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WOODWARD 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》1998,21(1):47-53
The safety evaluation of veterinary drugs intended for use in food producing animals relies heavily on the results of toxicity studies in laboratory animals, supported where possible by any data resulting from human exposure. The general approach involves the calculation of an acceptable daily intake which in turn can be used to elaborate maximum residue limits. It is an approach used in the European Union, in other countries and at the international level. In recent years, concern has been expressed over the presence of microbiologically active residues of veterinary drugs in food and their possible effects on the human gastrointestinal microflora. Methodologies for conducting microbiological safety studies have been investigated and approaches to microbiological safety assessments have been debated. The whole approach has proved to be controversial, partly because there are considerable doubts over the ability of low concentrations of antibiotic substances to produce adverse effects on the human gut flora and partly because there are no validated methods for testing for these attributes. This paper reviews the problems in some detail and discusses the regulatory consequences. 相似文献
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Reeves PT 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2007,30(1):1-17
Residues of veterinary drugs have potential implications for human food safety and international trade in animal-derived food commodities. A particular concern is the slow depletion of residues of some injectable formulations from the site of administration. Licensing authorities have adopted different approaches to the human food safety assessment of injection site residues. European agencies apply the maximum residue limit (MRL) for muscle to muscle at the injection site and specify a withdrawal period sufficient to ensure the ingestion of a 300 g portion of muscle, if comprised entirely of injection site tissue, does not exceed the acceptable daily intake. The agencies in Australia, Canada and the USA also exclude injection site residues from the MRL-setting process. These agencies evaluate the risk to consumers posed by potential acute manifestations resulting from the infrequent ingestion of injection site residues based on acute dietary exposure considerations. While all of these approaches protect the safety of consumers, the adoption of different approaches has potential implications for residue surveillance programs in the international trade in meat. In particular, when an exporting country establishes standards for residues at injection sites based on acute dietary exposure considerations and the importing country assesses these residues against the MRL for muscle, the unnecessary condemnation of meat and disruption to market access may result. The latter may represent a potential economical impost to the exporting country. An internationally harmonized approach to the risk analysis of residues of veterinary drugs at injection sites, which protects the safety of consumers and facilitates the international trade in meat, is needed. 相似文献
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为便于中国兽药残留标准的改进和相关法规体系的建立提供参考,同时为中国畜产品贸易提供数据参考,保障人们的饮食安全,促进中国畜产品经济的更好发展,本研究首先对中国新国标GB 31650-2019《食品安全国家标准食品中兽药最大残留限量》中规定的猪组织中兽药残留种类和兽药最大残留限量（MRLs）标准进行了简单分析;然后对美国、欧盟、日本和食品法典委员会（CAC）规定的猪组织中兽药残留种类和兽药MRLs标准与中国新国标进行对比,通过对规定兽药总数、中国没有规定而其他标准有规定的兽药种类、其他标准严于中国标准的兽药种类等几项内容的比较,找出差异。结果显示,中国新国标做出了更加详细的补充和修改;从整体上来看,中国规定的猪组织中兽药MRLs标准越来越完善,大部分标准与欧盟、美国、日本和CAC规定标准的差距也越来越小,然而在部分种类兽药MRLs标准的规定方面和这些国家或组织仍有一定的差距。中国需加强与各个发达国家和组织的交流与合作,推进中国的兽药残留标准的发展,加快对动物产品质量安全标准的更新。 相似文献
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鸡蛋药物残留研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
国内外鸡蛋药物残留主要包括合成抗菌药物（磺胺类药物、喹诺酮类药物和硝基咪唑类药物）、抗生素类药物（四环素类、大环内酯类、氯霉素类及其他抗生素类药物）、抗球虫药物（聚醚类药物）及农药等。这些药物都是常见的家禽用药,由于其效果好、价格低廉、抗菌谱广等被广泛应用。但药物残留直接危害人体健康,且细菌对该类药物较易产生耐药性,耐药菌株可通过食物链向人类传递,此外鸡蛋药物的残留也可导致人体内敏感细菌产生耐药性,该现象已引起了全世界的关注。目前对动物性食品药物残留进行监测是确保食品安全和人类健康的最后一道防线。因此鸡蛋常见药物残留的监测技术的研究,可确保鸡蛋食用安全性,提高鸡蛋的质量,保障人体健康,增强国际贸易竞争力。 相似文献
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Mathematical modeling and simulation in animal health – Part II: principles,methods, applications,and value of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in veterinary medicine and food safety assessment 
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下载免费PDF全文 Z. Lin R. Gehring J. P. Mochel T. Lavé J. E. Riviere 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2016,39(5):421-438
This review provides a tutorial for individuals interested in quantitative veterinary pharmacology and toxicology and offers a basis for establishing guidelines for physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model development and application in veterinary medicine. This is important as the application of PBPK modeling in veterinary medicine has evolved over the past two decades. PBPK models can be used to predict drug tissue residues and withdrawal times in food‐producing animals, to estimate chemical concentrations at the site of action and target organ toxicity to aid risk assessment of environmental contaminants and/or drugs in both domestic animals and wildlife, as well as to help design therapeutic regimens for veterinary drugs. This review provides a comprehensive summary of PBPK modeling principles, model development methodology, and the current applications in veterinary medicine, with a focus on predictions of drug tissue residues and withdrawal times in food‐producing animals. The advantages and disadvantages of PBPK modeling compared to other pharmacokinetic modeling approaches (i.e., classical compartmental/noncompartmental modeling, nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling, and interspecies allometric scaling) are further presented. The review finally discusses contemporary challenges and our perspectives on model documentation, evaluation criteria, quality improvement, and offers solutions to increase model acceptance and applications in veterinary pharmacology and toxicology. 相似文献
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新兽药安全评价与评审 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
对国内外兽药安全评价与风险评估的概念与内容,新兽药研发流程与安全性评价流程,新兽药评审与评价区别进行了论述,并对新兽药安全性评价研究工作目的与结果评价,风险评估与食品安全,特别是每日允许摄入量（ADI）制订和最高残留限量（MRL）的制订等方面进行了论述。对国内企业开发用于食用动物的新兽药有一定指导作用。 相似文献
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Functions of veterinarians in the context of food safety assurance have changed very much in the last ten years as a consequence of new legislation. The aim of this review is to evaluate the management tools in veterinary public health that shall be used in response to the actual need and consider some possible key performance indicators. This review involved an examination of the legislation, guidelines and literature, which was then discussed to analyse the actual need, the strategies and the procedures with which the public veterinary service shall comply. The management of information gathered at different stages of the food chain, from both food production operators and veterinary inspectors operating in primary production, food processing and feed production should be exchanged and integrated in a database, not only to produce annual reports and plan national sampling plans, but also to verify and validate the effectiveness of procedures and strategies implemented by food safety operators to control risks. Further, the surveillance data from environmental agencies and human epidemiological units should be used for assessing risks and addressing management options. 相似文献
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Functions of veterinarians in the context of food safety assurance have changed very much in the last ten years as a consequence of new legislation. The aim of this review is to evaluate the management tools in veterinary public health that shall be used in response to the actual need and consider some possible key performance indicators. This review involved an examination of the legislation, guidelines and literature, which was then discussed to analyse the actual need, the strategies and the procedures with which the public veterinary service shall comply. The management of information gathered at different stages of the food chain, from both food production operators and veterinary inspectors operating in primary production, food processing and feed production should be exchanged and integrated in a database, not only to produce annual reports and plan national sampling plans, but also to verify and validate the effectiveness of procedures and strategies implemented by food safety operators to control risks. Further, the surveillance data from environmental agencies and human epidemiological units should be used for assessing risks and addressing management options. 相似文献
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【目的】 为推进中国食品安全监控体系建设及完善相关的法规标准提供参考,保障食品安全的同时提升中国禽肉、禽蛋产品在国际市场的竞争力,打破国际技术性贸易壁垒,促进国际禽产品贸易繁荣发展。【方法】 首先对比分析中国新发布的食品安全国家标准GB 31650－2019《食品安全国家标准食品中兽药最大残留限量》及已废除的农业部公告第235号《动物性食品中兽药最高残留限量》中有关禽肉、禽蛋的兽药残留种类和兽药最大残留限量（MRLs）标准;然后对中国新国家标准与欧盟和美国在禽肉、禽蛋的兽药残留种类区别和MRLs标准的严宽程度等几项内容进行了对比分析。【结果】 中国新国家标准对旧标准进行了一定程度上的补充与修改,大部分有关禽肉、禽蛋的MRLs标准与欧盟和美国的标准相同甚至更加严格,这标志着中国兽药残留标准体系进入了新阶段,但部分兽药的MRLs标准仍与欧盟和美国的标准存在一定差异,其中共有包括双氯西林在内的33种兽药的MRLs标准缺失或宽于欧盟和美国。【结论】 未来中国仍需结合禽肉、禽蛋的生产情况、兽药实际使用情况及人民消费升级的需求,进一步完善禽肉、禽蛋产品中兽药残留限量的相关标准,使其向国际标准靠拢,提高中国禽肉、禽蛋产品在国际市场上的竞争力,并对进出口产品中兽药的残留情况进行严格监控,防止其影响消费者的健康安全和禽肉、禽蛋的国际贸易发展。 相似文献
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LC-MS/MS在硝基呋喃类兽药残留检测中的应用 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
综述了目前采用高效液相色谱/串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法同时测定硝基呋喃类兽药代谢物呋喃唑酮、呋喃它酮、呋喃西林、呋喃妥因残留分析的检测现状、最低检测限以及国内外利用同位素内标法使用LC-MS/MS测定硝基呋喃类兽药残留的检测现状及其达到的最低检测限,并阐明了其应用对我国食品安全体系健康发展的重要意义。 相似文献
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S C Fitzpatrick 《Journal of animal science》1990,68(3):870-873
Concern over the presence of veterinary drug residues in food has been increasing world wide. Because of this concern the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) has been involved on an international basis in efforts to develop food safety standards for veterinary drugs. The major thrust of the Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods (CC/RVDF) has been to achieve international agreement on veterinary drugs issues. CVM is an active participant on this committee. The CC/RVDF has established a list of priority veterinary drugs that are, or that have the potential to cause trade problems as the result of public health concerns. Included in this list are anabolic hormones, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, nitrofurans, nitroimidazoles, somatotropins, benzimidazoles and trypanocides. In the upcoming years, the CC/RVDF will work toward developing international maximum residue levels for these compounds. The evaluation of the toxicity of veterinary drug-bound residues is another area of international concern. In conjunction with the Bureau of Veterinary Medicine, Health and Welfare Canada, CVM is developing guidelines on biological models to demonstrate the safety of veterinary drug-bound residues. In working with veterinary drug regulators from other countries, CVM has new solutions to human food safety problems. 相似文献
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兽药残留是食品安全的重要影响因素,开发兽药残留检测方法是保证食品安全的重要手段。免疫层析试纸是一种操作简单、生产成本低且具有良好灵敏度的检测方法,适用于现场检测、大规模食品筛选,在兽药残留检测中具有巨大的应用价值。纳米材料可提供特殊的检测信号,是影响免疫层析试纸检测灵敏度和定量分析的关键因素。文章主要对胶体金、磁性纳米材料、量子点以及时间分辨荧光微球这几种纳米标记材料进行介绍,指出各自的优缺点及应用情况,并对该技术在兽药残留检测中的应用趋势进行展望。 相似文献
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动物源食品中多种兽药残留主要是动物在生长和加工中额外添加。该种残留现象具有水平低、种类多、机制效应复杂的特点。针对该种动物制品在进行兽药残留检测中应综合运用新技术新方。目前在动物源食品中多种兽药残留检测中常用的技术为高效液相色谱质谱联合使用技术,该项技术具有检测灵敏度高,数据获取精准的特点,能对多种兽药残留情况进行定性定量的分析,在动物源食品多种兽药残留检测过程中应用较为广泛。该文主要论述动物源食品中多种兽药残留的种类及兽药残留检测技术。 相似文献