占大多数（80.2%)，90年代仅七耐以上菌株就达83.7%。不同年代菌株显示出不尽相同的耐药谱，且呈现出不断增宽的趋势。通过流行病学调查发现，60年代至90年代，鸡白痢沙门氏菌对青霉素、链霉素、磺胺类药物、四环素、卡那霉素、氯霉素、庆大霉素等药物的耐药性大多呈现出显著增强的变化趋势，这充分说明细菌耐药性的形成和发展与抗菌药物长期反复使用有着极为密切的关系。研究对于指导临诊合理用药及控制疾病流行具有重要的现实意义。 相似文献
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beta-Lactams are among the most clinically important antimicrobials in both human and veterinary medicine. Bacterial resistance to beta-lactams has been increasingly observed in bacteria, including those of animal origin. The mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance include inaccessibility of the drugs to their target, target alterations and/or inactivation of the drugs by beta-lactamases. The latter contributes predominantly to beta-lactam resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. A variety of beta-lactamases have been identified in bacteria derived from food-producing and companion animals and may further serve as a reservoir for beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in humans. While this review mainly describes beta-lactamases from animal-derived Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., beta-lactamases from animal-derived Campylobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and other pathogens are also discussed. Of particular concern are the increasingly-isolated plasmid-encoded AmpC-type CMY and extended-spectrum CTX-M beta-lactamases, which mediate acquired resistance to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. The genes encoding these enzymes often coexist with other antimicrobial resistance determinants and can also be associated with transposons/integrons, increasing the potential enrichment of multidrug resistant bacteria by multiple antimicrobial agents as well as dissemination of the resistance determinants among bacterial species. Characterization of beta-lactam-resistant animal-derived bacteria warrants further investigation of the type and distribution of beta-lactamases in bacteria of animal origin and their potential impact on human medicine. 相似文献