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1.
为研究圆斑星鲽早期发育过程中色素细胞的形态和分布,实验对1~72日龄的圆斑星鲽鱼苗进行了连续的显微观察,并绘制了早期发育生长曲线。结果显示,圆斑星鲽从20日龄开始进入快速的增长期,在水温12~19.5°C时完成变态发育需要50 d,黑色素细胞最早出现,数量最多,黄色素细胞次之,虹彩细胞最后发育,数量最少。变态前黑色素细胞密度先升高后降低,在9日龄密度最大为1390个/mm~2,色素细胞逐渐密集鱼体两侧对称分布;变态开始后鱼体两侧色素不对称,有眼侧体表黑色素细胞逐渐溶解消退,由成体黑色素细胞代替,体色变深,黑色素细胞密度稳定在150个/mm~2;无眼侧黑色素细胞逐渐消溶退化,体色逐渐变白。白化个体在变态开始后出现,有眼侧不能形成成体黑色素细胞,形成白化。  相似文献   

2.
半滑舌鳎早期发育过程中体表色素变化的研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossussemilaevis Günther)早期发育过程中体表色素的分布及形态变化进行了连续观察,测量其生物学特征,同时拍摄不同发育时期体表黑色素的形态变化。在水温22～23℃,盐度31～33的条件下,半滑舌鳎完成早期变态发育约需要30d,1～15日龄主要是器官发育,16日龄进入变态期,30日龄左右变态完成。半滑舌鳎在原肠期开始出现幼体色素,以后逐渐密集,色素颗粒变大,幼体色素逐渐变成以树枝状和菊花状为主;仔鱼期体表的幼体色素对称分布,在躯干部形成相互间隔的5个色素带;在变态前期幼体色素发生至最发达时期。进入变态期后,幼体色素逐渐减少,同时有眼侧出现颗粒较小的成体色素,形状为点状为主,在身体有眼侧均匀分布。无眼侧色素完全消失,成为无色。个别个体有眼侧的成体色素形成受阻,幼体色素消失后,形成白化。  相似文献   

3.
漠斑牙鲆胚胎及仔稚鱼发育的形态学观察   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
对漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys lethostigma)胚胎及胚后发育进行观察,描述各发育时期的发育时序和形态特征.在水温18.5±0.5℃,盐度32～33的条件下,受精卵历时49 h脱膜而出,孵化后仔鱼在水温20.5±0.5℃时,4日龄开口摄食,26日龄进入变态期,45日龄左右完成变态成为幼鱼.漠斑牙鲆的卵子为浮性卵,油球一个.刚孵化仔鱼的消化道细直,3日龄肛门开通,4日龄卵黄囊消耗殆尽,开口摄食.在原肠期胚体下包约1/2时,在视囊和胚盘上出现点状星状的黑色素细胞.孵化后体两侧菊花状黑色素均匀分布;进入变态期后,体两侧的幼体色素逐渐收缩消失,同时在有眼侧出现个体较小的圆形成体色素细胞.在早期发育过程中,伴随着冠状鳍条的发生、伸长和缩短吸收.无鳔器官的发生.  相似文献   

4.
黑棘鲷早期色素细胞发育与体色变化   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文
对黑棘鲷早期发育过程中体色和色素细胞的分布及形态变化进行了连续观察。结果表明,黑棘鲷幼体黑色素在原口关闭前期开始出现,黄色素在嗅囊期出现,彩虹色素出现较晚,孵化后6d(Day post hatching,dph)在眼球上端出现,而后密集于腹腔(28 dph)以及鳃盖骨附近(32 dph)。黑色素细胞在发育过程中,不仅数量增多,而且形状也由点状逐渐变成以树枝状和雪花状为主,为幼体黑色素的发育过程;28 dph幼体黑色素完全被成体黑色素替代,形态上再次变为小点状。黄色素几乎伴随着黑色素的分布,色素细胞几乎无形态变化,最终被黑色素覆盖而不明显。初孵仔鱼,尾端6～8体节躯干部具有黑色素丛,构成了该鱼的种属特征。在28 dph,体色发育进入到模式形成期,首先在躯干部形成相互间隔的3个色素带,至40 dph共7条色素带形成,完成体色的模式发育。  相似文献   

5.
采用石蜡连续切片技术研究了初孵至50日龄大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)鱼苗的视网膜结构及视觉特性。测定了鱼苗发育过程中视网膜横切面上视锥细胞(CC)、外核层细胞核(ONN)和神经节细胞(GC)的数量变化,以及鱼苗经明暗适应后视网膜色素指数的变化。结果显示,2日龄仔鱼视网膜上出现色素层和视锥细胞层,为仔鱼开口摄食提供了视觉基础。5日龄仔鱼的视网膜没有运动反应。鱼苗从16日龄发育到30日龄,明暗适应后视网膜色素指数的差值显著升高(P0.01),表明视网膜出现了显著的运动反应。16–39日龄,鱼苗视网膜上CC、GC数量显著减少(P0.01),ONN数量显著增多(P0.01),39–50日龄,视网膜上CC、GC和ONN数量没有出现显著差异(P0.05)。大菱鲆鱼苗变态前视网膜视敏度高,光敏性低,变态后视敏度降低,光敏性增强,视网膜逐步适应感受弱光的刺激,这与大菱鲆鱼苗变态后从浮游到底栖的生活习性相适应。变态后的大菱鲆光感受系统不发达。  相似文献   

6.
采用石蜡连续切片技术研究了初孵至50日龄大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)鱼苗的视网膜结构及视觉特性.测定了鱼苗发育过程中视网膜横切面上视锥细胞(CC)、外核层细胞核(ONN)和神经节细胞(GC)的数量变化,以及鱼苗经明暗适应后视网膜色素指数的变化.结果显示,2日龄仔鱼视网膜上出现色素层和视锥细胞层,为仔鱼开口摄食提供了视觉基础.5日龄仔鱼的视网膜没有运动反应.鱼苗从16日龄发育到30日龄,明暗适应后视网膜色素指数的差值显著升高(P＜0.01),表明视网膜出现了显著的运动反应.16-39日龄,鱼苗视网膜上CC、GC数量显著减少(P＜0.01),ONN数量显著增多(P＜0.01),39-50日龄,视网膜上CC、GC和ONN数量没有出现显著差异(P＞0.05).大菱鲆鱼苗变态前视网膜视敏度高,光敏性低,变态后视敏度降低,光敏性增强,视网膜逐步适应感受弱光的刺激,这与大菱鲆鱼苗变态后从浮游到底栖的生活习性相适应.变态后的大菱鲆光感受系统不发达.  相似文献   

7.
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8.
试验从形态学角度揭示半滑舌鳎鳔和冠状幼鳍的生长变化与苗种早期培育阶段生长发育的关系。早期生长发育过程中3日龄仔鱼出现鳔泡,5日龄仔鱼鳔开始充气,79日龄左右鳔消失,鳔是否正常充气与早期苗种培育的成活率密切相关。2日龄仔鱼冠状幼鳍原基出现,4日龄仔鱼冠状幼鳍出现鳍条,18日龄冠状幼鳍长度达到最大,此时,鱼苗进入变态期,此后,随着冠状幼鳍的退化和消失,鱼苗逐渐完成变态,伏底生活,冠状幼鳍最迟在29日龄完全退化消失,成为背鳍的一部分。另外,本试验过程中还记录了眼间距、体宽和全长的变化。  相似文献   

9.
眼斑猛虾蛄幼体的发育   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
郑雅友 《水产学报》2006,30(1):42-49
通过对眼斑猛虾蛄（Harpiosquilla annandalei）幼体各发育期的连续取样，在显微镜或解剖镜下系统地观察各发育期的形态变化及生长特征并描图。眼斑猛虾蛄假蚤状幼体经11次蜕皮，在水温24～27℃，盐度25．4～29．0的条件下，历时49d，发育变态成仔虾蛄；第Ⅰ期假蚤状幼体（Z1）体长1．75～1．83mm，头部有一长额角，头胸甲形状似龟壳，有1对腹侧齿，四角有刺，后部中间有一较长棘刺；第Ⅵ期头胸甲形状渐变成梯形，腹侧齿5对，第一触角中鞭萌芽，第二触角内肢发育呈短芽状，第Ⅷ期头胸甲左右两侧边缘开始渐向下弯卷；第Ⅺ期（Z11）体长15．10～17．20mm，第二触角内肢发育成鞭状且分为14～16节，尾肢外肢2节，内肢1节；Ⅰ期仔虾蛄体长14．50～16．10mm，长额角消失，头胸头形状仍为梯形，但光滑无腹侧齿，前侧角圆形，后侧角有二个缺角，这是该种的特征，后部中间棘刺消失，头胸甲占体长的比例明显缩小，形似成体虾蛄。眼斑猛虾蛄的幼体与黑斑口虾蛄的幼体的形态存在一定差异，主要表现在头胸甲与体长的比例，头胸甲的长宽比及第二触鳞片刚毛数和尾节的侧小齿、中间小齿和亚中间小齿的齿数。  相似文献   

10.
河蟹各期幼体都具有特定的颜色，幼体各种体色变化通常是由水环境因子变化、营养变化、病原体侵袭引起的。在育苗过程中，幼体不同部位、不同程度的黑化现象极为普遍，为了便于诊断对症下药，现把多年来育苗过程中的幼体黑化现象总结分析如下。一、蜕皮变态前黑化这是一种正常的体色变化。河蟹状幼体及大眼幼体在临蜕皮变态前，体色加深，其头胸部及腹部变成黑褐色，并膨胀。这种生理活动受眼柄内的X－器官窦腺所分泌的激素调节，从而使真皮层和结缔组织中的色素细胞产生伸缩变化。二、由病原体入侵机体引起的黑化此种情况黑化程度一般不明…  相似文献   

11.
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.  相似文献   

12.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.  相似文献   

13.
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).  相似文献   

14.
There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.  相似文献   

15.
This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.  相似文献   

16.
The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 103 to 3.76 × 105 cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 105 cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

17.
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18.
The sea raven, Hemitripterus americanus, is a sit-and-wait, low metabolic rate, marine teleost. The objective of this study was to determine i) whether cortisol implantation (50 mg. kg-1) for 7 days altered hepatocyte metabolism, and hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine, glucagon and insulin, and ii) whether 8 weeks of food-deprivation modified the above response. Cortisol implantation significantly increased hepatocyte total glucose production and oxidation from alanine compared to the sham group. There was no cortisol effect on glycogen breakdown, suggesting that the activation of other pathways, including gluconeogenesis, are required to account for the increased glucose production. Epinephrine-mediated (10-5M) glycogen breakdown and insulin-mediated (10-8M) total glucose production were enhanced in hepatocytes of cortisol implanted sea ravens, but there were no change in any glucagon (10-7M) effects. The enhanced glycogen breakdown in the absence of similar increases in total glucose production with epinephrine indicates mobilization of carbohydrate reserves for endogenous use by the liver. Food-deprivation for 8 weeks significantly decreased condition factor, plasma cortisol concentration and liver glycogen content in the sea raven, but had no effect on plasma glucose concentration. Hepatocyte total glucose production and flux rates from alanine increased significantly with food-deprivation. Moreover, food-deprivation increased responsiveness of total hepatocyte glucose production to the actions of glucagon and insulin, but not to epinephrine; none of these effects were modified by cortisol implantation. Our results indicate that cortisol in the sea raven exerts both a direct and an indirect or permissive effect on hepatocyte metabolism by modifying hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine and insulin stimulation. Cortisol implantation did not modify the effects of glucagon or food-deprivation in this species.  相似文献   

19.
Important environmental processes for the survival and recruitment of early life stages of pelagic fishes have been synthesized through Bakun's fundamental triad as enrichment, concentration and retention processes (A. Bakun, 1996, Patterns in the Ocean. Ocean Processes and Marine Population Dynamics. San Diego, CA, USA: University of California Sea Grant). This conceptual framework states that from favourable spawning habitats, eggs and larvae would be transported to and/or retained in places where food originating from enrichment areas would be concentrated. We propose a method for quantifying two of the triad processes, enrichment and retention, based on the Lagrangian tracking of particles transported within water velocity fields generated by a three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model. We apply this method to the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem, constructing putative maps of enrichment and retention. We comment on these maps regarding main features of the circulation in the region, and investigate seasonal variability of the processes. We finally discuss the results in relation to available knowledge on the reproductive strategies of two pelagic clupeoid species abundant in the southern Benguela, anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardinops sagax). Our approach is intended to be sufficiently generic so as to allow its application to other upwelling systems.  相似文献   

20.
This study evaluated the effects of three levels of loading density (200, 300 and 400 g L−1) and four levels of duration (1, 3, 6 and 9 h) on the mortality, plasma cortisol and chloride levels and growth of rohu Labeo rohita fingerlings in a transport simulation. While total immediate mortality was low (4–12%), delayed mortality was high (27–49%). Initial capture and handling were found to constitute the most stressful phase as indicated by elevated plasma cortisol. The levels of cortisol continued to rise at 6 and 9 h after transport, with the highest level observed at 9 h after transport. The level of plasma chloride fell after transport across all density levels and treatment durations. Specific growth rate (SGR, %/day) and total bacterial density (cfu/g) were not different between and within treatments, and between treatments and the controls. This study demonstrates that transport has a profound effect on the stress responses of rohu fingerlings. Although the level of immediate mortality was low, the higher level of delayed mortality has serious implications in terms of production inefficiency for grow-out farmers.  相似文献   

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