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1.
本论文以高效液相色谱(HPLC)内标法为定量手段,研究了单诺沙星经静注、口服两种途径给药后在雏鸡体内的药物代谢动力学特征;以菌落计数法测定了单诺沙星对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡球菌)的体外抗菌后效应。静注和内服给药后血药浓度-时间数据分别符合无吸收因素二室开放式模型和一级吸收一室开放式模型。静注给药的主要药动学参数为:t1/2α0.3313h、t1/2β5.9940h、Vd7.5246L/kg、AUC5.6916μg/(mL·h)、CLB0.8935/(kg·h)。内服给药后主要药动学参数为:t1/2Ka0.3029h、t1/2K6.5128h、tmax1.2100h、Cmax0.5159μg/mL、AUC5.1329μg/(mL·h),生物利用度为90.18%。抗菌后效应(PAE)结果如下,浓度分别为0.5MIC、2MIC、4.MIC的单诺沙星对大肠杆菌的PAE测定值分别为(0.6464±0.0294)h,(1.2077±0.0284)h,(1.6529±0.0496)h,对金葡球菌的PAE测定值分别为(0.5660±0.0075)h,(1.1746±0.0057)h,(1.4913±0.0257)h。  相似文献   

2.
以高效液相色谱法为定量手段研究了单诺沙星内服给药在雏鸡体内的药动学特征及生物利用度。 12 0只雏鸡静注或内服单诺沙星 (5mg/kg)后 ,血药浓度时间数据分别符合无吸收二室模型和一级吸收二室模型。静注给药的主要动力学参数为t1/ 2α0 .34h ,t1/ 2 β为 7.3184h ,VB 为 16 .0 6 31L/kg ,AUC为 3.2 872mg/L·h ,Tcp为 2 5 .0 1h。内服给药的主要动力学参数如下 :t1/ 2ka为 0 .2 42 8h ,t1/ 2α为 0 .8917h ,t1/ 2 β为 8.7936h ,Tp 为 0 .9377h ,Cmax为 0 .5 487μg/mL ,AUC为3 .0 5 2 3mg/L·h ,Tcp为 31.115h。内服生物利用度为 92 .85 %。  相似文献   

3.
以高效液相色谱法为定量手段研究了单诺沙星内服给药在支原体与大肠杆菌合并感染鸡体内的药动学特征及生物利用度。 12 0只合并感染雏鸡静注或内服单诺沙星 (5mg/kg)后 ,血药浓度时间数据分别符合无吸收二室模型和一级吸收二室模型。静注给药的主要动力学参数为t1/ 2α0 .5 0 34h,t1/ 2 β为 6 .8485h,VB 为 12 .16 0 3L/kg,AUC为 40 6 33mg/L·h ,Tcp为 2 5 .2 43h。内服给药的主要动力学参数如下 :t1/ 2ka为 0 .3182h ,t1/ 2α为 1.5 5 0 2h ,t1/ 2 β为 12 .6 2 0 0h ,Tp 为 1.110 7h ,Cmax为 0 .5 10 6 μg/mL ,AUC为 3.6 6 2mg/Lh ,Tcp为 39.18h。内服生物利用度为 90 .0 8%。  相似文献   

4.
本研究旨在考察国产麻保沙星溶液在健康犬体内的药动学特征及生物利用度.选用8只健康犬,按照随机拉丁方设计,进行单次不同单剂量(2.75 mg·kg-1)分别静注麻保沙星溶液和口服麻保沙星溶液制剂.血浆样品经乙腈沉淀血浆蛋白,高速离心,用反相高效液相色谱法测定犬血浆中麻保沙星的浓度,3P97药动学计算软件处理血浆药物浓度-时间数据.健康犬静注给药的药物动力学最佳数学模型为无吸收开放二室模型,主要药动学参数为:T1/2α(0.34±0.14)h,T1/2β(7.74±1.70)h,V(1.03±0.60)L·kg-1,CL(0.22±0.08)L·h-1;AUC(14.05±4.25)mg·mL-1·h.口服给药的药物动力学最佳数学模型为一级吸收二室模型.主要药动学参数为:T1/2α((2.82±1.86)h,T1/2β(16.03±9.27)h,V/F(2.25±0.34)L·kg-1,CL/F(0.21±0.05)L·h-1,Tmax(1.55±0.62)h,Cmax(0.89±0.21)μg·mL-1,AUC(13.66±2.77)mg·mL-1·h.肌注麻保沙星冻干粉针的生物利用度为97.22%.麻保沙星在健康犬体内口服的主要药动学特征为吸收较快,达峰时间短,半衰期较长,生物利用度高.  相似文献   

5.
文中进行了六氢β-酸月桂酸酯在鸡体内的药动学研究。将12只健康鸡随机分为2组,分别单剂量每千克体重40 mg/kg灌胃给药和1 mg/kg静注给药。在给药前后不同时间点从前腔静脉采集血样,分离血浆,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中六氢β-酸月桂酸酯的浓度。用Winnon-lin5.2.1的非房室模型处理血浆药物浓度-时间数据。单剂量口服六氢β-酸月桂酸酯的主要药动学参数:Cmax(0.04±0.01)μg/ml,Tmax(1.00±0.15)h,T1/2(2.35±0.17)h,AUC(0.13±0.01)(h·μg)/ml,V(1 024.1±98.4)L/kg,CLB(302.2±7.6)L/(kg·h),MRT(3.55±0.27)h;单剂量静注六氢β-酸月桂酸酯的主要药动学参数:C0(1.25±0.17)μg/ml,T1/2(1.10±0.25)h,AUC(0.82±0.14)(h·μg)/ml,V(1.93±0.13)L/kg,CLB(1.25±0.21)L/(kg·h),MRT(1.27±0.31)h。结果表明:灌胃六氢β-酸月桂酸酯[40mg/(kg·bw)]与静脉注射六氢β-酸月桂酸酯[1 mg/(kg·bw)]相比,鸡灌胃给药的生物利用度为0.4%,灌胃给药后吸收极少,静注浓度较高,消除半衰期均较短。  相似文献   

6.
6头成年健康黄牛按10 mg/kg剂量单次快速静注吡喹酮,另6头成年健康黄牛根据交叉试验设计法按10 mg/kg剂量单次肌注、30 mg/kg剂量内服吡喹酮进行药动学与生物利用度试验.利用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中吡喹酮原药的质量浓度,其检测限为25μg/L.房室模型分析表明,静注给药后的药时数据符合无吸收二室开放模型,其分布半衰期(t1/2a)、消除半衰期(t1/2β)、表观分布容积(Vd)、总体清除率(ClB)、药时曲线下面积(AUC)分别为(0.25±0.03)h、(1.28±0.20)h、(2.11±0.38)L/kg、(1.14±0.10)L/(kg·h)和(8.79±0.74)mg/(L·h).肌注的药时数据符合有吸收一室开放模型,主要药动学参数吸收半衰期(t 1/2ka)、消除半衰期(t1/2ke)、药时曲线下面积(AUC)、达峰时间(tmax)、峰浓度(Gmax)和生物利用度(F)分别为(0.40±0.17)h、(4.65±0.91) h、(6.85±1.02)mg/(L·h)、(1.33±0.52)h、(0.83±0.08)mg/L和77.93%.内服给药后符合有吸收一室开放模型,吸收不规则,其药动学参数t 1/2ka、t1/2ke、AUC、tmax、Cmax和F分别为(1.08±0.13)h、(6.81±1.26)h、(8.51±1.78)mg/(L·  相似文献   

7.
将260只28日龄试验鸡(体质量215~230 g)随机分成5组:健康对照组20只,甲磺酸达氟沙星溶液静注给药组和内服给药组、甲磺酸达氟沙星脂质体静注给药组和内服给药组,每组60只。以5 mg/kg体质量剂量分别采用静脉注射和内服2种给药途径给予健康蛋雏鸡甲磺酸达氟沙星溶液和脂质体混悬液,于给药后0.167、0.333、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、4、6、9、12、24 h各剖杀5只鸡,取血液、肝脏、肾脏、肺脏和肌肉样品。采用反相HPLC色谱内标法测定各组织中达氟沙星浓度。应用MCPKP分析软件处理血浆药物浓度-时间数据,比较2种剂型的组织药动学参数。结果显示,与溶液组相比,甲磺酸达氟沙星脂质体组肝脏、肺脏中的药物分布明显提高,肾脏中的分布降低;通过相对摄取率、靶向效率和峰浓度比3个靶向指标的对比,脂质体组明显提高了肺部靶向性,且在肺部有一定的缓释作用。  相似文献   

8.
甲砜霉素在鸡体内的药动学   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
20只健康杂交肉鸡,随机分成2组,每组10只,雌雄各半,分别进行静脉注射和口服甲砜霉素给药的药动学研究。静注和口服的给药剂量分别为15、30 mg/kg。以反相HPLC测定血浆中甲砜霉素的浓度,药物浓度-时间数据用3P97药动学程序软件处理。鸡单剂量静注给药后,血药浓度-时间数据符合无吸收二室开放模型,其主要动力学参数分别为:V(c)(0.92±0.01)L/kg,t1/2α(0.27±0.02)h,t1/2β(3.46±0.74)h,AUC(11.67±0.57)mg/(L.h),CL(s)1.29 L/(kg.h)。鸡单剂量口服给药血药浓度-时间数据符合一级吸收一室开放模型,其主要动力学参数分别为:Lagtime(0.04±0.01)h,t1/2ka(0.76±0.11)h,t1/2ke(2.16±0.58)h,T(peak)(1.73±0.11)h,C(max)(6.03±0.92)mg/L,AUC(32.43±0.75)mg/(L.h),F(138.58±0.07)%。甲砜霉素在鸡体内的药动学特征表现为分布广泛,消除迅速;口服给药吸收迅速且完全,生物利用度高。  相似文献   

9.
为了考察国产马波沙星注射液在母猪体内的药动学数据,给临床用药提供依据。选用18头健康长白、大白母猪(体重222.0±31.9 kg),随机分为2组,分别以每千克体重2.0 mg的剂量静脉注射或肌肉注射马波沙星注射液。在给药前后按设计时间点从母猪前腔静脉采集血液,离心后取上清液,用反相高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定血浆中药物的浓度,采用美国Pharsight公司药动学软件Winnonlin5.2.1的非房室模型来处理血浆药物浓度-时间数据。结果:主要药动学参数分别为:(1)肌肉注射马波沙星注射液:MRT(20.20±3.71)h;t_(1/2β)(21.09±5.18)h;AUC(32.94±4.41)μg/h·m L;t_(max)(1.72±0.97)h;C_(max)(1.90±0.69)μg/m L,生物利用度(F)为80.2%;(2)马波沙星注射液静注:MRT(18.94±4.10)h;t_(1/2β)(17.70±4.59)h;AUC(41.07±13.02)μg/h·m L;V_d(1.23±0.33)L/kg。表明:在健康母猪体内,马波沙星肌肉注射给药的主要药动学特征为:吸收迅速完全,消除缓慢,生物利用度高。  相似文献   

10.
甲砜霉素在感染多杀性巴氏杆菌鸡体内的药物动力学   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
30只健康杂交肉鸡随机分成3组,每组10只,雌雄各半,分别进行健康鸡静脉注射、健康和巴氏杆菌感染鸡口服给药的药动学研究。静注和口服的给药剂量按体质量分别为15mg/kg和30mg/kg。以反相HPLC测定血浆中甲砜霉素的质量浓度,药物浓度-时间数据用3P97药动学程序软件处理。健康鸡单剂量静注给药后,血药浓度-时间数据符合无吸收二室开放模型,其主要动力学参数分别为:V(c)为(0.58±0.09)L/kg,t1/2α(0.11±0.03)h,t1/2β(0.95±0.18)h,AUC为(11.99±0.90)mg/(L.h),CL(s)为(1.26±0.10)L/(kg.h)。健康鸡和巴氏杆菌感染鸡单剂量口服给药血药浓度-时间数据均符合一级吸收一室开放模型。健康鸡口服给药的主要动力学参数分别为:Lagtime(0.04±0.02)h,t1/2ka(0.16±0.08)h,t1/2ke(1.64±0.22)h,T(peak)(0.57±0.18)h,C(max)(6.34±0.56)mg/L,AUC为(19.02±1.48)mg/(L.h),F为79.32%。巴氏杆菌感染鸡口服给药的主要动力学参数分别为:Lagtime(0.07±0.02)h,t1/2ka(0.54±0.26)h,t1/2ke(1.74±0.27)h,T(peak)(1.31±0.39)h,C(max)(5.28±0.73)mg/L,AUC为(21.75±1.03)mg/(L.h),F90.70%。与健康鸡相比,甲砜霉素在感染鸡的t1/2(ka)、T(peak)和Lag-time显著延长(P0.05或P0.01),且比健康鸡具有更高的生物利用度。但甲砜霉素在巴氏杆菌感染鸡体内的消除速度未受影响。  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
Tropical Animal Health and Production -  相似文献   

14.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

15.
Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.  相似文献   

16.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

17.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

18.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

19.
The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.  相似文献   

20.
<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.  相似文献   

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