共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 171 毫秒
1.
2.
3.
4.
端粒和端粒酶的研究进展 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
端粒和端粒酶是现代生物学研究的热点,端粒封闭了染色体的末端并维持了染色体的稳定性,端粒的缺失会引起染色体融合并导致细胞的衰老及死亡.端粒酶的活化可延长染色体末端DNA,维持基因组的稳定.并且端粒酶活性的异常表达又会引起细胞永生化或转化成癌细胞.因此端粒和端粒酶的结构和功能的研究对于治疗肿瘤和控制细胞寿命有着极其重要的意义.文章综述了端粒和端粒酶的结构和功能,及其与细胞老化的关系,并在此基础之上展望了端粒酶在抑制肿瘤、抗衰老等方面的应用. 相似文献
5.
端粒位于真核染色体末端，是稳定染色体末端的重要元件。端粒酶（TER）是一种特殊的细胞核蛋白（RNP）反转录酶（RT），其核心酶包括蛋白亚基和RNA元件。在DNA复制过程中的端粒丢失可以被有活性的端粒酶补偿回来。哺乳动物端粒酶在发育中受调控，端粒的重编程可能是由于早期胚胎不同时期的端粒酶活性而造成的，因此，研究胚胎发育早期端粒和端粒酶重编程是非常重要的。本文对端粒和端粒酶的结构和功能，及其与哺乳动物早期胚胎发育的关系进行了综述．并在此基础上展望了端粒和端粒酶在克隆动物胚胎发育上的基础作用。 相似文献
6.
植物衰老和种子劣变机理的研究一直是农业科学领域关注的热点。植物衰老会对农业产生巨大的负面影响，牧草提前衰老也会导致草地生产力下降，限制草产业的发展。由于种子劣变，全球每年约有25%的种子失去活力，导致巨额的经济损失，严重影响农业的健康发展。深入揭示植物衰老特性和调控机制，不仅对于阐明植物生态适应性及种群稳定性具有重要价值，而且对于延缓衰老技术和调控措施的选择具有重要实践意义。在模式植物拟南芥研究中发现，染色体端粒与植物衰老以及种子活力密切相关。端粒是染色体末端的重复DNA序列，由端粒DNA和结合蛋白组成。端粒结合蛋白是一组与端粒DNA结合的蛋白质，主要是帮助稳定端粒结构并保护端粒免受DNA修复系统的干扰，其次还参与了基因表达、DNA复制和染色体结构调节等许多生物学过程。端粒酶由端粒酶逆转录酶（TERT）和端粒酶RNA(TER)两个亚单位组成，端粒酶逆转录酶亚基参与线粒体功能以及相关基因表达调控，通过对端粒酶新功能的探索，有助于提高植物的抗逆性，从而延缓植物的衰老进程，为提高作物产量提供一条新的途径。近年来在植物中研究发现，端粒的动态变化与植物衰老存在相关性，植物端粒内稳态的维持机制仍存... 相似文献
7.
端粒酶和细胞衰老 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
端粒是真核细胞染色体末端的一种特殊结构 ,由端粒 DNA和端粒蛋白质组成。端粒DNA是富含 G的高度保守的重复核苷酸序列 ,人和其他哺乳动物的端粒 DNA序列均由 5′-3′,方向 (TTAGGG) n 反复串联组成 ,它参与 DNA复制 ,对维持染色体的稳定和完全复制有重要作用。正常动物细胞 DNA的端粒随着细胞分裂而缩短 ,当缩短到一定长度时细胞将停止增殖并死亡。细胞中的端粒酶在正常细胞不表达 ,只在生殖细胞、干细胞和肿瘤细胞中表达。文章介绍了细胞衰老的细胞生物学机制、端粒酶和细胞衰老的关系 ,讨论了端粒酶和克隆动物的早衰现象的关系 相似文献
8.
端粒酶是真核生物细胞染色体末端富含G的简单重复结构。在生理状况下,随着细胞分裂次数增加,端粒在复制分裂过程中将逐渐丢失碱基,从而致使端粒逐渐缩短。当端粒缩短至一定长度时细胞将进人生长停止衰老死亡阶段,即出现细胞的凋亡。最近几年来,人们研究发现一种端粒酶能够逆转录合成端粒DNA,并添加到端粒从而达到防止端粒缩短,维持端粒的长度,进而保持染色体的稳定性。由于大多数生物体细胞生理状态下, 相似文献
9.
11.
端粒是真核染色体分子末端的DNA区域,是由重复的DNA序列和端粒结合蛋白形成的DNA-蛋白复合物,对于染色体的复制和稳定起着重要作用。近年来研究结果表明,端粒长度的缩短与人类疾病和衰老密切相关。同时,体细胞核移植(somatic cell nuclear transfer,SCNT)作为一种有效的无性生殖手段,越来越多的在科研和生产中得到应用。由于体细胞核移植通常采用体细胞作为核供体细胞,因而供体细胞的端粒长度、核移植后重组胚的端粒在胚胎早期是否会被修复、端粒长度是否有变化等问题,对于研究克隆动物的重编程、发育生物学都有着重要的指导意义。作者将对端粒的结构和端粒长度的机理研究、在克隆哺乳动物中对端粒长度的探索研究,以及近几年来关于端粒方面的一些研究进展加以阐述。 相似文献
12.
Yazawa M Okuda M Setoguchi A Nishimura R Sasaki N Hasegawa A Watari T Tsujimoto H 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》1999,61(10):1125-1129
Telomeres are specific structures present at the end of liner chromosomes. DNA polymerase can not synthesize the end of liner DNA and, as a result, the telomeres become progressively shortened by successive cell divisions. To overcome the end replication problem, telomerase adds new telomeric sequences to the end of chromosomal DNA. The enzyme activity is undetectable in most normal human adult somatic cells, in which shortening of the telomere is thought to limit the somatic-cell life span. In contrast to normal somatic cells, many human tumors possess telomerase activity. The present study looked at whether telomerase activity might serve as a marker for canine tumors. Telomerase activity was measured using the telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay. Normal dog somatic tissues showed little or no telomerase activity, while normal testis exhibited a high level of telomerase activity. We measured telomerase activity in tumor samples from 45 dogs; 21 mammary gland tumors, 16 tumors developed in the skin and oral cavity, 7 vascular tumors and 1 Sertoli cell tumor. Greater than 95% of the tumor samples contained telomerase activity (3-924 U/2 micrograms protein). The results obtained in this study indicated that telomerase should be a useful diagnostic marker for a variety of dog tumors, and it may serve as a target for antitumor chemotherapy. 相似文献
13.
Manabu KOIKE Yasutomo YUTOKU Aki KOIKE 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2021,83(5):798
Radioresistance and radiotoxicity have been reported following cancer treatments in felines. Optimizing radiation doses to induce cytotoxic effects to only cancer cells and not normal cells is critical in achieving effective radiation therapy; however, the mechanisms of radiation resistance, radiotoxicity, and DNA damage response (DDR) in feline cells have not yet been elucidated. A DNA double-strand break (DSB) is the most toxic type of DNA damage induced by X-rays and heavy ion beams used in treating cancers. Crandell-Rees Feline Kidney (CRFK) cells is one of the most widely used cat cells in life science research. Here, we report that DSB-triggered senescence induced by X-rays is important in inhibiting the proliferation of CRFK cells. We demonstrated through cell proliferation assay that X-rays at doses 2 Gy and 10 Gy are toxic to CRFK cells that irradiating CRFK cells inhibits their proliferation. In X-irradiated CRFK cells, a dose-dependent increase in DSB-triggered senescence was detected according to morphological changes and using senescence-associated β galactosidase staining assay. Moreover, our data indicated that in CRFK cells, the major DDR pathway, which involves the phosphorylation of H2AX at Ser139, was normally activated by ATM kinases. Our findings are useful in the understanding of X-rays-induced cellular senescence and in elucidating biological effects of radiation, e.g., toxicity, in feline cells. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the CRFK cell line is an excellent matrix for elucidating radioresistance and radiotoxicity in cat cells. 相似文献
14.
Miyashita N Kubo Y Yonai M Kaneyama K Saito N Sawai K Minamihashi A Suzuki T Kojima T Nagai T 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2011,57(5):636-642
Dolly, the first mammal cloned from a somatic cell, had shorter telomeres than age-matched controls and died at an early age because of disease. To investigate longevity and lifetime performance in cloned animals, we produced cloned cows with short telomeres using oviductal epithelial cells as donor cells. At 5 years of age, despite the presence of short telomeres, all cloned cows delivered multiple healthy offspring following artificial insemination with conventionally processed spermatozoa from noncloned bulls, and their milk production was comparable to that of donor cows. Moreover, this study revealed that the offspring had normal-length telomeres in their leukocytes and major organs. Thus, cloned animals have normal functional germ lines, and therefore germ line function can completely restore telomere lengths in clone gametes by telomerase activity, resulting in healthy offspring with normal-length telomeres. 相似文献
15.
DNA甲基化(DNA methylation)是一种动态、可逆并可以遗传的表观遗传修饰模式,主要发生在哺乳动物原始生殖细胞和早期胚胎发育过程中,能够通过高动态和协同的核酶网络附着在DNA的CpG区域,同时还通过改变调控区域的功能状态进而调控基因表达且不影响DNA序列所携带的遗传信息。DNA甲基化主要涉及基因组印迹、转座元件沉默、X染色体失活和衰老等多种关键生理过程,在哺乳动物卵母细胞和胚胎发育中发挥着重要作用。本文介绍了DNA甲基化的建立与去除机制及其生物学功能,重点阐述了DNA甲基化在哺乳动物卵母细胞和胚胎发育过程中精准生成、维持、读取和删除等动态变化过程,为进一步研究哺乳动物表观遗传调控提供参考依据。 相似文献
16.
17.
18.
McKevitt TP Nasir L Wallis CV Argyle DJ 《American journal of veterinary research》2003,64(12):1496-1499
OBJECTIVE: To investigate telomere lengths in tissues of domestic shorthair (DSH) cats of various ages, evaluate the relationship between telomere length and age of cats, and investigate telomerase activity in the somatic tissues of cats. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissues obtained from 2 DSH cats and blood samples obtained from 30 DSH cats. PROCEDURE: DNA isolated from blood cells and somatic tissue samples was subjected to terminal restriction fragment (TRF) analysis to determine mean telomere repeat lengths. Protein samples were subjected to analysis by use of a telomeric repeat-amplification protocol to assess telomerase activity. RESULTS: MeanTRF values of cats ranged from 4.7 to 26.3 kilobase pairs, and there was significant telomeric attrition with increasing age of cat. Telomerase activity was not found in a wide range of normal tissues obtained from 2 cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Analysis of these results clearly indicates that telomeres are shorter in older cats, compared with young cats; therefore, telomeres are implicated in the aging process. The analysis of telomerase activity in normal somatic tissues of cats reveals a pattern of expression similar to that found in human tissues. IMPACT FOR HUMAN MEDICINE: Fundamental differences in the biological characteristics of telomeres and telomerase exist between humans and the other most widely studied species (ie, mice). The results reported here reveal similarities in telomere and telomerase biologic characteristics between DSH cats and humans. Hence, as well as developing our understanding of aging in cats, these data may be usefully extrapolated to aging in humans. 相似文献
19.
Min-A Seol Uhee Jung Hyeon Soo Eom Seol-Hwa Kim Hae-Ran Park Sung-Kee Jo 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2012,13(4):331-338
Although ionizing radiation is known to induce cellular senescence in vitro and in vivo, its long-term in vivo effects are not well defined. In this study, we examined the prolonged expression of senescence markers in mice irradiated with single or fractionated doses. C57BL/6 female mice were exposed to 5 Gy of γ-rays in single or 5, 10, 25 fractions. At 2, 4, and 6 months after irradiation, senescence markers including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) common deletion, p21, and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA β-gal) were monitored in the lung, liver, and kidney. Increases of mtDNA deletion were detected in the lung, liver, and kidney of irradiated groups. p21 expression and SA β-gal staining were also increased in the irradiated groups compared to the non-irradiated control group. Increases of senescence markers persisted up to 6 months after irradiation. Additionally, the extent of mtDNA deletion and the numbers of SA β-gal positive cells were greater as the number of radiation fractions increased. In conclusion, our results showed that ionizing radiation, especially that delivered in fractions, can cause the persistent upregulation of senescence marker expression in vivo. This should be considered when dealing with chronic normal tissue injuries caused by radiation therapy or radiation accidents. 相似文献