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1.
RN Zadoks E Scholz SM Rowe JM Norris HB Pooley J House 《Australian veterinary journal》2023,101(4):142-152
Numerous culture-based diagnostics are available on the Australian and international markets for on-farm detection of bacterial pathogens in milk. Use of such diagnostics may provide an opportunity to improve the prudent use of antimicrobials in udder health management. Farms are low-resource settings in terms of diagnostic microbiology capacity. The World Health Organisation has identified criteria for the evaluation of diagnostic tests in low resource settings based on Accuracy, Sensitivity, Specificity, User-friendliness, being Rapid or Robust, Equipment-free and being Deliverable (ASSURED). Here, we review how those criteria can be interpreted in the context of microbiological diagnosis of mastitis pathogens, and how on-farm diagnostics that are currently available in Australia perform relative to ASSURED criteria. This evaluation identifies multiple trade-offs, both with regard to scientific criteria and with regards to convenience criteria. More importantly, the purpose of testing may differ between farms, and test performance should be evaluated relative to its intended use. The ability of on-farm mastitis diagnostics to inform mastitis treatment decision-making in a timely and cost-effective manner depends not just on test characteristics but also on farm-specific pathogen prevalence, and on the farm enterprise's priorities and the farm manager's potential courses of action. With most assay evaluations to date conducted in professional laboratories, there is a surprising dearth of information on how well any of the diagnostic tests perform on-farm and, indeed, of the on-farm decision-making processes that they aim to inform. 相似文献
2.
为实现奶牛蹄皮炎以及乳房炎的早期诊断和及时干预,利用一种基于高清摄像头的新型奶牛蹄皮炎诊断及乳头末端评分设备,对黑龙江省大庆市某牛场的681头奶牛进行蹄皮炎鉴别诊断,并与平面镜反射法的诊断速度与结果进行对比;随机抽选其中的100头奶牛进行高清摄像头奶牛乳头末端评分,结合牧场DHI数据,评价高清摄像头奶牛乳导管末端评分方法与隐性乳房炎LMT诊断法诊断结果之间的相关性和一致性。结果表明,该设备在奶牛蹄皮炎鉴别诊断和奶牛乳导管末端评分的应用中具有画面传输速度快、成像效果好、待机时间长、诊断快速准确、成本低、便捷性能良好等优点,能够对奶牛蹄皮炎不同分期进行精确判断,与传统诊断方法相比能提高蹄皮炎诊断与乳导管末端评分的工作效率,大幅降低劳动强度,其对奶牛乳头末端的评分结果与隐性乳房炎LMT诊断法的评分结果之间呈现较强的相关性,并且一致性较好。研究结果为牧场奶牛蹄皮炎及乳房炎的早期诊断及预防提供了新方法。 相似文献
3.
A disease called inclusion body disease (IBD) is seen worldwide in snakes that are members of the families Boidae and Pythonidae. Snakes affected by this disease often have neurological signs. A diagnosis is based on light microscopic examination of tissues for the presence of intracytoplasmic inclusions that consist of a unique protein that has been termed inclusion body disease protein (IBDP). In some cases, inclusions are found exclusively in the central nervous system, whereas in others they may be diffusely disseminated in multiple tissues. In a few cases, the IBD inclusions have overlapped in appearance with other types of nonviral intracytoplasmic inclusions. The specific etiologic agent of IBD remains unknown. Because the underlying cause of IBD is unknown, recent research has focused on understanding the formation and nature of IBDP. A monoclonal antibody has been developed against IBDP and is currently being used in immunodiagnostic assays to develop a reliable diagnostic test for IBD. This monoclonal antibody is going through rigorous validation testing and will provide more specificity and sensitivity than currently available routine histological diagnostics. Because large numbers of boas and pythons are being bred and sold for the pet trade, better diagnostic tests are needed to help develop IBD-free breeding colonies of these snakes. Further, because IBD is one of the few worldwide diseases of captive snakes, there is concern in many countries (e.g., Australia, where it has been identified in captive pythons) that it will become established in native wild populations. Thus, there is conservation value in developing better diagnostic tools for screening snakes intended for release as part of reintroduction programs. 相似文献
4.
Indicators of inflammation in the diagnosis of mastitis 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
Pyörälä S 《Veterinary research》2003,34(5):565-578
Mastitis affects the quality of milk and is a potential health risk for the other cows. In a well managed dairy herd, in addition to clinical mastitis, subclinical mastitis should be efficiently detected. Bacteriological sampling is not feasible as a routine test to identify subclinical mastitis, and indirect tests of mastitis are more suitable for selecting cows with intramammary infections for subsequent bacteriological sampling. Mastitis affects the composition of milk, and the degree of changes depends on the infecting agent and the inflammatory response. Indicators of inflammation in the milk which can be determined using rapid, reliable and easy routine techniques, can be used for the early detection of mastitis. The measuring of the somatic cell count in milk is the standard method, but the analysis technique is problematic for routine use in herds. The most promising parameters for monitoring subclinical mastitis are milk N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity, lactose, and electrical conductivity along with some other indicators such as optical and milk flow measurements, preferably with an inter-quarter evaluation included in the test. Acute phase proteins, haptoglobin and serum amyloid A, are also potential candidates for mastitis monitoring. New mastitis detection systems which can be adapted into on-line use are urgently needed, since dairy units are growing bigger and automatic milking systems are being taken into use. 相似文献
5.
6.
Alysia M. Parker Paul A. Sheehy Mark S. Hazelton Katrina L. Bosward John K. House 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2018,32(3):1241-1252
Mycoplasma species have a global distribution causing serious diseases in cattle worldwide including mastitis, arthritis, pneumonia, otitis media and reproductive disorders. Mycoplasma species are typically highly contagious, are capable of causing severe disease, and are difficult infections to resolve requiring rapid and accurate diagnosis to prevent and control disease outbreaks. This review discusses the development and use of different diagnostic methods to identify Mycoplasma species relevant to cattle, with a particular focus on Mycoplasma bovis. Traditionally, the identification and diagnosis of mycoplasma has been performed via microbial culture. More recently, the use of polymerase chain reaction to detect Mycoplasma species from various bovine samples has increased. Polymerase chain reaction has a higher efficiency, specificity, and sensitivity for laboratory diagnosis when compared with conventional culture‐based methods. Several tools are now available for typing Mycoplasma spp. isolates, allowing for genetic characterization in disease outbreak investigations. Serological diagnosis through the use of indirect ELISA allows the detection of antimycoplasma antibodies in sera and milk, with their use demonstrated on individual animal samples as well as BTM samples. While each testing method has strengths and limitations, their combined use provides complementary information, which when interpreted in conjunction with clinical signs and herd history, facilitates pathogen detection, and characterization of the disease status of cattle populations. 相似文献
7.
奶牛乳房炎是奶牛养殖业中的重要疾病,可降低产奶量和乳品质,增加治疗和预防成本,给牧场带来经济损失。病因多样,包括细菌、病毒和支原体等病原体均可引起传染性乳房炎。临床症状复杂,需要特定实验室方法进行准确诊断。奶牛乳房炎传统方法诊断准确性低,分子生物学检测发展前景大,基于微生物培养试剂盒和环介导等技术有望提高奶牛乳房炎诊断准确性和治疗精准度。治疗方面,抗生素类药物是常用的方法,但容易引起细菌耐药性和药物残留问题,需要开发新型药物用于奶牛乳房炎治疗。近年的研究显示,噬菌体有望作为替代品治疗奶牛乳房炎,部分植物及其衍生物具有抗菌作用,天然分泌因子如乳铁蛋白和磷脂酶A2也具有治疗潜力,但仍需深入研究。 相似文献
8.
J K Pringle 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》1992,8(2):243-256
With greater use of a wide variety of diagnostic tools, such as transtracheal washing, respiratory endoscopy, chest radiography, thoracic ultrasonography, blood gas analysis, and lung biopsy, veterinarians are gaining tremendous insight into pathogenic mechanisms of the ruminant respiratory system. We have available many diagnostic aids; some fairly simple and inexpensive, others highly sophisticated and presently at far greater cost than justifiable on most individual food animals. Some methods recently developed, such as same-day viral particle detection in BAL samples,6 have tremendous potential for rapid and accurate diagnosis in ruminant pulmonary medicine. Undoubtedly, future research in this area will provide an ever widening array of powerful and rapid diagnostic aids to deal with respiratory disease of ruminants. 相似文献
9.
《Preventive veterinary medicine》1988,5(3):197-211
Six characteristics of innovations described as influencing their rates of adoption by farmers are their relative advantage, complexity, ability to be tried, visibility of outcome personal contact between the advocate and the farmer, and compatibility with existing values. In this study, these are related to the adoption of mastitis prevention and control procedures.An educational diagnostic method described by Green et al. was adapted from human health education and applied to mastitis prevention and control with a group of farmers form nine Minnesota dairy farms. The method included six phases. A social diagnosis determined farmers' perceived rewards from dairying to be profit-making, enjoyment of working with animals, a desire to see cows achieve their production potential and a desire to raise a family in a farm setting. An epidemiological diagnosis from the literature determined the reduction of new infection rate and increase in the infection elimination rate to be the principal means of reducing mastitis prevalence. Teat dipping, dry period therapy, detection of clinical mastitis, segregating infected cows at milking, correct udder preparation and correct function and use of the milking machine were the main behavioral factors involved in mastitis control. An educational diagnosis identified pre-disposing, enabling and reinforcing factors associated with mastitis control. Their use in a mastitis control education program is illustrated using the teat dipping behavior as an example. Planning implementation was the fifth phase of the method. It involved rating the importance to mastitis control of various possible control behaviors and the likelihood of changing them. A priority order for employing resources was established from these. Planning also involved defining the behavior changes desired of farmers in mastitis control. The final phase was evaluation.Information from a survey of 222 Minnesota dairy farms was also incorporated in the process. The diagnostic method proved valuable in helping the educators view mastitis from the farmers point of view. A practical educational program was produced. 相似文献
10.
S Pyörälä 《Irish veterinary journal》2009,62(Z4):S40
Treatment of mastitis should be based on bacteriological diagnosis and take national and international guidelines on prudent use of antimicrobials into account. In acute mastitis, where bacteriological diagnosis is not available, treatment should be initiated based on herd data and personal experience. Rapid bacteriological diagnosis would facilitate the proper selection of the antimicrobial. Treating subclinical mastitis with antimicrobials during lactation is seldom economical, because of high treatment costs and generally poor efficacy. All mastitis treatment should be evidence-based, i.e., the efficacy of each product and treatment length should be demonstrated by scientific studies. Use of on-farm written protocols for mastitis treatment promotes a judicious use of antimicrobials and reduces the use of antimicrobials. 相似文献
11.
New Strategies to Prevent Mastitis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
S Pyörälä 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2002,37(4):211-216
Bovine mastitis remains as the disease causing the biggest economic losses to the dairy industry, despite the intensive research and prevention measures at herd level carried out for decades. Antibiotics are widely used to combat mastitis, but focus should be shifted from treatment to more economical and efficient prevention. The bacteriological aetiology of mastitis has changed from contagious to environmental pathogens, which has reduced the efficacy of the traditional mastitis control strategies. Considerable progress in the understanding of epidemiology, immunology, diagnostics and pathogenesis of mastitis has been made. The modern molecular biological methods offer good possibilities for the research of the epidemiological and virulence aspects of bacteria, which may help in building‐up specific mastitis control strategies for dairy herds. Studies on the host response and relationship between somatic cell count and susceptibility to mastitis offer tools for genetic improvement of dairy cows. Biotechnological approaches for mastitis prevention are in the developmental stage, but many problems are associated, e.g. with vaccination of dairy cows against mastitis. Different methods of immunomodulation for the prevention of mastitis have shown promise in experimental trials, but the evidence is not yet enough to support commercial applications. Improving nutrition, housing and environment of dairy cattle are still crucial in the prevention of mastitis, especially during the most susceptible period after parturition. New milking techniques including robotic milking may provide better possibility for proper milking and improved udder health. Mastitis control should be part of the herd health programme in the dairy herds. In this paper, results from recent research and proposals for new prevention strategies in the field of mastitis are reviewed. 相似文献
12.
P M Schantz 《Veterinary parasitology》1987,25(2):95-120
Remarkable progress has been achieved in developing improved serodiagnostic assays for a group of diseases for which other diagnostic methods are often lacking. Toxocariasis, trichinellosis, dirofilariasis, Taenia solium cysticercosis and the cystic and alveolar forms of hydatid disease are occult infections in humans and sometimes in lower animal hosts. Although Strongyloides stercoralis achieves patency in humans, parasitologic diagnosis is often very difficult. Efforts to develop reliable immunodiagnostic methods have spanned several decades but progress had been slow until recently. The complexity and nonspecificity of helminth antigens were major problems which prevented the full realization of the benefits of the highly sensitive assay systems now available. Modern immunologic methods including hybridoma technology, immunoaffinity chromatography and immunoblotting, however, have yielded improved reagents and the means to characterize their nature and function. The outcome of this research has been more sensitive and specific serologic tests based on measurement of both circulating antigens and antibodies as well as improved understanding of the nature of host-parasite interactions. Although much remains to be done, many improved immunodiagnostic procedures are already being applied in clinical diagnosis, epidemiologic studies and control programs directed against the helminthic zoonoses. 相似文献
13.
14.
Khan Sharun Kuldeep Dhama Ruchi Tiwari Mudasir Bashir Gugjoo Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo Shailesh Kumar Patel Mamta Pathak Kumaragurubaran Karthik Sandip Kumar Khurana Rahul Singh Bhavani Puvvala Amarpal Rajendra Singh Karam Pal Singh Wanpen Chaicumpa 《The Veterinary quarterly》2021,41(1):107
Mastitis (intramammary inflammation) caused by infectious pathogens is still considered a devastating condition of dairy animals affecting animal welfare as well as economically incurring huge losses to the dairy industry by means of decreased production performance and increased culling rates. Bovine mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary glands/udder of bovines, caused by bacterial pathogens, in most cases. Routine diagnosis is based on clinical and subclinical forms of the disease. This underlines the significance of early and rapid identification/detection of etiological agents at the farm level, for which several diagnostic techniques have been developed. Therapeutic regimens such as antibiotics, immunotherapy, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics, stem cell therapy, native secretory factors, nutritional, dry cow and lactation therapy, genetic selection, herbs, and nanoparticle technology-based therapy have been evaluated for their efficacy in the treatment of mastitis. Even though several strategies have been developed over the years for the purpose of managing both clinical and subclinical forms of mastitis, all of them lacked the efficacy to eliminate the associated etiological agent when used as a monotherapy. Further, research has to be directed towards the development of new therapeutic agents/techniques that can both replace conventional techniques and also solve the problem of emerging antibiotic resistance. The objective of the present review is to describe the etiological agents, pathogenesis, and diagnosis in brief along with an extensive discussion on the advances in the treatment and management of mastitis, which would help safeguard the health of dairy animals. 相似文献
15.
Dolores Gavier-Widén Michael J Stack Thierry Baron Aru Balachandran Marion Simmons 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2005,17(6):509-527
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in animals include, among others, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), scrapie, chronic wasting disease, and atypical forms of prion diseases. Diagnosis of TSEs is based on identification of characteristic lesions or on detection of the abnormal prion proteins in tissues, often by use of their partial proteinase K resistance property. Correctly sampling of target tissues is of utmost importance as this has a considerable effect on test sensitivity. Most of the rapid or screening tests are based on ELISA or Western immunoblot (WB) analysis, and many are officially approved. Confirmatory testing is normally performed by use of histologic examination, immunohistochemical analysis, certain WB protocols, or detection of prion fibrils by use of electron microscopy (scrapie-associated fibril). The discriminatory methods for diagnostic use are mostly based on WB technology and provide initial identification of the prion strain, particularly for differentiation of BSE from scrapie in small ruminants. Definitive prion strain characterization is performed by use of bioassays, usually in mice. A burgeoning number of transgenic mice have been developed for TSE studies. Development of new tests with higher sensitivity and of more reliable diagnostic applications for live animals tested for food safety reasons is a rapidly developing field. Ultimately, the choice of a test for TSE diagnosis depends on the rationale for the testing. 相似文献
16.
Hultén F Persson A Eliasson-Selling L Heldmer E Lindberg M Sjögren U Kugelberg C Ehlorsson CJ 《American journal of veterinary research》2004,65(10):1398-1403
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate environmental and management-related risk factors associated with chronic mastitis in sows. ANIMALS: 1,254 sows from 76 herds. PROCEDURE: Prevalence of chronic mastitis was determined by a veterinarian who performed clinical examinations at the time of weaning and approximately 1 week later in a sample of the sow population on each farm. Information concerning environmental factors and management practices was collected. In addition, the herd veterinarian made an assessment of the farmer's skills in swine production. RESULTS: Use of partly slatted floors in the farrowing pens, use of disinfectants between batches in the farrowing and breeding areas, feeding lactating sows whey, and avoiding cutting or grinding of the piglets' teeth were significantly associated with a decreased risk of chronic mastitis. A high hygienic standard on the farm, as determined by the herd veterinarian, was associated with a significant reduction in the prevalence of mastitis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Chronic mastitis in sows is a common disease that has a negative influence on productivity. Results indicate that certain management practices and environmental factors influenced the development of mastitis, which may contribute to the development of methods useful for controlling the disease. 相似文献
17.
For efficient disease management in dairy production, the influence of disease prevention strategies on farm profitability must be known. A survey of mastitis control practices, milking machine function and maintenance, and cow environmental conditions was conducted with 406 dairy producers on the Michigan Dairy Herd Improvement-somatic cell counting program responding. These survey data, in conjunction with Dairy Herd Improvement production data, were used to develop a model estimating the marginal value products of mastitis control practices. Lost milk production associated with increased somatic cell count was calculated for each herd. Mastitis control practices, milking machine function and maintenance, and cow environmental conditions were used as independent variables in an analysis of covariance model with lost milk production as the dependent variable. Variables significant in explaining changes in production from increased somatic cell count were the use of teat dip, use of sanitizer in the wash water, milking cow bedding, summer nonlactating cow housing, summer calving locations, type of regulator, alternating pulsation, and rolling herd average milk production. The marginal value product (change in revenues received) from the use of iodine, chlorhexidine, and quaternary ammonium-type teat dips were $13.79, $16.09, and $22.17/cow/year, respectively, and these changes were statistically significant. However, sanitizer in the wash water was associated with a decrease in production. Management practices that have previously been shown to be economical and did not appear in the final model included nonlactating cow therapy and single-use paper towels. 相似文献
18.
Osterstock JB Mansell JL Roussel AJ 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2005,227(9):1476-9, 1418
Prototheca spp are achlorophyllic saprophytic algae found in wastewater, sewage, agricultural waste, and possibly elsewhere in the environment. Infections with these organisms have been reported in cattle, humans, and dogs; affected cattle commonly develop mastitis. A 5-year-old Brahman-cross bull was evaluated because of a history of diarrhea and weight loss. The history and physical examination and clinicopathologic findings were similar to those associated with granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (Johne's disease), which is the most common protein-losing enteropathy of cattle. However, diagnostic tests for paratuberculosis yielded negative results. Biopsy specimens from the ileum, jejunum, and ileocecal lymph node were collected for histologic examination and preparation of tissue impression smears; Prototheca-like organisms were identified. Because of the poor prognosis associated with this infection and the lack of safe and economical therapeutic agents for cattle, the owner decided to euthanatize the bull. Infection with Prototheca organisms was confirmed postmortem. As this case illustrates, protothecosis may be a cause of granulomatous enteritis in cattle. 相似文献
19.
为了掌握辽宁地区奶牛乳房炎主要细菌性病原种类及致奶牛乳房炎大肠杆菌药物敏感性特征,本研究选取辽宁地区某大型奶牛场75头临床表现为乳房炎的奶样进行细菌培养与分离,通过生化方法对分离到的细菌进行鉴定,并对分离到的奶牛源大肠杆菌进行体外药物敏感性试验研究。结果发现,该场奶牛乳房炎细菌性病原主要为大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌和链球菌,其检出率分别为58.7%、64.0%和54.7%,存在二重感染和三重感染等混合感染的情况。大肠杆菌药物敏感性试验结果表明,该场分离株对磺胺类药物（耐药率>85%）及氯霉素类药物（耐药率>30%）耐药性较高,对氨苄西林（9.5%）、环丙沙星（9.5%）、头孢噻呋（7.1%）和氧氟沙星（4.8%）比较敏感。上述研究结果为该地区奶牛乳房炎的防制提供可靠的理论依据。 相似文献
20.
奶牛隐性乳房炎,乳汁外观上无变化,很容易转变为临床型乳房炎,是奶牛最常见的疾病之一,对奶牛业危害极大。多年来,该病的治疗主要是应用抗生素,但由于存在药物残留将逐渐被限用或禁用。中药内服外敷,配合针灸按摩治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎的方法,填补了治疗该病的不足。近年来,采用内服瓜蒌牛蒡汤、外敷金黄如意散配合针灸按摩治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎取得了较好的疗效,结果表明四种治疗方法配合在一起应用,具有较好的协同作用,且有不易产生耐药性、无残留等特点,起到综合治疗的作用,值得临床推广。 相似文献