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1.
A marked difference in mortality was observed between germ-free mice and conventionally reared mice, both given a single injection of cortisol acetate. The incidence of death in germ-free mice was significantly lower than in conventionally reared mice. Mortality in germ-free mice treated with cortisol acetate was in creased by monocontamination with Escherichia coli. 相似文献
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S Naik N Bouladoux C Wilhelm MJ Molloy R Salcedo W Kastenmuller C Deming M Quinones L Koo S Conlan S Spencer JA Hall A Dzutsev H Kong DJ Campbell G Trinchieri JA Segre Y Belkaid 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,337(6098):1115-1119
Intestinal commensal bacteria induce protective and regulatory responses that maintain host-microbial mutualism. However, the contribution of tissue-resident commensals to immunity and inflammation at other barrier sites has not been addressed. We found that in mice, the skin microbiota have an autonomous role in controlling the local inflammatory milieu and tuning resident T lymphocyte function. Protective immunity to a cutaneous pathogen was found to be critically dependent on the skin microbiota but not the gut microbiota. Furthermore, skin commensals tuned the function of local T cells in a manner dependent on signaling downstream of the interleukin-1 receptor. These findings underscore the importance of the microbiota as a distinctive feature of tissue compartmentalization, and provide insight into mechanisms of immune system regulation by resident commensal niches in health and disease. 相似文献
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在面对病原微生物的侵袭时,植物用2类先天性免疫系统对侵染做出免疫应答,第一类内免疫系统能识别很多种类微生物的共有分子并对其做出应答,第二类是对病原体分泌的毒力效应因子产生应答反应。该文根据最近的研究发现对植物免疫病原微生物的作用机理及研究进展进行了综述。 相似文献
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为了调查辽宁省葫芦岛市养殖患病大菱鲆Scophthalmus maximus病原菌感染情况,选用迟缓爱德华氏菌Edwardsiella tarda特异性引物对分离菌株进行PCR鉴定,共分离得到22株迟缓爱德华氏菌。结果表明:迟缓爱德华氏菌毒力基因的PCR扩增显示,22株菌均含有kat B、fim A、gad B、esa V等基因;人工感染试验表明,22株迟缓爱德华氏菌感染并致大菱鲆累积死亡率均为100%;ERIC-PCR结果显示,迟缓爱德华氏菌模式菌株(ATCC15947)与分离株可分为2个基因型,分别标记为Ⅰ和Ⅱ型,其中22株迟缓爱德华氏菌分离株均为Ⅱ型,与ATCC15947菌株为Ⅰ型明显不同。本研究结果为养殖大菱鲆迟缓爱德华氏菌感染的防控提供了依据。 相似文献
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应用PCR方法调查实验大小鼠螺杆菌感染情况 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)对上海地区实验大鼠、小鼠的螺杆菌携带情况进行调查,并用5种啮齿动物螺杆菌特异性16SrRNA基因引物对螺杆菌属阳性样品进一步鉴定,为我国实验动物微生物等级及监测标准的制定提供参考依据。结果表明:实验大鼠阳性率为70.3%(71/101),其中清洁级、SPF级分别为69.6%(48/69)和71.9%(23/32);实验小鼠阳性率为35.8%(126/352),其中清洁级、SPF级阳性率分别为51.5%(52/101)和29.5%(74/251)。5种啮齿动物螺杆菌特异性16SrRNA基因引物进一步分析,结果显示在携带螺杆菌的107只小鼠及68只大鼠中,主要携带的是H.rodentium、H.hepaticus和H.bilis 3种。上海地区实验大、小鼠皆存在不同程度的螺杆菌感染,PCR法可用于实验大小鼠螺杆菌感染状况的初步调查和流行病学监测。 相似文献
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《农业科学学报》2016,(7)
Recently, a new bacterial top rot disease of maize has frequently appeared in many areas of Yunnan Province, China. The pathogen of the disease was identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae(Kp C4), which is well known to cause pulmonary and urinary diseases in humans and animals and occasionally exists as a harmless endophyte in plants. To evaluate the virulence of the maize pathogen to maize and mice, we inoculated maize and mice with routine inoculation and intraperitoneal injection respectively according to Koch's postulates. The results showed that Kp C4 and the clinical strain K. pneumoniae 138(Kp138) were all highly pathogenic to maize and mice and the strain re-isolated from diseased mice also caused typical top rot symptoms on maize by artificial inoculation. It is highlighting that a seemingly dedicated human/animal pathogen could cause plant disease. This is the first report of K. pneumoniae, an opportunistic pathogen of human/animal, could infect maize and mice. The findings serve as an alert to plant, medical and veterinarian scientists regarding a potentially dangerous bacterial pathogen infecting both plants and animals/humans. The maize plants in the field could serve as a reservoir for K. pneumoniae which might infect animals and probably humans when conditions are favorable. The new findings not only are significant in the developing control strategy for the new disease in Yunnan, but also serve as a starting point for further studies on the mechanism of pathogenesis and epidemiology of K. pneumoniae. 相似文献
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【目的】猪链球菌2型（Streptococcus suis type 2,SS2）为一种重要的人兽共患病病原,次黄嘌呤核苷酸脱氢酶（IMPDH）为SS2新近鉴定的一个蛋白,本文旨在体外构建基因缺失株明确IMPDH与SS2致病力的相关性。【方法】选用自杀性质粒,通过体外构建具有同源臂的重组自杀性质粒,电转化进入SS2,经同源重组,获得impdh基因缺失株。通过接种不同敏感动物,明确缺失株致病力的变化。【结果】经过PCR鉴定,impdh基因被氯霉素（cat）选择标记基因表达盒所代替,Western blot鉴定结果显示,IMPDH单抗没有检测到相应的IMPDH蛋白。SS2-H（△IMPDH）对6种糖的发酵能力降低、生长速度减慢、产酸减少一个pH滴度和对本动物和试验动物的致病力减低。SS2-H（△IMPDH））对于Balb/c小鼠LD50是8.3×108 CFU,而SS2-H的LD50是3.36×108 CFU;对新西兰家兔只引发体温升高(高于正常体温至少1℃),不致死;对于断奶仔猪,只表现临床症状,但不引起死亡。【结论】本研究成功获得IMPDH缺失株,即SS2-H（△IMPDH）,并且明确IMPDH的缺失导致了SS2对仔猪、家兔和Balb/c小鼠的致病力降低。 相似文献
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【背景】低致病性H7N9病毒自2013年在我国首次出现以来,研究发现其对家禽均呈现低致病力,对哺乳动物模型小鼠也不表现任何的致病力。但是,2015年在湖南分离的1株低致病性H7N9病毒(简称HuN/S40726),却对哺乳动物小鼠表现为高致病力。分析、推测导致该病毒对哺乳动物致病力改变的原因可能在于该病毒PB2蛋白E627V的改变。【目的】为了揭示该病毒致病力的变化原因以及对哺乳动物致病性增强的机制,提供人类H7N9病毒感染、危害增强风险预警,展开该研究。【方法】选取2013年低致病性H7N9病毒代表株(简称SH/S1053)和上述湖南HuN/S40726病毒,开展了哺乳动物致病力对比试验以及可能导致病毒发生致病力变化的相关基因位点对比分析。然后以HuN/S40726病毒为模式毒株,利用反向遗传学技术,成功建立了病毒的反向遗传操作系统;利用基因点突变技术定点突变了HuN/S40726病毒PB2蛋白的627位氨基酸,救获了重组病毒r HuN/S40726、r HuN/S40726-PB2/627E和r HuN/S40726-PB2/627K。通过小鼠感染模型评估了以上3株重组突变病毒对哺乳动物的致病力,分析了PB2蛋白627位氨基酸的突变对小鼠致病力的差异。然后通过构建HuN/S40726病毒及其突变病毒的聚合酶复合表达质粒系统,以SH/S1053病毒为背景毒株构建聚合酶复合表达质粒系统作为对照,使用双荧光素酶法检测了PB2蛋白627位氨基酸的不同突变体在293T细胞中的聚合酶活性,进一步分析PB2蛋白627位氨基酸影响病毒毒力的内在机制。【结果】通过哺乳动物致病力对比试验以及可能导致病毒发生致病力变化的相关基因位点对比分析,推测导致HuN/S40726病毒对哺乳动物致病力改变的原因可能在于该病毒PB2蛋白E627V的改变。重组救获病毒和突变株对小鼠致病性试验结果显示,PB2蛋白E627V的改变显著的增强了HuN/S40726病毒对小鼠的致病力,使得病毒MLD50由≥6.5 log10EID50变化为3.5 log10EID50,病毒毒力增强了至少1 000倍以上。聚合酶活性试验结果表明,无论是在33℃还是37℃下,PB2蛋白E627V的改变,显著提高了HuN/S40726病毒在哺乳动物细胞中的聚合酶活性,与病毒对小鼠的致病性增强呈正相关性。【结论】PB2蛋白627位氨基酸(V)决定了HuN/S40726病毒对小鼠的高致病力。PB2蛋白E627V的改变能够显著增强HuN/S40726病毒在哺乳动物细胞中的聚合酶活性,是引起HuN/S40726病毒对哺乳动物致病力的重要因素。 相似文献
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Agaisse H Burrack LS Philips JA Rubin EJ Perrimon N Higgins DE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,309(5738):1248-1251
Most studies of host-pathogen interactions have focused on pathogen-specific virulence determinants. Here, we report a genome-wide RNA interference screen to identify host factors required for intracellular bacterial pathogenesis. Using Drosophila cells and the cytosolic pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, we identified 305 double-stranded RNAs targeting a wide range of cellular functions that altered L. monocytogenes infection. Comparison to a similar screen with Mycobacterium fortuitum, a vacuolar pathogen, identified host factors that may play a general role in intracellular pathogenesis and factors that specifically affect access to the cytosol by L. monocytogenes. 相似文献
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N. N. Loi L. N. Ul’yanenko A. S. Filipas N. S. Stepanchikova 《Russian Agricultural Sciences》2010,36(3):184-187
The radiosensitivity of uredospores of the stem rust pathogen is studied in a wide range of β- and γ-radiations (14–2500 Gy).
It is shown that a change in the degree of infection of plants is related not to loss of virulence of the pathogen but to
their genetically determined resistance. The biochemical indices of wheat resistance to the pathogen are determined. 相似文献
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Plants have evolved a powerful immune system to defend against infection by most microbial organisms. However, successful pathogens, such as Pseudomonas syringae, have developed countermeasures and inject virulence proteins into the host plant cell to suppress immunity and cause devastating diseases. Despite intensive research efforts, the molecular targets of bacterial virulence proteins that are important for plant disease development have remained obscure. Here, we show that a conserved P. syringae virulence protein, HopM1, targets an immunity-associated protein, AtMIN7, in Arabidopsis thaliana. HopM1 mediates the destruction of AtMIN7 via the host proteasome. Our results illustrate a strategy by which a bacterial pathogen exploits the host proteasome to subvert host immunity and causes infection in plants. 相似文献
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In 1997, an H5N1 influenza A virus was transmitted from birds to humans in Hong Kong, killing 6 of the 18 people infected. When mice were infected with the human isolates, two virulence groups became apparent. Using reverse genetics, we showed that a mutation at position 627 in the PB2 protein influenced the outcome of infection in mice. Moreover, high cleavability of the hemagglutinin glycoprotein was an essential requirement for lethal infection. 相似文献
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Natural aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands control organogenesis of intestinal lymphoid follicles 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Kiss EA Vonarbourg C Kopfmann S Hobeika E Finke D Esser C Diefenbach A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6062):1561-1565
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In vivo modulation of cytolytic activity and Thy-1 expression in TCR-gamma delta+ intraepithelial lymphocytes 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
Although the functional aspects of the alpha beta T cell antigen receptor (TCR) found on most peripheral T cells are well described, the function of the gamma delta TCR remains unclear. Murine intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) of the small intestine are CD8+, express the gamma delta TCR, and are constitutively lytic. Fresh IEL from germ-free mice had no lytic activity. Moreover, whereas IEL from normal mice are 30 to 50 percent Thy-1+, IEL from germ-free did not express Thy-1. Acclimation of germ-free mice to nonsterile conditions resulted in the generation of Thy-1+ IEL and induction of lytic activity. Thus CD8+ TCR-gamma delta IEL were regulated by externally derived stimuli via a specific functional interaction between IEL and gut-associated antigens. 相似文献
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Toxoplasma gondii is a common human pathogen causing serious, even fatal, disease in the developing fetus and in immunocompromised patients. Despite its ability to reproduce sexually and its broad geographic and host range, Toxoplasma has a clonal population structure comprised principally of three lines. We have analyzed 15 polymorphic loci in the archetypal type I, II, and III strains and found that polymorphism was limited to, at most, two rather than three allelic classes and no polymorphism was detected between alleles in strains of a given type. Multilocus analysis of 10 nonarchetypal isolates likewise clustered the vast majority of alleles into the same two distinct ancestries. These data strongly suggest that the currently predominant genotypes exist as a pandemic outbreak from a genetic mixing of two discrete ancestral lines. To determine if such mixing could lead to the extreme virulence observed for some strains, we examined the F(1) progeny of a cross between a type II and III strain, both of which are relatively avirulent in mice. Among the progeny were recombinants that were at least 3 logs more virulent than either parent. Thus, sexual recombination, by combining polymorphisms in two distinct and competing clonal lines, can be a powerful force driving the natural evolution of virulence in this highly successful pathogen. 相似文献
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Theory on the evolution of virulence generally predicts selection for an optimal level of virulence determined by trade-offs with transmission and/or recovery. Here we consider the evolution of pathogen virulence in hosts who acquire long-lived immunity and live in a spatially structured population. We show theoretically that large shifts in virulence may occur in pathogen populations as a result of a bistability in evolutionary dynamics caused by the local contact or social population structure of the host. This model provides an explanation for the rapid emergence of the highly virulent strains of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. 相似文献
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本文根据我校在小麦叶锈病研究中的发现,从小麦品种和叶锈菌的相互作用,对小种鉴定和品种抗病性测定,毒性的个性和共性,毒力的强弱与小种消长的关系,毒性的专化性和寄主范围,毒性的地区性和品种的抗病性等方面作了辩证的分析。指出今后研究锈病应有群体观点,因为小麦品种和叶锈菌是以群体对群体起相互作用的。用传统的方法研究锈菌的生理分化,不仅鉴别寄主的有用性是局限的,並且同一小种的不同菌株的毒性不一定相同,任意选一菌株测定品种的抗病性,並且研究的是个体品种与个体菌株的相互作用,这种方法有很大的片面性,把在局限情况下测定的抗病品种推广到自然间锈菌群体中去,就很容易发生抗病性“丧失”问题。今后研究锈病应有生态观点,因为小麦品种锈菌及其相互作用无不受外界条件的影响。在不同生态条件下形成的锈菌群体的毒性不一定相同,培育抗病品种应注意农业生态系的特殊性。今后研究锈病还应有进化观点,因为小麦品种和锈菌是相互联系相互制约地共存和共同进化的,应该从遗传学角度来研究锈菌的适合度和小麦品种抗性的持久性。 相似文献
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Vazquez-Torres A Xu Y Jones-Carson J Holden DW Lucia SM Dinauer MC Mastroeni P Fang FC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,287(5458):1655-1658
A type III protein secretion system encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) has been found to be required for virulence and survival within macrophages. Here, SPI2 was shown to allow Salmonella typhimurium to avoid NADPH oxidase-dependent killing by macrophages. The ability of SPI2-mutant bacteria to survive in macrophages and to cause lethal infection in mice was restored by abrogation of the NADPH oxidase-dependent respiratory burst. Ultrastructural and immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated efficient localization of the NADPH oxidase in the proximity of vacuoles containing SPI2-mutant but not wild-type bacteria, suggesting that SPI2 interferes with trafficking of oxidase-containing vesicles to the phagosome. 相似文献