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1.
空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides Griseb)是全球难以根除的恶性杂草,能在有效磷较低的土壤中生长。了解空心莲子草对微生物转化土壤无机磷的影响,有益于揭示其入侵机制。利用固、液培养技术,以3株(B05、B07和B09)能溶解无机磷的伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia Yabunchi)为材料,研究了空心莲子草根系分泌物(Exudates from A.philoxeroides roots,EAR)对其生长繁殖和溶磷的化感作用。结果表明,在固体培养时,随EAR浓度提高,无机磷细菌(Phosphatesolubilizing bacteria,PSB)的菌落直径、溶磷圈直径和溶磷指数降低;在液体培养基中,EAR不同程度地抑制PSB繁殖生长,数量减少48.13%~73.03%。供试菌株均能分泌氢离子、草酸和柠檬酸,其中B05和B09还分别能分泌乙酸和苹果酸,B07能分泌乙酸和丁二酸,草酸和柠檬酸共占有机酸分泌总量的66.02%~74.72%。此外,有机酸分泌总量和氢离子分泌量分别与溶磷量呈显著正相关,相关系数依次为0.836和0.947(p0.05,n=12)。EAR显著抑制PSB分泌有机酸和氢离子,与此同时溶磷量降低11.41%~47.32%。因此,EAR对PSB呈负化感效应,不同程度地抑制PSB繁殖生长、有机酸和氢离子分泌及无机磷溶解。 相似文献
2.
吡虫啉(Imidacloprid)是近年来国内外普遍使用的新型高效烟碱类广谱杀虫剂,残留期约25 d,对土壤有益微生物的生物风险有待评估。利用固、液培养技术,以3株溶解无机磷的伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia Yabunchi B05,B07和B09)为对象,设置0、5、10、20 mg·L~(–1)浓度的吡虫啉处理,研究无机磷细菌(Inorganic phosphate-solubilizing bacteria,IPSB)的生长繁殖、对Ca_3(PO_4)_2的溶解及其机理。结果表明,在固体培养时,吡虫啉显著抑制IPSB生长,但菌株不同抑制程度各异,菌落直径的降幅高达39.81%～55.45%;供试IPSB菌株不同,吡虫啉对它们溶解Ca_3(PO_4)_2能力的影响也不一样,降低B09但提高B05和B07的溶磷圈直径和溶磷指数。在液体培养时,吡虫啉也抑制IPSB生长,菌密度降低49.87%～65.28%。吡虫啉对IPSB溶磷量的影响因浓度和菌株不同而异。具体表现为全浓度范围促进B05溶解无机磷;中、低浓度吡虫啉对B07溶解Ca_3(PO_4)_2无显著影响,高浓度有促进作用;低浓度吡虫啉对B09溶解Ca_3(PO_4)_2无显著影响,中、高浓度产生抑制作用。供试3株IPSB均能分泌氢离子(H~+)、草酸和柠檬酸。除此之外,B05和B07可分泌乙酸,B07还会分泌琥珀酸,B09可分泌苹果酸。在分泌的这些有机酸中,草酸和柠檬酸分泌量最多,合计占有机酸分泌总量的67.65%～83.28%。吡虫啉不同程度地抑制IPSB分泌H~+,但对IPSB分泌有机酸的影响因浓度、菌株和有机酸种类不同而表现出多样性。供试IPSB有机酸分泌总量和H~+分泌量分别与Ca_3(PO_4)_2溶解量呈显著线性正相关(r_(有机酸)=0.876和r_(H+)=0.823,P0.05,n=12)。总之,吡虫啉显著抑制IPSB生长繁殖,通过改变有机酸和H~+的分泌而影响Ca_3(PO_4)_2溶解。农业生产中,施用吡虫啉影响土壤IPSB的代谢、种群结构和溶磷作用。 相似文献
3.
无机磷细菌(phosphorus solubilization bacteria,PSB)是重要的土壤有益微生物,它们将植物不能吸收的难溶性无机磷转化为有效磷,对土壤磷素供应十分重要。镉是污染土壤的常见重金属,研究Cd~(2+)胁迫下PSB的生长和溶磷能力,可揭示镉污染对土壤无机磷转化供应的影响,为改善植物磷素供应提供有益信息。试验以重庆市缙云山国家森林公园毛竹林地分离的4株假单胞菌为供试菌株,比较它们的溶磷能力,研究了不同浓度Cd~(2+)对PSB生长和溶磷作用的影响。结果表明:供试菌株溶磷能力PSB05PSB09PSB07PSB01,溶磷指数和溶磷率最高值是最低值的2.08倍和4.14倍。摇瓶培养120 h后,培养液pH表现为PSB01PSB07PSB09PSB05,并与培养液中的无机磷含量(y)呈显著负相关(y=–83.148 pH+581.96,R2=0.9052,n=25)。在固体培养时,PSB05的溶磷圈和菌落直径随培养基中Cd~(2+)浓度提高而降低。在Cd~(2+)浓度0.5~2.0 mg/L液体培养基中,PSB05数量较无Cd~(2+)对照减少22.09%~68.18%,草酸、乙酸、柠檬酸和氢离子分泌量显著下降,溶磷量降低5.27%~38.45%。供试菌株的溶磷能力差异显著;高浓度Cd~(2+)抑制PSB05生长、有机酸和氢离子分泌及溶磷作用,不利于土壤供给磷素。 相似文献
4.
菜豆根瘤菌对土壤无机磷的活化释放作用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以土壤为磷源,通过液体培养研究了7株菜豆根瘤菌(Rhizobium sp.)对土壤磷的利用。结果表明,菜豆根瘤菌能释放大量的氢离子,使液体培养基的pH大幅度降低,氢离子的浓度至少提高20倍以上。根瘤菌分泌有机酸的种类与数量因菌株不同而异,这些有机酸包括甲酸、乙酸、草酸、丁二酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸和乳酸等,大部分根瘤菌能分泌乙酸。在接种根瘤菌的液体培养基中,全磷含量显著高于不接种的液体培养基,土壤无机磷总量则显著降低。由于土壤是培养基磷的唯一来源,故根瘤菌可促进土壤无机磷的溶解释放。相关分析表明,培养基的pH与土壤无机磷总量呈极显著正相关(r=0.893**,n=8),说明根瘤菌分泌的氢离子可能是溶解土壤无机磷的原因之一。接种根瘤菌显著降低土壤闭蓄态磷,土壤中的铁磷、铝磷和钙磷因菌株不同而降低,其原因可能与有机酸分泌的数量和种类有关。根瘤菌既能释放氢离子又可分泌多种有机酸的现象表明其活化土壤无机磷的方式具有多样性,可能有益于豆科植物利用不同形态的难溶性磷,使之适应各种不同的低磷土壤。 相似文献
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有机肥(物)对土壤中磷的活化作用及机理研究──Ⅱ.有机肥(物)分解产生的有机酸及其对不同形态磷的活化作用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过有机肥在不同土壤水分状况下分解产生的有机酸种类和数量检测、各种有机酸对不同磷酸盐的溶磷试验,对有机肥活化土壤磷的机理进行了研究。结果表明,无论在好气或淹水条件下,猪粪、稻草和纤维素均能明显增加土壤中有机酸含量,其作用为猪粪＞稻草＞纤维素;7种检出的有机酸对不同形态人工合成磷酸盐的溶磷能力为：草酸和乙酸对钙磷的溶磷均有一定效果,多数有机酸对铝磷的溶磷效果均不错,而柠檬酸对铁磷的溶磷效果最好。柠檬酸虽数量不及其它有机酸,但在有机肥活化土壤磷中所起的作用是最大的。铁磷在有机肥活化磷中的贡献较其它形态无机磷大。 相似文献
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有机肥(物)对土壤中磷的活化作用及机理研究──Ⅱ.有机肥(物)分解产生的有机酸及其对不同形态磷的活化作用 总被引：20，自引：3，他引：17
通过有机肥在不同土壤水分状况下分解产生的有机酸种类和数量检测、各种有机酸对不同磷酸盐的溶磷试验,对有机肥活化土壤磷的机理进行了研究。结果表明,无论在好气或淹水条件下,猪粪、稻草和纤维素均能明显增加土壤中有机酸含量,其作用为猪粪＞稻草＞纤维素;7种检出的有机酸对不同形态人工合成磷酸盐的溶磷能力为:草酸和乙酸对钙磷的溶磷均有一定效果,多数有机酸对铝磷的溶磷效果均不错,而柠檬酸对铁磷的溶磷效果最好。柠檬酸虽数量不及其它有机酸,但在有机肥活化土壤磷中所起的作用是最大的。铁磷在有机肥活化磷中的贡献较其它形态无机磷大。 相似文献
7.
长期有机无机配施下烤烟-玉米轮作优化土壤微生物活化无机磷 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采集遵义市15年长期施肥定位试验的土壤,包括撂荒地（对照）、烤烟连作—单施化肥、烤烟连作—化肥有机肥配施、烤烟玉米轮作—单施化肥和烤烟玉米轮作—化肥有机肥配施等处理,通过土壤悬浊液与培养液混合培养技术、微生物高通量测序及常规分析,研究长期施肥对土壤无机磷活化的影响。结果表明,烤烟玉米轮作、施用有机肥和撂荒地的土壤可培养微生物（细菌、真菌、放线菌和无机磷细菌）数量增多,种群多样性增加,说明土壤生态环境改善。将土壤悬浊液接种至微生物培养液中,培养期间混合液中的有效磷含量以烤烟玉米轮作高于烤烟连作,化肥有机肥配施和撂荒地高于单施化肥,其中以烤烟玉米轮作—化肥有机肥配施最高,烤烟连作—单施化肥最低,说明合理种植和科学施肥有益于土壤无机磷的活化,在遵义烟区提倡烤烟玉米轮作—化肥有机肥配施很有必要。在混合液中,氢离子与溶解钙磷、有机酸与溶解铁磷和铝磷显著相关。与溶磷微生物的纯培养技术相比,土壤悬浊液培养既能反映微生物的溶磷特征,又更接近土壤微生物菌群复杂的溶磷状况。在供试土壤微生物中,存在柠檬酸合酶、蛋白葡萄糖脱氢酶和苹果酸合酶等的合成通路,处理间的差异可从分子生物学角度解释合理轮作和化肥有机肥配... 相似文献
8.
红壤溶磷菌的筛选及溶磷机制 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用以磷酸铝为磷源的蒙金娜(PVK)液体培养基研究了从红壤土中筛选出的4种溶磷菌的溶磷效果,选出其中的优势菌株B1,并对其溶磷机理做出初步探讨。结果表明,所筛选出的4株溶磷菌在液体培养条件下均有显著的溶磷效果,其中菌株B1在培养4 d后有效溶磷量最大,达到292.8 mg L-1。各处理培养液pH在培养期间均有显著下降,pH从7.0下降至3.2~4.7。高效液相色谱测定发现,各菌株培养液中有机酸的种类与含量随培养时间变化而不同,其中菌株B1主要分泌草酸和苹果酸,培养1 d后有机酸总量可达到5 mmol L-1;通过添加有机酸对磷酸铝活化的试验表明,分泌有机酸溶磷仅是菌株B1溶磷机制之一,可能还存在其他溶磷机制。菌株B1生长的适宜pH范围为5~9,最适培养温度为30℃,100 ml三角瓶的最适装液量为30~40 ml。经鉴定,菌株B1与苏云金芽孢杆菌有99.9%的相似性。 相似文献
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自生固氮菌对土壤钾的活化作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以土壤为钾源,通过液培试验研究了5株自生固氮菌(Azotobacter sp.)对土壤钾的活化作用。结果表明,自生固氮菌能分泌大量的氢离子,大幅度降低培养液p H,使氢离子浓度提高40倍以上。自生固氮菌分泌有机酸的种类与数量因菌株不同而异,这些有机酸包括甲酸、乙酸、草酸、丁二酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸和乳酸等。其中,全部供试菌株均能分泌草酸和苹果酸。在自生固氮菌的培养液中,钾浓度显著高于未接种的培养液,但土壤矿物结构钾则显著降低。由于土壤是培养液钾的唯一来源,说明自生固氮菌可促进土壤矿物钾溶解。相关分析表明,土壤矿物结构钾与自生固氮菌的有机酸分泌总量呈显著负相关(r=-0.845*,n=6),与培养液p H呈显著正相关(r=0.702*,n=6),说明自生固氮菌分泌的有机酸和氢离子可能溶解土壤矿物钾。考虑到自生固氮菌的草酸分泌量最大,络合钙、镁、铁、铝的能力最强,且与有机酸分泌总量呈极显著正相关(r=0.990**,n=6),推测草酸的分泌在活化土壤无效钾的过程中起重要作用。接种自生固氮菌显著降低土壤无效钾,活化能力因菌株不同而异,其原因可能与有机酸分泌的数量和种类有关。 相似文献
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In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimalo), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimalo), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy. 相似文献
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The difficulty and problems encountered in the study of cultivated plants, in general and sugarcane, in particular has been
indicated. In order to understand these problems, a brief review on the taxonomy of Saccharum and closely related taxa, namely, Erianthus, Sclerostachya, Narenga and Miscanthus (generally known as ‘Saccharum complex’) has been given. A short account on the important morphological features that are specific to sugarcane has also
been stated as classification is commonly based on such morphological characters. A note has been added on the chromosome
number, origin, and distribution of the species of ‘Saccharum complex’ members. Taxonomic keys have been devised for identification of the genera of Saccharinae and for the species of
Saccharum and Erianthus occurring in India. A new combination, Sclerostachya fallax (Balansa) Amalraj et Balasundaram, has also been proposed. 相似文献
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M. Rodríguez-Quijano M.T. Nieto-Taladriz J.M. Carrillo 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(6):599-607
A collection of 136 accessions of Aegilops umbellulata (39), Ae. comosa (75) and Ae. markgrafii (22) was analysed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits composition. The homogeneity of the accessions was studied and 55.1% of the collection was homogeneous for HMW glutenin subunits (29 Ae. umbellulata, 33 Ae. comosa and 14 Ae. markgrafii). The HMW glutenin subunits of Ae. umbellulata are encoded by the Glu-U1 locus; in Ae. comosa results showed that this proteins are encoded at the 1M chromosome, and the locus was named Glu-M1. In Ae. markgrafii it was assumed that HMW glutenin subunits were encoded by an homoeologous locus and it was named Glu-C1. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. markgrafii expressed both, x-type and y-type subunits. Among the Ae. comosa accessions, only one expressed an x-type subunit alone. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and some of Ae. comosa had x-type glutenins of higher molecular weights than those commonly present in bread wheat. A total of 8 alleles were detected at the Glu-U1 locus, 11 at the Glu-M1 and 4 at the Glu-C1. The new HMW glutenin variation found in this work suggests their possible utilisation in breeding for wheat quality. 相似文献
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16.
The effects of five agroforestry woody species (Dactyladenia barteri, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Senna siamea andTreculia africana) on the surface aasting activity ofHyperiodrilus africanus were studied in an Alfisol (Oxic Paleustalf) in southwestern Nigeria. Casting activity under the woody species decreased in the following order:Dactyladenia sp. (26.4 Mg ha-1 year-1)>Gliricidia sp. (24.4 Mg ha-1 year-1)>Treculia sp. (22.9 Mg ha-1 year-1)>Leucaena sp. (18.6 Mg ha-1 year-1)>Senna sp. (18.3 Mg ha-1 year-1). These differences in casting activity were partly explained by microclimatic effects. Irrespective of the woody species, the worm casts were higher in clay and silt contents, bulk density, water-stable aggregates, pH, organic C, exchangeable cations, effective cation exchange capacity, and extractable P levels than the corresponding surface soils. The woody species did affect the physicochemical properties and P sorption of the worm casts. The content of water-stable aggregates of worm casts decreased in the following order:Dactyladenia sp.>Treculia sp.>Senna sp.>Leucaena sp.>Gliricidia sp. Large differences in extractable P levels were observed.Senna sp. was associated with the highest extractable P level (11.5 mg kg-1) andTreculia sp. the lowest (4.9 mg kg-1). P sorption was highest on worm casts underDactyladenia sp. and lowest on those underTreculia sp. Without fertilizer application, there were no significant differences in the dry weight of maize grown in the different worm casts. With NPK applications, the dry weight of maize grown in worm casts associated withTreculia sp. was significantly lower than that of maize grown in the other worm casts, mainly due to the low extractable P level. Despite a high organic C and exchangeable K status, maize grown in the worm casts still responded significantly to N and K applications. The N uptake by maize grown in worm casts associated withTreculia sp. was lower than that in the other treatments. 相似文献
17.
Diversity of native rice (Oryza Poaceae:) species of Costa Rica 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Alejandro Zamora Cynthia Barboza Jorge Lobo Ana M. Espinoza 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2003,50(8):855-870
We found several populations of wild Oryza species in the lowlands of Costa Rica. The plants showed extensive morphological variation, suggesting the presence of several species. In the morphologic study, 33 traits were scored for plants of all the species. A principal component analysis revealed the significant morphological separation of the different species. The analyses indicated that there are three species, O. grandiglumis, O. latifolia and O. glumaepatula. Two putative hybrid types were found, both significantly differing in their morphology from the known species and intermediate at several traits. O. grandiglumis is a new record for Costa Rican flora. Its main population is located in Caño Negro Wildlife Refuge, Los Chiles, Alajuela. O. latifolia is distributed throughout the lowlands of the country and the plants of the Atlantic slope are significantly bigger in general habit than those of the Guanacaste area. During this study a population of O. glumaepatula of hundreds of thousands of plants was discovered in the Medio Queso River wetland, Los Chiles, Alajuela. This population is the most important source of genes for cultivar's improvement from the primary gene pool of rice in Costa Rica. The small ligule and the wide flag leaf characteristic of the two CCDD species separated them from the AA diploid O. glumaepatula. Seed size, ligule size, number of branches in the panicle, plant height and sterile lemma length are all bigger in O. grandiglumis, and influenced the second factor that separated the CCDD species in two discrete clusters. The species found offer great possibilities for the improvement of rice cultivars and they should be thoroughly studied and appropriately protected. 相似文献
18.
The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Actinidia and among 3 allied genera Clematoclethra, Saurauia, and Sladenia have been very controversial. In order to understand the systematic implication of foliar trichomes in those genera, the micromorphological characteristics of foliar trichomes from 34 taxa were examined by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The observed micromorphological characteristics were classified into eight main types. A phylogenetic analysis of Actinidia and related genera based on 15 micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes was conducted using Wagner parsimony method and Sladenia celastrifolia, Rhododendron hybridum and R. simsii as a complex outgroup. In the resulting phylogenetic tree, Actinidia is shown to be a monophyletic group, and Clematoclethra and Saurauia form another monophyletic group. This study also presents the phylogenetic relationships among 4 sections within the genus Actinidia: the monophyly of sect. Leiocarpae and of sect. Strigosae, and polyphyly of sect. Maculatae and of sect. Stellatae. 相似文献
19.
Sofie E. De Meyer Koenraad Van Hoorde Bram Vekeman Tamara Braeckman Anne Willems 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(12):2384-2396
We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies. 相似文献
20.
Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the fate of bacteria during and after passage through the intestinal tract of detritivore earthworms. Earthworms (Lumbricus spp.) were fed with cattle dung inoculated 7 days previously with one of five different Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial concentrations were determined 2 days later in dung and soil, and in gut material from different parts of the earthworm intestinal tract. A high percentage (28–82%) of the total bacteria (epifluorescence direct counts) in the earthworm gut content was culturable. The concentration of total heterotrophic aerobic bacteria did not vary significantly among the five different bacterial additions and the non-inoculated control. In earthworm casts the number of total heterotrophs per gram dry matter (2.1×109) was higher than in soil (1.7×108), but lower than in the dung (1.5×1010). The test-bacteria, however, showed different survival patterns along the earthworm intestinal tract. The concentrations of Escherichia coli BJ 18 and Pseudomonas putida MM 1 and MM 11 in earthworm casts were lower than in the ingested dung, while concentrations of Enterobacter cloacae A 107 and Aeromonas hydrophila DMU 115 in dung and casts were similar. Ent. cloacae, and to aminor extent E. coli, were reduced in numbers by several orders of magnitude in the pharynx and/or crop. In the hind gut, however, the concentration of Ent. cloacae had increased to the same level as in the ingested dung, while the concentration of E. coli remained low. Our observations indicate that the bacterial flora of ingested food materials changes qualitatively and quantitatively during gut transit. 相似文献