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1.
本研究以呼伦贝尔天然羊草草原退化打草场为研究对象,分析蚯蚓粪和菌渣有机肥对退化草地的响应机制,研究不同处理对草原植物群落特征、生物量和物种多样性的影响。试验采用单因素随机区组设计,设置对照,蚯蚓粪45 t·hm-2,30 t·hm-2,15 t·hm-2,菌渣45 t·hm-2,30 t·hm-2,15 t·hm-2共7个处理。结果表明：施用菌渣和蚯蚓粪45 t·hm-2时地上生物量和群落盖度较对照显著提高（P<0.05）,草原植物群落特征和物种多样性明显增加。有机肥对天然草地的恢复有一定促进作用,对羊草草原植物群落物种多样性和地上生物量有显著影响,其中菌渣和蚯蚓粪45 t·hm-2施肥量时改良效果较好。 相似文献
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荒漠草原物种多样性、生产力与气候因子和土壤养分之间关系的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
物种多样性对生态系统功能的影响是生态学领域的核心问题之一。本研究利用内蒙古荒漠草原80个野外植被、土壤调查样地资料,结合气候数据,探讨物种多样性、生产力与气候因子和土壤养分的关系,为进一步认识多样性-生产力关系提供参考。结果表明,1)物种多样性、生物量与年平均降水量均呈线性正相关,与年平均温度均呈线性负相关,与干燥指数均呈线性正相关。2)物种丰富度与土壤全磷含量呈线性负相关(R2=0.072, P<0.05),与速效氮含量呈线性正相关(R2=0.183, P<0.01),Shannon-Wiener指数与速效氮也呈线性正相关(R2=0.061, P<0.05);生物量与土壤全氮、速效氮和有机碳含量都呈线性正相关,相关系数分别为0.150,0.177,0.089(P<0.01)。3)群落生物量与物种多样性呈线性正相关关系。4)干燥指数是影响多样性和生物量的主要环境因子。 相似文献
3.
本文以晋北农牧交错带半干旱草地生态系统为研究对象,于2016年设置不放牧、轻度、中度和重度放牧4个不同放牧强度试验,研究短期放牧强度下羊对草地植物群落多样性与生产力的影响,以确定最佳放牧强度。研究结果表明,植物群落多度随放牧强度增加呈先升后降趋势,高度与盖度则随放牧强度的增加逐渐降低;物种多样性在中度放牧最高,重度放牧时最低;植物地上生物量随放牧强度增加呈抛物线形式变化,中度放牧时最高,分别为757.04 g·m-2和398.37 g·m-2,植物地下生物量随放牧强度增加逐渐降低;草地土壤容重随放牧强度的增加逐渐增大。短期放牧下中度放牧的植物群落多度、物种多样性与地上生物量最高,轻度放牧植物群落高度、盖度和地下生物量最高,重度放牧的物种多样性与生产力较低,因此适度放牧有利于保持草地植物群落稳定。 相似文献
4.
甘南亚高山草甸弃耕演替过程中的物种多样性与生产力变化模式及相互关系研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
物种多样性与生产力之间的关系一直是生态学领域的研究热点。本研究通过采用空间代替时间的方法,对甘南亚高山草甸退耕时间为5,9,14,19,30年以及顶极群落样地的物种多样性、地上生物量进行调查、分析,探讨亚高山草甸弃耕地演替过程中物种多样性、生产力的变化规律及其相关关系,结果表明,1)弃耕地演替过程中,随着演替时间的推移,植物物种多样性先升后降,呈单峰曲线;2)在演替的前期生产力迅速提高,在第19年时达到最高的183.77g/m2,之后,生产力基本保持稳定;3)在演替过程中物种多样性与生产力呈正相关关系,在顶极群落中物种多样性与生产力之间无明显的相关关系;4)演替过程中群落中物种-多度分布模式由生态位优先占领型逐渐转变为对数-正态分布。 相似文献
5.
高原鼠兔干扰对高寒草甸植物群落多样性和稳定性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
物种多样性和功能冗余是评价植物群落稳定性的重要内容。采用野外调查方法研究了高原鼠兔干扰对高寒草甸植物群落物种多样性、功能多样性、功能冗余和植物群落稳定性的影响。结果表明:高原鼠兔干扰增加了物种丰富度指数、功能多样性和功能冗余,降低了物种多样性指数、均匀度指数和植物群落稳定性。随高原鼠兔干扰强度增加,植物群落多样性指数、丰富度指数、功能冗余和植物群落稳定性呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,说明高原鼠兔干扰对植物群落物种多样性和稳定性的影响不仅要考虑干扰与否,而且要考虑干扰强度。 相似文献
6.
高原鼠兔干扰对高寒草甸植物群落多样性和稳定性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
物种多样性和功能冗余是评价植物群落稳定性的重要内容。采用野外调查方法研究了高原鼠兔干扰对高寒草甸植物群落物种多样性、功能多样性、功能冗余和植物群落稳定性的影响。结果表明:高原鼠兔干扰增加了物种丰富度指数、功能多样性和功能冗余,降低了物种多样性指数、均匀度指数和植物群落稳定性。随高原鼠兔干扰强度增加,植物群落多样性指数、丰富度指数、功能冗余和植物群落稳定性呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,说明高原鼠兔干扰对植物群落物种多样性和稳定性的影响不仅要考虑干扰与否,而且要考虑干扰强度。 相似文献
7.
以青海湖环湖流域重要荒漠草原植物圆头蒿(Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch)为研究对象,探讨圆头蒿群落特征、圆头蒿种群特征。结果表明,圆头蒿群落由7科11属12种物种组成,群落的多样性指数为2.14,均匀度指数为0.89,群落地上生物量为196.37 g/m~2,地下生物量为319.51 g/m~2;按方差均值比法和4种聚集度指标测定群落组成物种,8种植物物种分布为聚集分布,占74%,2种植物物种为均匀分布,1种植物物种为随机分布,说明群落中多数物种为聚集分布,物种的分布格局对群落多样性维持起重要作用。圆头蒿群落优势种圆头蒿种群年龄分布中,随着年龄的增大,数量明显减少。其中,幼龄级个体数占总数的72.39%,表明圆头蒿植物群落受年龄自然因素的影响。研究表明,青海湖流域圆头蒿种群生态学、群落生态学的研究,对进一步阐明植物群落物种多样性的维持机制具有重要意义,为荒漠草原植物物种生物多样性保护研究积累资料。 相似文献
8.
植物群落多样性及稳定性对草地生态系统功能的稳定发挥至关重要。本研究以青藏高原高寒湿地草甸、高寒草甸、高寒草原和高寒荒漠草原为研究对象,基于480个野外样方调查及实验分析,运用显著性分析、回归分析和结构方程模型等方法,探究不同草地类型植物多样性与稳定性之间关系及其影响因素。结果表明：高寒草原植物多样性显著高于其他3种草地类型;高寒草甸群落稳定性最高。高寒草地中,不同的物种多样性指标与群落稳定性的关系不同,4种草地类型均匀度与群落稳定性显著负相关;高寒草甸和高寒荒漠草原中Shannon-Wiener多样性与群落稳定性显著负相关,在高寒湿地草甸和高寒草原中丰富度与稳定性显著正相关。降水量是影响高寒草地植物多样性和群落稳定性的主要因素,土壤有机碳、pH以及铵态氮含量也能通过影响植物多样性进而影响群落稳定性。综上,在高寒草地生态系统的管理过程中,需充分考虑气候和土壤因子的变化,根据草地类型制定不同的管理措施。 相似文献
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10.
围栏封育和放牧对盐池荒漠草原植物群落特征的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为揭示围栏封育和围栏放牧对荒漠草原植物群落的影响,寻找荒漠草原保护与利用相结合的出路,本试验在宁夏盐池县荒漠草原选取3对封育围栏与放牧围栏,对封育围栏和相邻放牧围栏的本底条件一致的灰钙土和风沙土样带采用样线法开展植物群落样方调查,运用多样性指数等对植物群落多样性特征进行分析。结果表明,在物种水平上,灰钙土上以多年生禾本科植物为主,风沙土上以一、二年生菊科为优势群落。封育围栏群落物种组成趋于稳定状态,而放牧围栏群落还处于不稳定的演替初期。围栏封育有利于提高荒漠草原植物群落的生物量、高度和盖度;灰钙土上植物的生长量显著高于风沙土。在植物物种相对较少的荒漠草原,封育禁牧能改变群落的物种结构,但不能显著增加多样性;有利于提高风沙土上的物种多样性。相对于围栏放牧,围栏封育更有利于维持该地区生态系统的稳定。 相似文献
11.
The number of donkeys and mules throughout the world is stable, and awareness of their use and concern for welfare, pain recognition and treatment are receiving increasing veterinary interest. Therefore, accurate information about anaesthesia and analgesia in donkeys and mules is important to ever more equine practitioners. Since donkeys are physiologically and pharmacologically different from horses, knowledge on species specific aspects of anaesthesia and analgesia are very important. Mules combine elements from both donkey and horse backgrounds, leading to great diversity in size, temperament and body type. Physiologically, they seem to resemble horses more than donkeys. This review highlights the current knowledge on various anaesthetic and analgesic approaches in donkeys and mules. There is still much information that is not available about donkeys; in many circumstances, the clinician must use available equine information to treat the patient, while monitoring carefully to observe for differences in response to therapy compared to the horse. 相似文献
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13.
The large intestine of 10 cows was examined from the right abdominal wall with a 3.5 MHz linear transducer. The cows were then slaughtered, and the organs were re-examined in a water bath. The caecum was visualised from the middle region of the abdominal wall. It ran caudo-cranially, varied in diameter from 5.2 to 18.0 cm and was situated immediately adjacent to the abdominal wall. The lateral wall of the caecum appeared as a thick, echogenic, crescent-shaped line. It could be visualised as far cranially as the 12th intercostal space. Although its junction could not be identified, the proximal ansa of the colon was recognised on the basis of its anatomical position and its diameter, which was smaller than that of the caecum. The spiral ansa of the colon and the descending colon were situated dorsal to the caecum and could be identified by moving the transducer horizontally along the abdominal wall to the last rib. The spiral ansa of the colon was situated ventral to the descending colon, and its walls appeared as thick echogenic lines. In a contracted state, the spiral colon had the appearance of a garland. 相似文献
14.
K Militzer 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1990,97(6):239-243
Ethological studies are important means to evaluate the behaviour of small laboratory animals (mouse, rat, guinea-pig and rabbit) and their housing conditions. At any rate, the only sparse range of body expressions, the smallness and preference of night activity of these animals and the erratic occurrence of essential behaviour patterns make the investigations more difficult. On the other hand, the standardization of laboratory housing and the genetic definition of these animals turn out to be favourable. By this way, behaviour-environment-relationships are suitable for evaluation. Taking into consideration methodical and biological restrictions, the specific activities such as fight, relaxed resting behaviour and play as well as unbalanced behaviour patterns and stereotypes can be taken as means of evaluation. Particularly in mice and rabbits, upright position and space consuming activities will be possibly restricted by cage sizes. 相似文献
15.
提升行业科技创新水平为主题,回顾和分析了我国新兽药研究开发的历程和研究现状及面临的形势,并围绕创新与发展的要求,提出了加强兽药研究开发的对策及建议。 相似文献
16.
Effects of age and diet on the development of the pancreas and the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pig 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
Effects of age and diet composition on amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and intestinal contents, pancreas weights and body weights were determined from birth to 56 d. A total of 120 pigs, five to seven pigs/litter from 18 litters, were slaughtered at birth, 14, 27, 29, 31, 42 and 56 d. Litters were allotted to dietary treatments (corn-soy, A; corn-soy + 20% dried whey, B; corn-soy + 5% lard, C) and offered these diets as creep feed at 14 d. All pigs were weaned at 28 d, placed in elevated nursery pens and fed their respective diets. Total activities of amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin in the pancreas and small intestine increased (P less than .05) with age. Both trypsin and amylase activities, measured per kilogram body weight or gram pancreas weight, were low at 29 d in the intestine and increased to 56 d. Pigs on diet B had the highest level of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the intestinal contents (P less than .05). Trypsin activity in the pancreas (units/kg body weight) was lowest (P less than .05) for pigs on diet B and highest (P less than .05) for those on diet C (units/g pancreas and units/kg body weight). Amylase activity (units/kg body weight) was lower (P less than .05) in the pancreas for pigs on diet B than for those on diets A and C. Pigs on diet A had lower (P less than .01) intestinal amylase activities than those on diets B and C. Enzyme activities in the intestinal contents and pancreas were low following weaning. In the pancreas, activities decreased at 31 d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
17.
Blood and urine samples of 180 dairy cows from 12 herds were examined. Sodium and potassium concentrations were determined in erythrocytes, whole blood, plasma, urine, and glucose concentration in blood: the interrelations were compared. Sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes were 85.15 +/- 11.45 mmol/l, and 25.93 +/- 7.81 mmol/l, respectively. A statistically significant relation was found between sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes (r = 0.3467+++) and the content of electrolyte in blood cells and in whole blood (Na: r = 0.5336+++; K: r = 0.3561+++). No statistically significant relation of intraerythrocyte concentration of both electrolytes was confirmed with respect to the other characteristics (sodium and potassium concentrations in plasma and urine, and glucose concentration in blood). In the conditions of routine laboratory diagnostics in clinically healthy cows, determinations of intraerythrocyte sodium and potassium do not broaden possibilities of evaluating the metabolic state of these electrolytes and cannot be used as the characteristics of energy insufficiency. The cannot replace the analyses performed in serum and urine. 相似文献
18.
The rate of flow of fluid from the caecum and from the large colon was measured in four Shetland-type ponies fed a hay diet. In two ponies with cannulas in the caecum and at the origin of the right ventral colon, a continuous intracaecal infusion of a solution of chromium EDTA was used and samples were obtained from the cannula at the origin of the right ventral colon. Based on four determinations, the liquid flow from the caecum was 54.2 +/- 1.89 litres d-1. In the other two ponies with cannulas in the origin of the right ventral colon and near the end of the right dorsal colon, a continuous infusion of chromium EDTA was made into the right ventral colon and samples were obtained from the right dorsal colon. The flow rate towards the end of the dorsal colon was 49.4 +/- 1.25 litres d-1, based on four determinations. The capacities of the caecum and large colon after death were 7.0 +/- 0.8 and 17.7 +/- 3.7 litres, respectively. 相似文献
19.
本文应用Ｆｏｒｔａｎａ—Ｍａｓｓｏｎ嗜银颗粒染色法研究了貉、蓝狐、银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞的形态分布。结果表明：三种动物胃幽门腺中，嗜根细胞数量最多，呈锥状，嗜银颗粒较粗，密度大、染成深黑色。在胃底及胃贲门腺区、嗜银细胞数量少。在十二指肠部嗜银细胞呈蝌蚪形，嗜银颗粒细，呈黑褐色，密度较小。嗜银细胞的分布密度在三种动物中具有一定的差别。 相似文献
20.
L R Whalen T L Spurgeon R E Carsten D H Gould 《American journal of veterinary research》1986,47(5):1063-1070
The maximal conduction velocities of compound-action potentials in the proximal and distal parts of the saphenous nerve were determined by averaging potentials evoked and recorded through needle electrodes. Antidromic, triphasic compound-action potentials unipolarly recorded from the distal part of the saphenous nerve were of the same minimal latency as potentials having 4 phases which were recorded bipolarly from the same site. However, the unipolarly recorded potentials were of greater amplitude. Monophasic compound-action potentials were recorded through bipolar chlorided silver electrodes from the surface of fascicles of the distal part of the saphenous nerve. The maximal conduction velocity of these potentials was in agreement with the conduction velocity of compound-action potentials of the distal part of the saphenous nerve which were evoked and recorded through subcutaneous needle electrodes. The specificities of the stimulating and recording sites were verified by recording before and after the saphenous nerve was cut between the stimulating and recording sites. Mean conduction velocities were 62.3 +/- 2.0 m/s for the distal part of the saphenous nerve and 66.3 +/- 2.2 m/s for the proximal part of the saphenous nerve. Reflex-evoked muscle activity was elicited in the ipsilateral tensor muscle of the fascia lata and semimembranous muscle after electrical stimulation of the saphenous nerve through subcutaneous needle electrodes. The effects of various stimulus intensities on the latency and duration of these reflex-evoked muscle potentials were determined. 相似文献