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1.
Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus L. averaging 150 g were fed six diets containing from 0 to 192 mg astaxanthin per kilogram dry diet al two temperatures (8 C and 12 C), After reaching an average weight of 320 g (102 days at 12 C and 126 days at 8 C), the fish were killed for evaluation of flesh pigmentation using instrumental colour measurement. There was a positive relationship between dietary astaxanthin and muscle redness up to a dietary concentration of around 70 mg kg-1, where a plateau in pigmentation was reached. Tail sections were more intensely pigmented compared with the neck and dorsal regions. Within each temperature regime, flesh coloration was positively correlated to specific growth rate. Fish maintained at 8 C had significantly higher pigmentation compared to those grown at 12 C.  相似文献   

2.
The characteristic pink colour of salmonid flesh is a result of deposition of naturally occurring carotenoid pigments. Achieving successful pigmentation in farmed salmonids is a vital aspect of fish farming and commercial feed production. Currently commercial diets for farmed salmonids contain either or both of the synthetic pigments commercially available, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. ( = 220 g initial weight) were given feeds where the pigment source was astaxanthin only, canthaxanthin only or a astaxanthin/canthaxanthin mix. The rearing environment was 12 × 3 m tanks supplied with sea water at the EWOS research farm Lønningdal, near Bergen, Norway. As the proportion of dietary canthaxanthin increased, flesh pigment levels also showed an increase; the pigment content in the muscle of canthaxanthin‐only fed fish was 0.4 mg kg?1 (or 14%) higher than that of the astaxanthin‐only fed fish, with the mixed pigment fed fish being intermediate between the two extremes. Results of cross‐section assessment for Minolta colorimeter redness (a*) values and Roche SalmofanTM scores also showed an increase in colour with increasing proportions of canthaxanthin in the feed. The data reported clearly indicates that S. salar ( = 810 g final weight) of this size deposit canthaxanthin more efficiently than they do astaxanthin. These results contrast with those obtained by other authors with rainbow trout, Oncorynchus mykiss (Walbaum), and imply that the absorption or utilization of the pigments differs between species.  相似文献   

3.
Assessment of flesh colour in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The degree of pigmentation in muscle of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fillets of fish that were fed eight diets fortified with 10, 20, 40, 60, 80.100, 150 and 200 mg astaxanthin kg?1 and a non-supplemented control diet from 3 to 21 months was assessed using different methods. A tristimulus colorimeter (Minolta Chroma Meter) was used to measure the colour composition of the fillets instrumentally. The colour was also determined using the Roche Colour Card for Salmonids. The concentration of astaxanthin in the muscle was measured by chemical analyses. All measurements for colour were done directly on the epaxial muscle anterior to the dorsal fin. The lightness factor (L *). the red/green chromaticity (a*), the yellow/blue chromaticity (b*) and the saturation C* of the colorimetric readings and the Colour Card scores were compared with the chemical analyses. The astaxanthin concentration in the flesh varied from 1 to 10 mg kg?1 and the visual appearance of the fillets varied from yellowish-white to red. The relationship between the a*, b* and C* values and the astaxanthin concentration in the muscle was non-linear. Non-linear regression lines were found between the a* value and the astaxanthin concentration in the flesh (r2= 0.974) and the b* value and the astaxanthin concentration in the flesh (r2= 0.984). The instrument was not able to detect differences in astaxanthin concentration at astaxanthin levels above 3-4 mg kg?1 using the presented method directly on the fillet. The instrument might be useful for rejecting groups of salmon with poor pigmentation. A good linear regression was found between the Colour Card score and the mean astaxanthin concentration in the flesh (r2 - 0.992). The Colour Card provided a better prediction of the astaxanthin concentration at higher astaxanthin levels than the Chroma Meter. None of the methods provided a satisfactory prediction of the astaxanthin concentration in the muscle of individual fish using the presented methods.  相似文献   

4.
This study was undertaken to assess dorsal aorta cannulation as a method to evaluate alterations in diet composition and feeding protocol on pigment retention in salmonid fish. Temporal changes in blood astaxanthin concentrations of dorsal aortacannulated Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were followed in relation to variations in dietary pigment concentration and fish-feeding husbandry protocol. The fish were held individually in 200-L fibreglass tanks supplied with running sea water. Each fish was forced to swim at 0.5 body lengths s?1 and was fed daily by hand to satiation. The fish had an average growth rate of 1% day?1. Blood astaxanthin concentrations were noted to be highly correlated (r= 0.995) with dietary levels of astaxanthin, but not as well correlated (r= 0.71) with total gut content of this pigment. Marked variations in blood astaxanthin concentration were noted between individual fish at each dietary pigment concentration, but the ranking of the fish was generally unaffected between each dietary pigment level. After cessation of feeding a diet supplemented with 75 mg of astaxanthin kg?1, salmon fed a diet with no pigment showed more-rapid blood pigment clearance than those that were starved. Likely, feed remaining in the alimentary tract of the starved fish functioned as a reservoir of pigment for the blood until the intestinal tract was empty. Blood pigment levels were not depressed in salmon fed a diet supplemented with 75 mg of astaxanthin kg?1 once daily instead of twice daily.  相似文献   

5.
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were fed nine experimental diets containing from 0 to 200 mg astaxanthin per kg?1 for six time periods, ranging from 3 to 21 months, in sea cages at Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway. The sampled fish had an initial mean weight of 115 g and reached a weight of 3.2 kg at the termination of the experiment. Every third month, 10 fish from each dose and time group were sampled and the astaxanthin concentration in the flesh determined. The amount of astaxanthin in the flesh ranged from 0.7 to 8.9 mg kg?1 at the termination of the experiment. This paper discusses deposition of astaxanthin in the flesh of Atlantic salmon in relation to dietary carotenoid levels in the 0–200 mg kg?1 range and feeding times of 3–21 months. Under the conditions of this experiment, no significant effect on astaxanthin deposition rate could be achieved by increasing the astaxanthin level above 60 mg kg dry feed?1. Atlantic salmon should be fed astaxanthin-supplemented diets during the whole seawater stage in order to obtain maximal astaxanthin level in the flesh.  相似文献   

6.
The influence of α-tocopheryl acetate (α-TOAc) on plasma concentration and fillet deposition of dietary astaxanthin was investigated in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. The diets were added 30 or 50 mg kg–1 astaxanthin, and 200, 400 or 800 mg kg–1α-TOAc at each astaxanthin level. Improved flesh deposition of astaxanthin by 8–14% was achieved for fish fed diets with 30 and 50 mg kg–1 astaxanthin, respectively, by the dietary addition of 800 compared with 200 mg kg–1α-TOAc. These results were supported by CIE[1976]L*a*b* tristimulus redness measurements (a* value). Plasma astaxanthin concentration mirrored the muscle astaxanthin concentration in the groups of fish fed a diet containing 30 mg kg–1 astaxanthin. The salmon fed a high astaxanthin and low α-TOAc diet had the highest plasma concentration of idoxanthin (P < 0.05). Astaxanthin retention was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in salmon fed 30 mg kg–1 astaxanthin than in those fed 50 mg kg–1 astaxanthin, but was not significantly affected by dietary α-TOAc. Liver weight, body weight, specific growth rate, feed/gain ratio and mortalities were not affected by dietary α-TOAc levels. In conclusion, the dietary addition of α-TOAc appears to increase astaxanthin fillet deposition in salmonids and may reduce the demand for astaxanthin supplementation. The effect was rather small and requires verification.  相似文献   

7.
New cultured ornamental fish namely Lake Kurumoi rainbowfish Melanotaenia parva (Allen) run into reduced of colour performances when reared in the aquaria, consequently, fish feed must be added with carotenoids as a pigment source. The aim of this study was to evaluate the digestibility, growth and pigmentation of astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and lutein in diet. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, lipid, protein, carotenoids, growth and pigmentation were studied in twenty fish after 14 and 56 days of observation. The single‐dose supplementation of 100 mg/kg of astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, or lutein diets on fish was fed by apparent satiation. The basal diet without carotenoids was used as control. The result showed that the ADC of carotenoids of test diets was higher compared to control. Fish fed astaxanthin diet had higher survival rate (96.67 ± 2.89%), colour measurements of lightness (57.60 ± 7.46%), a*‐values (4.66 ± 1.20), total carotenoids content in skin (33.75 ± 5.02 mg/kg) and muscle (2.16 ± 0.74 mg/kg). Astaxanthin also increased the growth after 14 days (2.00% ± 0.19%/days) but there was no significantly different at the end of experiment. The yellowish‐orange colour performance was more rapidly achieved by fish fed astaxanthin diet after 28 days experimentation. These values suggested that dietary carotenoids were required and astaxanthin diet was superior to other diets for skin pigmentation of Lake Kurumoi rainbowfish.  相似文献   

8.
Effects of porcine bile extracts added at three different dietary concentrations 0, 10 and 20 g kg?1 were studied on astaxanthin serum concentration in rainbow trout (mean weight 200 ± 7 g). Astaxanthin from micro‐algae Haematococcus pluvialis and synthetic astaxanthin (CAROPHYLL® pink) were incorporated in diets of rainbow trout at a rate of 100 mg astaxanthin kg?1 of feed. Fish were hand fed twice a day. After 5 days of feeding there was a significant effect of the pigment source on the ratio (total blood astaxanthin per unit body weight to cumulative astaxanthin intake per unit body weight). Trout receiving synthetic astaxanthin showed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher ratio than trout fed algal astaxanthin. Increasing dietary bile extract did not lead to produce any effect on this ratio. The power of the statistical analysis is discussed. Therefore, the interaction (pigment source × dietary bile concentration) showed no more effect.  相似文献   

9.
A single‐factor experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary astaxanthin concentration on the skin colour of snapper. Snapper (mean weight=129 g) were held in white cages and fed one of seven dietary levels of unesterified astaxanthin (0, 13, 26, 39, 52, 65 or 78 mg astaxanthin kg?1) for 63 days. Treatments comprised four replicate cages, each containing five fish. The skin colour of all fish was quantified using the CIE L*, a*, b* colour scale after 21, 42 and 63 days. In addition, total carotenoid concentrations of the skin of two fish cage?1 were determined after 63 days. Supplementing diets with astaxanthin strongly affected redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values of the skin at all sampling times. After 21 days, the a* values increased linearly as the dietary astaxanthin concentration was increased before a plateau was attained between 39 and 78 mg kg?1. The b* values similarly increased above basal levels in all astaxanthin diets. By 42 days, a* and b* values increased in magnitude while a plateau remained between 39 and 78 mg kg?1. After 63 days, there were no further increases in measured colour values, suggesting that maximum pigmentation was imparted in the skin of snapper fed diets >39 mg kg?1 after 42 days. Similarly, there were no differences in total carotenoid concentrations of the skin of snapper fed diets >39 mg kg?1 after 63 days. The plateaus that occurred in a* and b* values, while still increasing in magnitude between 21 and 42 days, indicate that the rate of astaxanthin deposition in snapper is limited and astaxanthin in diets containing >39 mg astaxanthin kg?1 is not efficiently utilized. Astaxanthin retention after 63 days was greatest from the 13 mg kg?1 diet; however, skin pigmentation was not adequate. An astaxanthin concentration of 39 mg kg?1 provided the second greatest retention in the skin while obtaining maximum pigmentation. To efficiently maximize skin pigmentation, snapper growers should commence feeding diets containing a minimum of 39 mg unesterified astaxanthin kg?1 at least 42 days before sale.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract. Parr of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were fed semi-purified diets supplemented with 60 mg astaxanthin kg−1 and without astaxanthin supplementation for 10.5 months. The astaxanthin concentration in the non-supplemented diet was analysed to be 6–0 mg kg−1 The growth of the fish was significantly affected by the dietary treatment. The mean daily weight gain in the groups fed the supplemented diets was 0.39% throughout the period, whereas the groups fed the non-supplemented diet had a mean daily weight gain of 0.18%. The dry matter and fat content were significantly higher in fish fed the supplemented diet. The astaxanthin concentration in the muscle of fish fed the astaxanthin-supplemented diet was 2–7 mg kg−1 versus 0–3 mg kg−1 in the non-supplemented fish. Antioxidant vitamins in the muscle (retinol, α-tocopherol) and liver (retinol, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid) were two to 20 times higher in the fish in the supplemented group, suggesting antioxidant sparing effects. Blood haemoglobin and immunological parameters tended to be higher in fish fed the low astaxanthin diet although the difference was not significant. However, the resistance to challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida was higher in fish fed the astaxanthin supplemented diet. This may be due to a difference in weight at the time of the challenge which, in turn, may have influenced the body composition and smoltification of the fish. A relationship between dietary astaxanthin concentration and antioxidant status in both liver and muscle was observed, and this may also have had an influence on the observed differences in blood parameters and disease resistance.  相似文献   

11.
Several methods were examined to characterize the binding between astaxanthin and salmon muscle protein(s) in order to provide tools for evaluation of the role of muscle proteins on astaxanthin retention in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. flesh. The methods included gel filtration chromatography, displacement of a hydrophobic probe and ultrafiltration. With gel filtration chromatography, aggregation of astaxanthin under the experimental conditions was a major problem for the separation of bound astaxanthin from free astaxanthin because the apparent molecular weight of aggregated astaxanthin or astaxanthin micelles was in the range of protein–astaxanthin complexes. Displacement of the fluorescent probe 8‐anilino‐1‐naphthalenesulphonate (ANS) was not effective as astaxanthin quenched the fluorophore so that displacement could not be observed. An ultrafiltration method was developed using 200‐mM sodium cholate for dispersion of astaxanthin aggregates. This allowed unbound astaxanthin to be separated from bound astaxanthin using a 30‐kDa filter. After salmon muscle proteins were solubilized in different fractions by sequential extraction using low ionic strength solutions, the astaxanthin binding of different fractions was assessed using the ultrafiltration method. The significant difference (P<0.05) observed in the astaxanthin binding of the various fractions suggests an application of this assay to detect differences in affinity of proteins for astaxanthin. The results also suggest that proteins other than actomyosin or actin can bind astaxanthin in Atlantic salmon flesh. This method can be used for the identification of astaxanthin‐binding proteins in salmon flesh and other tissues.  相似文献   

12.
Atlantic salmon fry hatched from pigment-free eggs and from eggs containing the pigment astaxanthin were fed eleven casein/gelatine-based purified diets with varying levels of astaxanthin, ranging from 0 to 317 mg kg?1, to determine the optimum dietary astaxanthin level for satisfactory growth and survival during the start-feeding period. The fish were fed the experimental diets for a period of 11 weeks. No difference in performance was found between the two types of fry originating from the pigment-free eggs and those containing pigment. However, the dietary astaxanthin concentration was found to have a significant effect on both the growth and the survival of fry. Fish fed diets with astaxanthin concentrations below 5.3 mg kg?1 were found to have marginal growth. In addition, mortality was high in the groups fed diets with astaxanthin concentrations below 1.0 mg kg?1. The specific growth rate (SGR) was also affected by the dietary treatment. The lipid content was higher and the moisture content was lower in the fish fed the diets containing astaxanthin concentrations above 5.3 mg kg?1. The vitamin A and astaxanthin concentrations in whole-body samples of the fry were significantly affected by the dietary level of astaxanthin. A plateau level in whole-body vitamin A concentration was observed at dietary levels of approximately 80 mg astaxanthin kg?1 and higher, while no maximum astaxanthin concentration in whole-body samples was observed within the dietary levels used. The results suggest the need for a minimum dietary astaxanthin concentration of 5.1 mg kg?1 to achieve maximum growth and survival during the start-feeding period. The results indicate a low bioavailability of vitamin A palmitate and acetate and the results also suggest a provitamin A function for astaxanthin during the same period.  相似文献   

13.
Feed intake, growth and carotenoid pigmentation in 1 + Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), of the Hammerfest and Svalbard strains were studied in fish reared in either separate or mixed groups for 11 weeks.
Hammerfest charr grew faster than charr from the Svalbard strain at the group level. The slower overall growth in the Svalbard strain was accompanied by greater variability in feed intake and growth rates than observed amongst the fish of the Hammerfest strain. The higher incidence of bite marks amongst the Svalbard chart suggested that aggressive encounters were more frequent amongst fish of this strain. No significant differences were observed in muscle carotenoid concentration. There was, however, a highly significant positive correlation between muscle carotenoid concentration and weight gain for individual fish of both strains, irrespective of whether the fish were reared separately or in mixed groups. Estimates of muscle carotenoid retention varied from 78 to 96 mg g−1, but there were no differences between strains or between fish reared in single or mixed-strain groups.
There were no differences in muscle carotenoid composition between strains or between fish reared in separate or mixed groups. Astaxanthin and idoxanthin, a metabolite of astaxanthin, were present in approximately equal proportions, and made up about 99% of the muscle carotenoid content.
The results of this study suggest that flesh pigmentation and its variability may be profoundly influenced by the level of social interactions, mediated through effects on feed intake and growth. These effects may mask genetic variations in the capacity to deposit carotenoids.  相似文献   

14.
分别在基础饲料(对照组)中添加100 mg/kg的虾青素、角黄素,混合色素(50 mg/kg虾青素+50 mg/kg角黄素)饲喂初始体重为(56.60±0.63) g的虹鳟60 d,考察虾青素和角黄素对虹鳟肌肉着色和肝脏总抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示,饲料中添加了虾青素、角黄素和混合色素后对虹鳟增重率、饲料系数及肌肉常规成分、肌肉失水率、含肉率均无显著影响(P> 0.05)。虾青素组、角黄素组和混合色素组虹鳟肌肉的比色卡得分、红度、虾青素含量和血清总类胡萝卜素含量均比对照组有显著提高(P< 0.05);虾青素组虹鳟肌肉比色卡得分(26.25)和红度值(18.40)显著高于角黄素组(22.38, 14.13)和混合色素组(24.00, 15.70)(P< 0.05);虾青素组虹鳟肌肉虾青素含量为4.75 mg/kg (30 d)和6.45 mg/kg (60 d),均显著高于混合色素组的3.87 mg/kg (30 d)和5.48 mg/kg (60 d)(P< 0.05);在虹鳟血清总类胡萝卜素含量方面,虾青素组 > 混合色素组 > 角黄素组;虾青素组、角黄素组、混合色素组虹鳟肝脏的总抗氧化能力之间无显著差异(P> 0.05),分别为2.39 U/mg,2.25 U/mg,2.39 U/mg,均较对照组(2.03 U/mg)显著提高(P< 0.05)。上述结果表明：饲料中添加100 mg/kg虾青素、角黄素及虾青素+角黄素混合(1∶1)均能有效改善虹鳟肌肉颜色,提高肝脏总抗氧化能力,虾青素、虾青素+角黄素混合(1∶1)对虹鳟肌肉的着色效果优于角黄素。  相似文献   

15.
Significant differences in the carotenoid, astaxanthin and cantaxanthin levels were observed between full-sib and half-sib of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). The sex did not affect pigment deposition but a weak negative correlation between fish weight and level of carotenoids in the flesh was found.  相似文献   

16.
To elucidate whether absorption and deposition of dietary astaxanthin are influenced by the use of different dietary fish oils having different melting points and fatty acid profiles, triplicate groups of individually labeled Atlantic salmon (initial average weight 569 g) were reared in 2 m2 tanks, supplied with saltwater. The fish were fed four different experimental diets coated with either herring oil, capelin oil, sandeel oil, or a Peruvian oil high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Salmon fed diets containing Peruvian high PUFA oil had significantly higher (13%) fillet carotenoid content than salmon fed herring oil (P<0.05). Astaxanthin retention was significantly higher (P<0.05) in salmon fed capelin and Peruvian high PUFA oil than in the two other groups. The effects of dietary oil supplements on carotenoid deposition were rather small and require verification. Redness of fillets and blood plasma astaxanthin levels did not differ among treatments. Liver weights, body weights, as well as specific growth rates, and feed conversion ratios were unaffected by dietary oil source. Significant (P<0.05) positive linear relationships were found between final fillet idoxanthin concentration and total saturated fatty acids in supplement oils, astaxanthin and total monounsaturated fatty acids, and redness and total n−3 fatty acids, whereas the relationships between redness and total monounsaturated fatty acids and astaxanthin and total n−3 fatty acids were negative.  相似文献   

17.
This study examined astaxanthin bioavailability and kinetics in adult Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., following two different routes of astaxanthin administration (oral vs. intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection) using two different carriers of the pigment (gelatin vs. sesame oil). The dorsal aorta of adult Atlantic salmon (mean initial weight 950 g) was cannulated. The fish received a single dose of astaxanthin (572 μg kg?1) in sesame oil or (514 μg kg?1) in gelatin via the oral or i.p. route. Plasma was sampled regularly up to 72 h post oral administration and up to 510 h post i.p. injection. The astaxanthin concentration–time curves from plasma were best fit to a one‐compartment pharmacokinetic model for each of the four treatments. The gelatin carrier resulted in higher availability of astaxanthin compared to the sesame oil carrier. The bioavailability for astaxanthin in sesame oil was only 38.7% of that in gelatin by i.p. injection, and only 53.5% of that in gelatin by oral administration. Higher availability of astaxanthin was observed when i.p. injection was used compared to oral administration. The bioavailability for astaxanthin administered orally was only 12% of that by i.p. injection in sesame oil, and only 8.7% of that by i.p. injection in gelatin.  相似文献   

18.
To assess the effects of dietary astaxanthin on the growth and body colour of red discus fish (Symphysodon spp.), synthetic astaxanthin was added into the basal diet (beef heart hamburger) with the levels of 0 (control diet), 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg kg?1 respectively. The six experimental diets were fed to discus fish with an initial body weight of 10.3 ± 0.8 g for 8 weeks. The results showed that the supplementation of 50–200 mg kg?1 astaxanthin had no significant effects on growth performance of discus fish, but the high supplementation of astaxanthin (300 or 400 mg kg?1) significantly reduced the weight gain and increased the feed coefficient ratio (P < 0.05). After 4 or 8 weeks of feeding, the L* (lightness) values in astaxanthin‐supplemented groups were significantly lower, while a* (redness), b* (yellowness) and skin astaxanthin contents were significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05). When the astaxanthin supplementation reached 200 mg kg?1, skin redness and astaxanthin contents remained relatively stable. When b* was relatively stable, the supplemental astaxanthin was 300 (4 weeks) and 50 mg kg?1 (8 weeks) respectively. With the supplemental astaxanthin increasing, the astaxanthin retention rate significantly decreased and hepatic total antioxidant capacity was strengthened. The dietary astaxanthin also significantly increased the reduced glutathione level (P < 0.05) when the astaxanthin inclusion was higher than 50 mg kg?1. The above results showed that dietary astaxanthin could effectively improve the skin pigmentation of red discus fish in 4 weeks and the supplementation level was suggested to be 200 mg kg?1.  相似文献   

19.
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., juveniles, with a mean initial weight of 1.75 g, were fed casein-based purified diets which had been supplemented with different levels of astaxanthin for a 10-week period. The astaxanthin content of the diets ranged from 0 to 190 mg kg?1 dry diet. The growth and survival of the juveniles were recorded throughout the experiment. The proximate composition, astaxanthin and vitamin A content were determined from whole-body samples at the start and termination of the experiment. The dietary treatment was found to affect growth significantly (P < 0.05). A reduction in the mean weight of the juveniles was observed in the groups fed the diets without astaxanthin supplementation. There was no difference in growth rate between the fish in the groups fed the diets containing 36 or 190 mg astaxanthin kg?1 dry diet, whereas the fish in the group fed the diet containing 5.3 mg astaxanthin kg?1 dry diet had a lower growth rate. There was a tendency to higher survival in the groups fed the diets containing astaxanthin when compared with the groups fed the non-supplemented diets. The moisture and ash contents were significantly lower and the lipid content was higher in the groups fed the astaxanthin-supplemented diets. The astaxanthin and the vitamin A concentrations in the fish were found to be dependent upon the dietary astaxanthin dose; the highest values were found in the fish fed the diet with the highest astaxanthin content. These results strongly indicate that astaxanthin functions as a provitamin A for juvenile Atlantic salmon. The body storage of vitamin A increased in the fish fed the diets containing astaxanthin. However, the increase was low in the fish fed the diet containing 5.3 mg astaxanthin kg?1 dry diet.  相似文献   

20.
Pigmentation enhancement in cultured red sea bream, Chrysophrys major, was investigated using Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, and a mysid, Neomysis sp., as a source of astaxanthin. Diets fortified with processed Antarctic krill (krill meal) and its acetone extract, containing 0.82–4.92 mg carotenoids/100 g dry weight, and raw krill and raw mysid supplemented diets, containing about 2.00 mg carotenoids/100 g wet weight, were formulated and tested for carotenoid deposition. The rate of carotenoid deposition in fish fed with raw krill and raw mysid was significantly higher and resulted in distinct pigmentation. The groups fed with the krill meal and acetone extract diets showed varied concentrations of skin carotenoids and resulted in faint pigmentation. Pigmented fish then fed on a carotenoid-free diet for the same length of time showed no apparent differences in the skin pigmentation although the detectable amounts of carotenoids varied. The bream converted some of the dietary astaxanthin to skin tunaxanthin.  相似文献   

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