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1.
In last years, following the increased canine life expectancy and the rising attention pet-owners devote to their animals, several authors have carried on investigations concerning new techniques to early identify canine prostatic disorders that might affect the dog's quality of life. Prostatic disorders often have an asymptomatic onset and their early diagnosis is difficult: hence, they are usually identified at an advanced stage, only. Traditionally, the diagnosis of prostatic disorders is based on noninvasive tools, such as transrectal and abdominal palpation, seminal or prostatic fluid evaluation, and urinalysis and imaging. On the other hand, a definite diagnosis of prostatic abnormalities could be achieved through prostatic parenchyma Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) or biopsy. However, these investigations are performed rarely because of their invasiveness. Thus, several authors investigated canine serum biomarkers in order to achieve an earlier diagnostic timing and to apply therapeutic strategies for better outcomes. The Canine Prostatic Specific Esterase (CPSE) has been identified as a suitable biomarker to be included in a prostate health screening program, following the model of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in human medicine. A higher CPSE in dogs suffering from several prostatic diseases, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, bacterial prostatitis, or prostatic carcinoma, was reported in literature. Thanks to the potential usefulness in clinical practice, further studies should investigate the potential role of CPSE in monitoring the medical treatment success in the male reproductive system. Moreover, the spreading availability of serum biomarkers, easily carried out on blood samples in clinical practice, could assure a more accurate evaluation of the actual prevalence of prostatic disorders. The CPSE is actually recognized as a promising diagnostic tool for the detection of prostatic disorders in a "prostate health screening program," in order to properly select those patients requiring further more accurate and expensive diagnostic investigations.  相似文献   

2.
The present study investigated the histological prevalence of subclinical prostatic disease in a canine mixed-breed population. The reliability of digital rectal examination (DRE) as a screening test for subclinical prostatic disease was also evaluated. DRE was performed on 500 male dogs (age range 1 to 21 years) before the dogs died of diseases not related to the prostate. Necropsies of these dogs were performed and prostates were collected for histological evaluation. The overall prevalence of subclinical prostatic disease was 75.6%. The most prevalent subclinical prostatic diseases were benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (44.8%), prostatitis (23.6%) and prostatic neoplasia (3.6%). The prevalence of subclinical BPH and prostatic neoplasia increased with age but that of prostatitis was not influenced by age. The prevalence of subclinical BPH and prostatitis were higher in intact than castrated dogs. DRE had a high specificity (75%) and positive predictive value (87%), but a low sensitivity (53%) and negative predictive value (34%).  相似文献   

3.
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is overexpressed in human prostate carcinomas (PCs), and its inhibition decreases proliferation and induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines. We hypothesized that 5-LO would be overexpressed in canine PC compared with benign prostate tissue and may be important in the pathogenesis of the disease. Immunoblot analysis of canine PC and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues demonstrated 5-LO expression in both. 5-LO immunohistochemical staining was not significantly different within the stromal or epithelial components of canine primary PC, BPH or suppurative prostatitis, suggesting that differential expression of this enzyme does not occur in these conditions. The percentage of tumour cells expressing 5-LO was significantly lower in metastatic PC lesions compared with primary PC (P < 0.0001). This decreased expression may indicate down-regulation or altered expression of the enzyme with progression of canine PC to a metastatic phenotype.  相似文献   

4.
Due to the increased attention that pet‐owners devote to their animals and to the improved veterinary care, investigations regarding methods to early detect prostatic disorders that might affect canine life quality have been performed. Canine prostate specific esterase (CPSE) concentration was reported to be higher in dogs suffering from prostatic diseases. This study aimed to estimate the CPSE threshold as a biomarker to early identify prostatic diseases in asymptomatic dogs. The ultrasonographic examination of the prostate was performed in 19 dogs (6–40 kg; 1–5 years) with no symptoms of prostatic diseases. Dogs were grouped according to the presence (Group A) or absence (Group B) of prostatic disorders at the ultrasound (altered appearance, the presence of cysts or irregular borders). For each dog, a venous blood sample was collected to measure serum CPSE and the ratio between calculated and normal expected prostatic volume was assessed for each dog. The CPSE data were statistically analysed (t test, p < .05), and the CPSE threshold in blood serum between groups was calculated by ROC. In 11 dogs, ultrasonography showed signs of prostatic abnormalities (Group A, 2–5 years), while no signs were detected in eight dogs (Group B, 1–3 years). The calculated/estimated volume ratio resulted greater than 1.5 in Group A dogs. The CPSE was statistically different between groups (p < .0001): higher in Group A (mean = 184.9, SD = 126 ng/ml) than in Group B (38.9 ± 22.1 ng/ml). The cut‐off CPSE threshold was 52.3 ng/ml (ROC, AUC = 0.974, SE 95.6%, SP 89.2%). This study suggests that CPSE serum concentration higher than 50 ng/ml in asymptomatic dogs is associated with ultrasonographic alterations and increased the prostatic size (volume by 1.5 times greater than the normal size). As the onset of prostatic disorders often remains asymptomatic, the rapid assessment of CPSE could be suitable for selecting preventively those animals that would require further accurate evaluation.  相似文献   

5.
The prostate gland of 11 normal dogs and five dogs with histological confirmed chronic lymphocytic or lymphoplasmocytic prostatitis were imaged with grey-scale and Doppler ultrasound. Three vessel types (prostatic artery, capsular artery and parenchymal artery) were identified with color Doppler and the resistive index and maximum and minimum velocities were measured with pulsed wave Doppler. No differences between normal dogs and dogs with prostatitis was identified in either grey-scale ultrasound or in any Doppler parameters measured. Regardless of histologic diagnosis, acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg IV) caused a significant decrease in capsular artery maximum and minimum velocities and prostatic artery resistive index. This study establishes normal Doppler ultrasound parameters for the intact male canine prostate gland. Additional studies are necessary to further evaluate the clinical utility of Doppler ultrasound in canine prostatic diseases.  相似文献   

6.
Total acid phosphatase (TAP), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and non-prostatic acid phosphatase (NPAP) serum concentrations were determined using a spectrophotometric technique in 52 healthy dogs, 15 male dogs suffering from non-prostatic diseases and in 19 dogs suffering from prostatic diseases (12 dogs with benign prostatic hypertrophy and seven dogs with prostatic adenocarcinoma). TAP, PAP and NPAP serum concentrations did not differ between normal male and normal female dogs. Dogs with prostatic adenocarcinoma had significantly higher TAP, PAP and NPAP serum concentrations than dogs with benign prostatic hypertrophy, normal dogs and dogs with non-prostatic disease. The authors conclude that low serum concentrations of TAP and PAP do not rule out prostatic adenocarcinoma in the dog, but elevated concentrations can be useful criteria for the diagnosis of canine prostatic cancer.  相似文献   

7.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an age-dependent primarily non-inflammatory enlargement of the accessory gland in the intact dog. The aim of the present study was to control a previously raised suspicion of a breed-related higher incidence of BPH in dogs of the Rhodesian Ridgeback breed. For this, 18 Labrador Retrievers/LR and 20 Rhodesian Ridgebacks/RR were assigned to the age groups 18–24 months (n = 12), 25–48 months (n = 13) and 49–72 months (n = 13). Prostate gland status was determined by rectal palpation, B-mode ultrasound, calculation of the prostate gland volume and semen analysis regarding haemospermia and was classified according to blood plasma concentrations of canine prostate-specific arginine esterase (CPSE) (normal ≤ 60 ng/ml, increased ≥ 61 ng/ml; Pinheiro et al., 2017). Concentrations of testosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone and estradiol were analysed in peripheral blood serum or plasma for detecting breed-specific conditions regarding the endocrine metabolism. Prostatic volume was significantly larger in RR irrespective of the CPSE status. In RR, BPH occurred more frequently and started at an earlier age compared with the LR. Breed-related specificities in steroid metabolism in the RR were indicated by correlations of 5α-dihydrotestosterone and estradiol with age and of testosterone with prostate gland volume. Although the incidence of sonographic signs of BPH and haemospermia did not fit with normal and increased CPSE concentrations, a breed-specific higher incidence of BPH in the RR breed could be clearly verified.  相似文献   

8.
The zinc‐binding proteins (ZnBPs) of the seminal plasma are implicated in different processes related to sperm–egg fusion. The aim of this study was to characterize the ZnBPs of canine seminal plasma using two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D‐PAGE) and mass spectrometry. The ZnBPs were isolated from the ejaculates of five dogs by affinity chromatography and subjected to 2D‐PAGE analysis. The acquired spots, detected across the gels, were analysed by mass spectrometry. Using 2D‐PAGE analysis, it was shown that canine seminal plasma comprised about 46–57 zinc‐binding polypeptides, with molecular mass ranging from 9.3 to 138.7 kDa and pI at pH 5.2–10.0. It was found that zinc‐binding polypeptides of low molecular masses (9.3–19.0 kDa and pI at pH 6.1–10.0) were predominant in the seminal plasma, and seven polypeptides, with molecular masses ranging from 11.7 to 15.4 kDa and pI at pH 6.8–8.7, were characterized by high optical density values. In addition, analysis with mass spectrometry (LC‐MS‐MS/MS) revealed that the identified seven polypeptides are canine prostate‐specific esterase (CPSE), which is the main proteolytic enzyme of the seminal plasma. The findings of this study indicate an important regulatory role of seminal plasma zinc ions in the functional activity of CPSE, which is of great significance for maintaining the normal function of canine prostate and the spermatozoa functions.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract: A marked increase in serum pancreatic lipase (PL) activity with minimal concurrent increase in serum α-amylase activity was observed in 6 dogs with pancreatic or hepatic neoplasia. Serum PL activity ranged from 5410 U/L to 42,900 U/L, 11 to 93 times the upper reference limit for our laboratory. Neoplasms included pancreatic adenocarcinoma (n=3), endocrine carcinoma (n=2), and hepatic carcinoma of unknown origin (n=1). Tumor tissue and normal canine pancreatic tissue were stained histochemically with diastase periodic acid-Schiff to demonstrate zymogen granule content, and immunohistochemically with human monoclonal antibody for PL. Normal canine pancreatic tissue stained positive for both zymogen granule content and PL. Five of the 6 tumors stained positive for zymogen granule content, and 2 of the 6 tumors stained positive for PL. Together, the his-tochemical and immunohistochemical staining patterns suggested tumor PL production in 5 of the 6 dogs. Marked, unexplained hyperlipasemia may be a noninvasive indicator and biochemical marker for neoplasia of the pancreas and liver in dogs.  相似文献   

10.
A retrospective analysis was made of radiographs from 24 clinically normal young adult male Beagles used in previously reported base-line research on the distal male urinary tract. The ventrodorsal and craniocaudal prostate gland dimensions were measured, as visualized on the lateral radiographic view, and expressed as a ratio of the distance between the cranial aspect of the public bone and the sacral promontory. In 17 of these 24 dogs, there was sufficient image clarity to permit confident measurement of prostatic dimensions. From these data, the largest acceptable prostatic dimension, as visualized on the lateral radiographic view, was 70% of the public-promontory distance. A retrospective analysis was made of 30 cases of canine prostatic disease, with the objective of identifying the radiographic (survey and distention retrograde urethrocystogram) appearance most often associated with the various spontaneous prostatic diseases. Prostatomegaly was not specific for the cause of prostatic disease, except if the apparent parenchymal dimensions were greater than or equal to 90% of the public-promontory distance wherein neoplasia, abscess, and paraprostatic cysts (readily differentiated from diffuse intraparenchymal disease by ultrasonography) were the principle considerations. Multifocal, irregularly shaped, parenchymal mineral densities were observed only in dogs with prostatic carcinoma (4/7 cases) or prostatitis (1 case of chronic prostatitis). Narrowing of the prostatic portion of the urethra was observed only in association with abscess, neoplasm, or noninflammatory nonneoplastic disease (possibly benign hypertrophy/hyperplasia), whereas widening of this part of the urethra was not observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

11.
Prostate cancer has been modeled in various species, including dogs, mice, and rats. A common method involves the use of transplanted prostate cancer cell lines. The Lobund-Wistar (LW) rat model of prostate cancer allows for the use of models involving either autochthonous prostate cancer or transplantation of a cell line (PAIII), originally derived from a LW rat. The origin of autochthonous prostate tumors in the LW rat is unknown, though suspected to originate from the seminal vesicles. Likewise, the prostatic origin of the PAIII cell line is also uncertain. To determine if the PAIII cell line is derived from the prostate, subcutaneous PAIII tumors from LW rats underwent immunohistochemical labeling for prostate specific antigen (PSA), a prostate-specific serine protease. All 5 PAIII tumors demonstrated labeling for PSA, supporting a prostatic origin for the PAIII cell line.  相似文献   

12.
Historical and physical signs associated with prostatic disease diagnosed in dogs over a 5.5-year period were defined. One hundred seventy-seven male dogs were determined to have prostatic abnormality. Of the 177 dogs, 87 were determined to have specific prostatic disease. The most common prostatic disease identified in this study was bacterial prostatitis, followed by prostatic cyst, prostatic adenocarcinoma, and benign hyperplasia. The most common prostatic disease identified in neutered dogs was prostatic adenocarcinoma. Mean age at onset of prostatic disease was 8.9 years; statistically significant difference was not observed between age at onset of the various types of prostatic disease identified. Doberman Pinscher was the most common breed with prostate disease. Twenty-nine percent of dogs with a specifically identifiable prostatic disease had signs of systemic illness, 41% had signs of lower urinary tract disease, 28% had signs of gastrointestinal tract abnormalities, and 13% had signs of locomotor difficulty.  相似文献   

13.
In small animal practice, prostatic diseases are increasingly encountered. All dogs may experience prostatic disease, but particular care should be addressed to breeding dogs, in which prostatic affection may lead to decrease in semen quality and fertility. The most common prostatic disease is the benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) followed by prostatitis, prostatic neoplasia and prostate squamous metaplasia. These diseases do not have pathognomonic symptoms, therefore, making a correct diagnosis may not be easy. An accurate clinical examination and a correct diagnostic protocol are essential in order to begin the most appropriate treatment, and also to do a good prophylaxis where it is possible. BPH therapy is usually recommended when mild‐severe signs are present or if symptoms disturb the patient. New therapeutic approaches, both medical and surgical, allow to maintain fertility in most animals with prostatic disorders. Prostate cancer is relatively infrequent. Elective therapy is the surgical one, but it is considered palliative and can result in important post‐operative complications. The aim of this paper is to lay down the most appropriate diagnostic process describing the aetiologies of prostatic disease, their symptoms, the right investigative tools and therapy.  相似文献   

14.
Prostatic carcinoma is an important cancer in both men and dogs. Dogs have been a valuable animal model for investigating prostate cancer, but their relevance is unclear as the origin of canine prostatic carcinomas is unknown. We hypothesized that a proteomic approach for diagnosis of these neoplasms might provide quantitative data useful for more complete characterization of their origin. Protein expression profiles were prepared from normal canine prostate glands and bladders. The normal protein profiles were then compared with protein expression profiles of three canine prostatic carcinomas. Two‐dimensional differential in‐gel electrophoresis (2‐D DIGE) was used to analyse an average of approximately 1000 proteins per carcinoma. When compared with normal prostate tissue, the carcinomas exhibited greater than 2.5‐fold difference in expression for an average of 230 proteins. Similar proteomic comparisons between the carcinomas and the normal bladder revealed a greater than 2.5‐fold difference in expression for an average of 208 proteins. Mass spectrometry and protein database homology were used to identify nine proteins (α‐enolase, vimentin, GRP78, endoplasmin (GRP94), albumin, keratins 7 and 8, haptoglobin, and transferrin) overexpressed by the carcinomas. Statistical testing demonstrated that keratin 7, GRP78, and endoplasmin were significantly overexpressed in the carcinomas compared with normal prostate or bladder. Principal components analysis revealed that the carcinomas formed a unique cluster distinct from either the normal prostate or normal bladder. In conclusion, proteomic analysis revealed that whereas the majority of proteins expressed by canine prostatic carcinomas are also expressed by normal and neoplastic bladder and prostate tissue, the carcinomas contained unique protein components that allowed their segregation as a distinct group separate from normal canine prostate and bladder. Additionally, several proteins uniquely expressed by canine prostatic carcinomas were also identified.  相似文献   

15.
An Escherichia coli bacterial prostatitis was experimentally induced in dogs to determine the effect of castration on chronic bacterial prostatitis. Two weeks after instillation of bacteria directly into the prostate gland, 17 of 22 adult mixed-breed male dogs had positive urine or prostatic fluid cultures or both. Seven of the 17 dogs were randomly chosen to be castrated, and 10 of the 17 served as sham-operated controls. At weekly intervals, urine was obtained from 17 dogs for aerobic microbiologic culturing. At each week, dogs with no bacterial growth in the cultured urine had prostatic fluid collected for aerobic microbiologic culture. Dogs with negative urine, prostatic fluid, and prostatic tissue needle biopsy culture results at week 7 were euthanatized. For remaining dogs, weekly cultures were continued until the dogs were euthanatized at week 12. None of the 7 castrated dogs and 6 of the 10 dogs subject to sham operation had prostatic infection at the time of necropsy. The castrated dogs had a mean infection duration of 4.2 weeks, which was statistically shorter than the 9.5-week mean duration of infection in the sham-operated controls. Cultures of prostatic tissue obtained immediately after euthanasia correlated 100% with urine and prostatic fluid cultures taken before euthanasia. All of the 6 dogs with positive prostatic cultures at termination had moderate to marked lymphoplasmacytic chronic prostatitis. The 11 dogs that were not infected at the end of the study had normal to moderate lymphoplasmacytic chronic prostatitis on histologic examination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

16.
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17.
The seminal volume of young adult Beagles was correlated with the size of and disease in their prostates. The ejaculate volume of naturally collected semen increased in a linear manner with prostatic weight in dogs with normal or glandular hyperplastic prostates. This correlation was not observed in the dogs with cystic hyperplasia, in which there was a reduction in volume of 50% in the semen produced for each gram of prostate. There were no significant differences in other seminal characteristics regardless of prostatic size of disease.  相似文献   

18.
Bone scintigraphy was used to diagnose osseous metastasis of prostatic adenocarcinoma in a 10-year-old dog with neck pain and ataxia and a large, sensitive prostate gland. Although radiography revealed a normal spine, prostatic fluid cytologic and ultrasonographic findings were compatible with prostatitis or neoplasia. Scintigraphic hot spots were seen in the axial skeleton, ribs, pelvis, humerus, and femur and corresponded to sites of metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma.  相似文献   

19.
Vascular perfusion was assessed in 10 dogs without prostatic abnormalities and 26 dogs with prostatic disease using contrast‐enhanced ultrasound. The time to reach peak contrast intensity (TTP) and peak perfusion intensity (PPI) were measured, and histological biopsies were collected from each dog. Biopsies confirmed normal prostate (n = 10), benign prostatic hyperplasia (n = 11), mixed benign pathology (n = 9), prostatitis (n = 1), prostatic malignancy [adenocarcinoma (n = 4); leiomyosarcoma (n = 1)]. In normal dogs, mean PPI was 16.8% ± 5.8 SD, and mean TTP was 33.6 ± 6.4 s. Benign conditions overall were not statistically different from normal dogs (p > 0.05); for benign prostatic hyperplasia, mean PPI was 16.9 ± 3.8%, and mean TTP was 26.2 ± 5.8 s; for mixed benign pathology mean PPI was 14.8 ± 7.8%, and mean TTP was 31.9 ± 9.7 s; for prostatitis, PPI was 14.2%, and TTP was 25.9 s. The malignant conditions overall had perfusion values that differed from the normal dogs (p < 0.05), although evaluation of the data for individual malignancies did not demonstrate a consistent trend; for adenocarcinomas, the PPI was numerically higher with a mean of 23.7 ± 1.9%, and the mean TTP was 26.9 ± 4.8 s, whilst for the dog with leiomyosarcoma values were numerically lower with a PPI of 14.1% and TTP of 41.3 s. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound appears to offer some ability to document differences in perfusion that may differentiate between malignant and benign lesions, although studies with larger numbers of animals are required to confirm this contention.  相似文献   

20.
Bacterial culture and cytology of semen, bacterial culture and cytology of prostatic fluid washings, urinalysis, bacterial culture of urine, and blood leukocyte counts were performed on specimens from dogs with prostatic hyperplasia, chronic prostatitis, or prostatic neoplasia. Hemorrhage was the most frequent abnormal finding in semen from dogs with prostatic hyperplasia. Inflammation was the most frequent abnormal finding in dogs with chronic prostatitis. Bacterial culture of semen was sensitive but not specific for chronic bacterial prostatitis, due to false-positive results from urethral contamination. Hemorrhage was the most frequent abnormal finding in prostatic fluid washings from dogs with prostatic hyperplasia. Inflammation was the most frequent abnormal finding in dogs with chronic prostatitis. Abnormal epithelial cells were found after prostatic massage in 4 dogs with neoplasia, although these cells were difficult to identify as neoplastic. Prostatic fluid washings were not useful for detecting chronic bacterial prostatitis, due to an inability to detect increases in bacterial counts in the fluid when urine bacterial counts were high. Hematuria was the predominant abnormal finding in urinalysis from dogs with hyperplasia and neoplasia. Pyuria was the most frequent abnormal finding in dogs with chronic prostatitis. Urine was usually culture-positive when there was prostatic infection. Blood leukocyte counts were normal in dogs with prostatic hyperplasia and usually normal in dogs with neoplasia. Leukocytosis, a left shift, and toxic white blood cells were predictive of abscessation, although the blood leukocyte count was not a very sensitive indicator for infection without abscessation.  相似文献   

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