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1.
对棉属 A、D、G三个染色体组合成的三元杂种 [陆地棉× (亚洲棉×比克氏棉 ) ]及反交和回交后代 ,四元杂种 [(亚洲棉×比克氏棉 )× (陆地棉×夏威夷棉 ) ]进行了细胞学研究。结果表明 ,三元杂种 F1以及回交后代 BC4 F1分离出的不育株、四元杂种 F1不育的主要原因是花粉母细胞减数分裂异常 ,主要表现为 :大部分染色体为单价体 ,仅有少量配对成二价体 ,后期 两极分配不均匀 ,出现多极分离现象 ,并有落后染色体出现。末期出现大量多分孢子和不正常的四分孢子 ,从而不能形成正常的花粉粒。三元杂种回交后代 BC4 F1中的部分可育型 ,花粉母细胞进行减数分裂时 ,大部分染色体都能联会配对 ,仅个别为单价体 ,因而形成的花粉粒仅部分正常。 BC4 F1的可育型花粉母细胞进行减数分裂时 ,染色体配对正常 ,表明育性恢复 ,结实正常。此外 ,四元杂种花粉母细胞进行减数分裂时 ,在后期 形成了染色体“桥” 相似文献
2.
将(亚洲棉×草棉)F1进行染色体加倍,再与(陆地棉×海岛棉)F1进行杂交,产生亚洲棉、草棉、陆地棉和海岛棉四元杂种.对四元杂种F1进行15年的嫁接保存,对其花粉活力进行几年连续测定,并进行自交和回交.结果表明,四元杂种可育花粉率和弱生活力花粉率在逐年增加,不育花粉率逐年减少,其中弱生活力花粉增加到占10%以上,并能获得回交和自交种子.染色体组分析结果表明,四元杂种PMC减数分裂中期的染色体构型为2n=52=4.92Ⅰ 14.62Ⅱ 2.29Ⅲ 1.56Ⅳ 0.71Ⅴ 0.19Ⅵ,而15年前该四元杂种的染色体构型为2n=52=8.4Ⅰ 8.1Ⅱ 5.7Ⅲ 1.9Ⅳ 0.6Ⅴ.长期活体保存使四元杂种PMC减数分裂中期的每个细胞单价体数减少3.5个,二价体数增加6.5个,且多价体数也有明显减少.说明活体保存有利于协调染色体组之间的关系,使其染色体构型趋于协调和平衡,育性逐渐改善和恢复. 相似文献
3.
三元杂种[陆地棉×(亚洲棉×比克氏棉)]的回交后代BC4F1发生疯狂分离,在各个性状上都表现出特殊的变异类型,在育性上分离出三种类型可育株,部分可育株,不育株。对这三种类型和三元杂种F1花粉母细胞减数分裂的观察表明,三元杂种F1及回交后代的不育株减数分裂表现异常,大多染色体不能联会配对,以单价体的形式存在,且有落后染色体、三价体、四体环的出现,在末期形成了不正常的四分孢子和多分孢子,这是不育的主要原因;部分可育株,大部分染色体联会配对成棒状二价体,个别为单价体;可育株染色体配对正常,能形成可育的花粉粒。 相似文献
4.
花粉母细胞(PMC)压片观察{[陆地棉(G.hirsutum L)×索马里棉(G.somalense Grke)]×海岛棉(G.barbadense)}的三元杂种及[(陆地棉×索马里棉)×陆地棉]的二元杂种中期Ⅰ染色体构型,这两个杂种都是异源五倍体(2n=5x=65),比较了两个杂种形成的多价体、二价体及单价体的频率。三元杂种具有多价体的PMC占22.03％,具有棒状二价体的PMC占57.29％,而二元杂种分别为8.33％和31.74％。三元杂种形成异源多价体和棒状二价体的频率比二元杂种高一倍。以上结果暗示在三交种的异源五倍体减数分裂中,存在同源染色体与部分同源染色体竞争联会现象,进而增加了异源易位的频率,有利于E_2染色体组基因渐渗到AD染色体组。 相似文献
5.
二倍体栽培棉种草棉和亚洲棉的核型比较研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
以二倍体栽培棉种草棉(Gossypium herbaceumL.)3个品种和亚洲棉(G.arboreum L.)6个品种,以及1个亚洲棉与草棉种间杂种 F_1为材料,进行核型分析。结果表明,草棉和亚洲棉在核型上基本相似,其主要差异是草棉具有2对 st 染色体,而亚洲棉中没有;虽然2个棉种的核型类别都属于2A 型,但草棉的核型比亚洲棉更对称,属于较原始的类型。来 相似文献
6.
三元杂种 [(亚洲棉×比克氏棉 )×陆地棉 ]及其反交的回交后代在性状上发生疯狂分离 ,在育性上分离出 3种类型 :可育型、不完全可育型、不育型。对这 3种类型及三元杂种F1减数分裂及其花粉的形成过程观察表明 ,三元杂种F1及回交后代的不育型 ,不育的根本原因在于减数分裂中期染色体不能正常配对 ,引起部分染色体滞后及染色体不均等分配 ,从而产生多分孢子和微核 ,最终导致不育花粉的产生 ;不完全可育型 ,大部分染色体联合配对成二价体 ,仅个别为单价体 ,这些单价体在后期随机向两极分离 ,产生的二分孢子有的正常 ,有的不正常 ,进而形成的花粉粒仅个别正常 ;可育株染色体配对正常 ,因而形成的花粉粒可育 相似文献
7.
用常规石蜡切片法，对草棉×异常棉（Ａ１×Ｂ１）、草棉×长须棉（Ａ１×Ｂ３）两个杂种一代与各自双亲之一的异常棉和长须棉的雌配子体发育进行了比较研究。结果表明，两个杂种一代大孢子母细胞减数分裂的起始时间比亲本推迟１～２ｄ，减数分裂过程持续时间多２ｄ，雌性败育主要发生在四分孢子到大孢子期间，Ａ１×Ｂ１Ｆ１和Ａ１×Ｂ３Ｆ１败育胚囊分别占观察总数的６６．７％和７１．０％，且在单核至成熟胚囊期间也有较多的异常胚囊类型。败育的主要原因是产生胚囊的大孢子染色体组成不完整。两个杂种在开花前一天的花蕾中，正常成熟的胚囊分别占１５．４％和１０．４％，表明这两个野生种与栽培种草棉亲缘关系较近 相似文献
8.
三个棉属种间杂种花粉母细胞减数分裂观察 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对棉属３个种间杂种ＴＭ－１×石系亚１号、ＴＭ－１×辣根棉和ＴＭ－１×瑟伯氏棉花粉母细胞的减数分裂进行了观察。结果表明，３个杂种多数花粉母细胞中期Ⅰ的染色体构型为１３Ⅱ＋１３Ⅰ。二价体联会成环状、棒状或Ｖ型。ＴＭ－１×辣根棉杂种的二价体联会较紧密。杂种除正常的染色体组ＡＡ和ＤＤ联会外，还发生ＡＤ联会及出现多价体。中期Ⅰ单价体大部分分散于赤道板两侧，并较早移向两级。个别二价体也不排列在赤道板上。二价体向两极移动时常形成染色体＂桥＂，使这些染色体移动速度减慢，导致细胞分裂不同步。此外，在第一次分裂和第二次分裂中都能看到落后染色体、远离大多数染色体的零星染色体、孤立的染色体群等现象。后期Ⅱ的花粉母细胞可形成较多的核仁。在四分孢子期，３个种间杂种既产生四分体，也形成二、三、五、六乃至十分体。ＴＭ－１×石系亚１号、×辣根棉、×瑟伯氏棉杂种的四分体数分别为７０．２％、６３．１％和３５．１％。 相似文献
9.
(亚洲棉×比克氏棉)F1双二倍体不育系的花粉败育机理研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
用亚洲棉与比克氏棉进行杂交,对杂种F1进行染色体加倍,获得(亚洲棉×比克氏棉)F1双二倍体。(亚洲棉×比克氏棉)F1双二倍体后代中分离出可育和不育两种类型。不育系形态特征与可育系相似,整体性状似父本比克氏棉,多数花为闭花授粉。花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体观察结果表明,不育系与可育系细胞的染色体数目相同,但不育系的单价体较多,染色体构型为2n=52=7.07I+18.13II+2.00III+0.67IV,二价体平均交叉数为1.91;可育系的染色体构型为2n=52=3.09I+23.79II+0.39III+0.04IV,二价体平均交叉数为1.91。另外,不育虽能形成明显的赤道板,但异常的纺缍体使在赤道板上的染色体方向各异,后期I染色体分向两极数目不均等,一些配对染色体成整体运动,而不分向两极。中期II中出现染色体不同步。后期II出现各种畸形孢子群,结果产生各类不育花粉粒。 相似文献
10.
四倍体栽培棉与二倍体野生棉杂种PMC-FISH研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
首次将PMC-FISH（花粉母细胞荧光原位杂交）技术应用于四倍体栽培棉与二倍体野生棉杂交所形成的三倍体杂种棉F1中,成功的鉴定了目标染色体中的单价体、双价体、多价体,还发现在非目标染色体上有星状和片段状的杂交信号。在以A组棉基因组DNA作为探针的PMC-FISH中,分别对三倍体杂种棉F1及其母本四倍体栽培棉的减数分裂中期I的染色体构型进行了鉴定。结果显示,四个三倍体杂种棉F1的减数分裂时期染色体的构型分别是：陆地棉(AD)1×雷蒙德氏棉（D5）为1IIIaad + 1IIaa + 4IIad + 7IIdd + 5Ⅰa + 7Ⅰd;海岛棉(AD)2×旱地棉（D4）为1Ⅴaaaad +1IIIadd + 2IIad + 8IIdd + 6Ⅰa + 5Ⅰd;陆地棉(AD)1×澳洲棉（C3）为2IIIadd (adc or acc) + 1IIaa + 9Ⅰa + 4IIcc (dc or dd) + 14Ⅰd (c);陆地棉(AD)1×南岱华棉（C1-n）为：1IIaa + 1IIad (ac)+ 10Ⅰa + 6IIcc (dc or dd) + 13Ⅰd (c)。然而,两个四倍体棉染色体的构型都是13IIaa + 13IIdd。上述结果还显示, AD×D的两个杂种组合中,二价体多,单价体少,AD×C的两个杂种组合中,二价体少,单价体多;并且AD×D型杂种中A亚组染色体单体的数目比其在AD×C型杂种中的更少。这说明,与C染色体组相比较,D染色体组与四倍体棉种的亲缘关系更近。同时,我们的结果也证明PMC-FISH技术在分析三倍体杂种棉F1的亲缘关系中起着不可取代的作用。 相似文献
11.
Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed. 相似文献
12.
C. J. Spurr D. A. Fulton P. H. Brown R. J. Clark 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2002,188(4):275-280
Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality. 相似文献
13.
G. H. Kroon 《Euphytica》1994,76(1-2):125-125
Summary
K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes. 相似文献
14.
Jens Jensen 《Euphytica》1979,28(1):47-56
Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans. 相似文献
15.
Hongyan WEI Jian ZHOU Jinguang LU Jingzheng SONG Qiongxi YU Zhihong JIANG 《Medicinal Plant》2019,(6):27-29
[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol... 相似文献
16.
Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed. 相似文献
17.
Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes. 相似文献
18.
W. Erskine M. Tufail A. Russell M. C. Tyagi M. M. Rahman M. C. Saxena 《Euphytica》1993,73(1-2):127-135
Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed. 相似文献
19.
D. A. Bond G. J. Jellis G. G. Rowland J. Le Guen L. D. Robertson S. A. Khalil L. Li-Juan 《Euphytica》1993,73(1-2):151-166
Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses. 相似文献
20.
Chunli TANG Fengxian ZHAO Hongxia CHEN Jiabao MA Jiangcun WEI Meiyan QIU Zhen XIE 《Medicinal Plant》2019,(6):60-65
[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination... 相似文献