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不同灌水量对黄淮海地区冬小麦叶绿素荧光及光保护特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以黄淮海地区5个主栽冬小麦品种为材料,在田间条件下分析了不同灌水次数对冬小麦叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,随着灌水次数的减少,叶绿素a+b（Chla+b）含量,叶绿素a/b,类胡萝卜素（Car）含量,PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）,光化学猝灭系数(qP)以及光能利用率（LUE）都呈降低趋势,而初始荧光（Fo）呈增加趋势,非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）呈先增后降的趋势。不同冬小麦品种对灌水次数的生理响应不同,在各个灌水处理中光能利用效率较高的冬小麦品种矮抗58和郑麦366适宜种植的范围较广,在灌三次水处理(越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水)中光能利用效率较高而在灌两次水(越冬水+拔节水)或一次水(越冬水)光能利用率较低的冬小麦品种周麦18、豫麦49应该区划种植在水分条件较好或者有灌溉条件的地区才能发挥其品种的丰产优势。在干旱条件下矮抗58和郑麦366具有较高光能利用率的原因可能是有较强的光保护能力。 相似文献
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为明确干旱胁迫下不同叶位光合、荧光特性的变化规律,进而选择出典型叶片来准确测量干旱条件下植株光合、荧光参数,以实现干旱条件下植株光合能力的快速评价。研究通过盆栽试验对不同干旱处理下（充分供水（CK）：75%~85%田间持水量;中度胁迫（MS）：65%~75%田间持水量;重度胁迫（SS）:55%~65%田间持水量）辣椒幼苗不同叶位叶片的光合、荧光特性进行比较分析。结果表明：充分供水时,随叶位的增加,气体交换参数(净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率)、叶绿素含量、叶面积、叶绿素荧光参数(光化学淬灭系数、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学量子产量)均呈先增大后减小的趋势,在第3叶位达到最大值;在干旱条件时,各叶位的参数随水分胁迫程度的增加在1~3叶位逐渐减小,4~6叶位先增加后减小,并在第4叶位达到最大值(Ci、F0、Fv/Fm、NPQ除外);水分胁迫对辣椒叶片光合作用影响较大,MS与SS处理,第3叶位的Pn分别较CK下降14.05%和55.91%,第4叶位的Pn MS处理较CK增加25.20%,SS处理较CK降低15.42%;第3、4叶位是对辣椒幼苗生长具有主要贡献的叶片,但在水分胁迫条件下,第3叶位光合参数、叶面积、叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数的变异系数较第4叶位更大,尤其对于Ci、Chlb、F0,在光合参数、叶绿素参数及叶绿素荧光参数中变幅最大,其第3叶位的变异系数分别较第4叶位增大了133.33%,180.00%及200.00%。第3叶位对于水分胁迫更加敏感,因此,在干旱胁迫实验中,宜选用第3叶位测量辣椒幼苗光合、荧光参数。 相似文献
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以10 a生酿酒葡萄‘蛇龙珠’为试验材料,运用水肥一体化滴灌的方式分别在萌芽期（S1）、新梢旺长期（S2）、开花期（S3）、果实第一次膨大期（S4）和副梢生长旺期（S5）一次性施入300 kg·hm-2尿素,对照为整个生育期均不施氮肥（CK）,分别于花后50 d（DAF50）、花后85 d（DAF85）和花后120 d（DAF120）进行光合特性指标的测定,并采样分析氮肥施用时期对葡萄叶片光合生理及内源激素水平的影响。结果表明：各生育期施氮均能增加叶片净光合速率（Pn）及PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）,在花前施氮肥叶片Pn和Fv/Fm增加最为显著,最高分别达到18.22 μmol·m-2·s-1和0.854。S1、S2和S3处理显著增大了不同生育期叶片气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）,且S2处理在DAF85时最显著,Gs和Tr分别比CK高18.5%和10.8%;S3、S4和S5处理显著降低了叶片的胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）,S1处理叶片Ci与CK之间无显著差异。果实第一次膨大期之前施入氮肥能够显著增大各生育期叶片的PSⅡ电子传递量子效率（ФPSⅡ）和光化学淬灭系数（qP）,最高分别达到0.889和0.959。可见,不同时期施氮肥,通过改变光合荧光相关参数影响叶片光能的吸收、传递、耗散和分配,从而改善叶片光能利用效率。氮肥的施用时期影响各生育期叶片内源激素的含量,施氮肥均显著提高了DAF85后叶片玉米素（ZT）含量,与CK相比至少提高21.9%;花后施入氮肥叶片中IAA含量在果实采收时保持在34.9 μg·g-1以上,S4和S2处理GA3含量最高,分别为7.11 μg·g-1和6.49 μg·g-1。因此,氮肥施用时期影响葡萄各生育期不同内源激素的积累。 相似文献
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以沟灌、水平畦灌为对照,通过2年大田试验分析了在关中灌区集雨节灌种植技术对夏玉米功能叶片的光合参数、荧光参数、叶绿素含量及产量的影响。结果表明,在同期灌溉处理中,集雨节灌处理各测定时期的最大荧光（Fm）、可变荧光（Fv）、最大光能转换效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/Fo）和叶绿素含量显著高于沟灌、畦灌。集雨节灌处理的籽粒产量在播前灌1水处理下较沟灌、畦灌和沟垄集雨种植分别提高4.9%（P<0.05）、8.5%（P<0.05）和2.2%,在开花期灌1水处理下提高6.0%（P<0.05）、8.3%（P<0.05）、1.3%;在播前和开花期均灌1水处理下提高7.0%（P<0.05）、11.2%（P<0.05）和7.2%（P<0.05）。不同灌溉时期集雨节灌处理的净光合速率（Pn）和叶片瞬时
水分利用效率（WUE）均在灌浆期显著高于畦灌,对基础荧光（Fo）和蒸腾速率（Tr）的影响不明显。除开花期灌1水处理外,其它灌水时期下的集雨节灌处理百粒重显著高于沟灌、畦灌处理。研究表明,集雨节灌可以显著提高叶片光合性能,增强PSⅡ反应中心的电子传递、光合化学效率和潜在活性,且产量显著高于传统沟灌、水平畦灌处理。 相似文献
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试验以无斑地锦入侵条件为对照,研究半湿润区斑地锦入侵对马铃薯叶片光合色素含量、PSⅡ荧光特性和吸收光能分配的影响.结果表明,斑地锦入侵后,马铃薯叶片5-氨基乙酰丙酸、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率Fv/Fm、PSⅡ有效光化学量子产率Fv’/Fm’、光化学量子效率ΦPSⅡ、表观光合电子传递速率ET... 相似文献
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花期干旱对大豆叶绿素荧光参数的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用叶绿素荧光动力学测定技术,研究大豆开花期干旱对叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响,结果表明:大豆开花期受旱后,可变荧光与最大荧光比(Fv/Fm)、可变荧光与初始荧光比(Fv/F0)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)均降低,而ETR升高。说明光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)受到了伤害,使得PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)、起光保护作用的热耗散降低,光合电子传递速率升高。花期干旱胁迫后,各参数存在基因型差异,新大豆1号在花期干旱条件下,光合机构受破坏较轻,其吸收的光能能较多地用于光化学转化能力,抗旱能力强。因此,花期干旱胁迫下,叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/F0、Fv/Fm)变化与大豆品种抗旱性有关,利用大豆品种叶绿素荧光对干旱胁迫的反应差异鉴定品种抗旱性是可行的。 相似文献
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以甘肃省农业科学院自育品种陇藜1号（L-1）、2号（L-2）、3号（L-3）和4号（L-4）及外引品种白藜（BL）幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽人工控水法,共设置轻度干旱胁迫（LD,土壤含水量为田间持水量的50%~60%）、中度干旱胁迫（MD,土壤含水量为田间持水量的30%~40%）和重度干旱胁迫（SD,土壤含水量为田间持水量的10%~20%）3个水分梯度,以正常浇水为对照（CK,土壤含水量为田间持水量的70%~80%）,干旱胁迫15 d后,通过测定幼苗株高、根长、生物量及叶片叶绿素含量、初始荧光（Fo）、最大荧光（Fm）、PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/Fo）及非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）,研究干旱胁迫对藜麦幼苗生长和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明：（1）随干旱胁迫程度的加剧,参试藜麦品种幼苗株高、地上部分鲜重和地上部分干重呈逐渐降低的变化趋势,SD处理下,各供试品种株高分别降低了30.64%、28.36%、32.67%、37.88%和38.09%,地上部分鲜重分别下降了63.60%、6073%、59.74%、55.92%和61.74%,地上部分干重分别下降了62.96%、52.63%、29.41%、35.71%和60.00%;（2）5个藜麦品种幼苗叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素及叶绿素a/b随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧而呈现先升高后降低的趋势,SD处理下,品种L-2、L-3和L-4叶绿素a分别比CK降低了28.48%、33.66%和17.99%,叶绿素b分别比CK降低了47.80%、45.08%和13.90%,总叶绿素含量分别比CK降低了33.22%、36.20%和15.99%;（3）随干旱胁迫程度的加剧,各供试藜麦品种Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo均呈下降趋势,SD处理下,各供试品种Fo分别较CK下降了30.61%、14.56%、31.28%、24.39%、24.16%,Fm下降了19.11%、16.56%、16.76%、17.67%、22.19%,Fv/Fm分别下降了5.73%、4.29%、7.81%、4.58%和3.85%,Fv/Fo分别下降了19.40%、14.93%、24.02%、11.34%和12.11%;（4）5个供试品种叶片NPQ随干旱胁迫程度的加剧呈升高趋势,SD处理下,各供试品种NPQ较CK升高了74.79%、161.54%、104.55%、200.00%和196.00%。综上所述说明中度和重度干旱胁迫下,植物细胞失水,叶绿体遭到破坏,光合作用降低,叶绿素合成受到抑制,光合产物减少,从而抑制幼苗生长,地上部分生物量下降。在幼苗生长和叶绿素荧光特性等方面,藜麦品种L-2表现优于其他品种,表明其在干旱胁迫下较其他供试品种具有更强的适应能力。 相似文献
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利用叶绿素含量及荧光动力学参数评价青贮玉米耐旱关键指标研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用叶绿素荧光仪测定了26份青贮玉米自交系和105个组合的叶绿素含量及荧光动力学参数,对其生理性状关键耐旱指标进行主成分及相关分析,并进行配合力及遗传参数分析。青贮玉米Fv/Fm的影响因素大
小依次为：叶片Fv>叶片Fm>叶片Fo>叶片Area>叶片SPAD>苞叶Fv/Fm>苞叶SPAD。筛选出了5个关键指
标(叶片Fm、叶片Fv、叶片Area、叶片Fv/Fm、叶片SPAD)及一般配合力(GCA)较高的9份自交系和特殊配合力(SCA)较高的19个组合。在F1吐丝期,叶片Fo、叶片Area主要受基因加性效应支配;叶片Fm、叶片Fv的加性与
非加性效应相当;叶片Fv/Fm、叶片SPAD主要受基因非加性效应支配。狭义遗传力(h2N,)大小依次为：叶片SPAD>叶片Area>叶片Fo>叶片Fv>叶片Fm>叶片Fv/Fm。通过对叶片Fv的早代正向直接选择、叶片Fo的早代
负向直接选择,以及对叶片Fv/Fm的杂种优势利用,可提高旱区青贮玉米单位面积生物产量。叶绿素含量及荧光
动力学参数可用于青贮玉米的耐旱性筛选。 相似文献
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湘南烟蚜发生量趋势预测方法研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
据宁远、郴州、芝山 3地 15年烟田蚜量系统调查 ,湘南烟蚜种群消长均为单峰型 ,符合抛物线方程。以百株蚜量lg值为预报量(Y) ,以5个气象因子及烟草生育期作预报因子 (Xi) ,对Y及Xi作 0、1化处理 ,采用指标交叉法建立预报方程。结果表明 ,对蚜量波动影响最大的前 6项因子依次为日平均气温 (X2)、日最高气温 (X3)、两次调查期间的总日照时数 (X5)及X2X5、X3X5、X2X3。在天气预报准确的条件下 ,蚜量变动趋势预报的准确率可达 88.9%。 相似文献
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福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。 相似文献
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F.M. Ashton O.T. de Villiers R.K. Glenn W.B. Duke 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1977,7(2):122-141
Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate 14C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides. 相似文献
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Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere. 相似文献
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Magdalina I. Luzhnova Lyudmila M. Shekhtman 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1975,5(3):205-210
The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues. 相似文献
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The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Conventional models for the durability of resistant cultivars focus on the dynamics of the frequency of resistance genes. This leads to a definition of the durability of resistance as the time from introduction of the cultivar to the time when the frequency of the virulence gene reaches a preset threshold. It is questionable whether this is the most appropriate way to measure durability. Here we use a simple epidemiological model to link population dynamics and population genetics to compare three measures of durability: (i) the expected time until invasion of the virulent genotype, by mutation or immigration, and subsequent establishment of a population (T(invasion)); (ii) the virulence frequency related measure of the time for the virulent genotype to take-over the pathogen population ( T(take-over)); and (iii) the additional yield, measured by the additional number of uninfected host growth days (T(additional)). Specifically, we show how the measures of durability are affected by deployment and epidemiological parameters. We use a combination of numerical solution and analytical approximation of a model for the population dynamics of avirulent and virulent genotypes of a pathogen growing in dynamically changing populations of resistant and susceptible cultivars. The three measures of durability are compared. Some consequences of the results for durable resistance in multilines and mixtures and the regional deployment of resistant cultivars are discussed. 相似文献
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E. LIMPERT B. C. CLIFFORD A. DREISEITL R. JOHNSON K. MÜLLER A. ROELFS C. WELLINGS 《EPPO Bulletin》1994,24(1):109-112
A variety of systems of designation has evolved to name pathotypes of plant pathogens. The systems were evaluated to determine those best suited for particular purposes. Virulence and avirulence/virulence formulae of pathotypes have advantage over the use of consecutive numbers or letters given in chronological order of pathotype discovery. As soon as pathotype information exceeds a certain level of complexity, mathematical codes are most advantageous, in particular two codes, octal notation and coded triplets. A more universal adoption of the most appropriate codes is recommended to ease communication and comparisons of results. 相似文献