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1.
Previous studies have demonstrated that fish inhabiting polluted waterways often have an impaired stress response at the organismal
level. Given the possible link between the organismal (i.e. cortisol) and cellular (i.e. heat shock proteins; hsp) stress
responses, we conducted this study to examine the ability of rainbow trout to respond to a 2 h, +14 °C heat stress (HS) challenge
following a 28 d, sub-chronic exposure to increased concentrations of cortisol (5 mg kg−1 b.w.), β-napthoflavone (bnf; 50 mg kg−1 b.w.), and a combination of both (mixture), through the diet (1.5% b.w. every 48 h). While control fish responded to the
HS by significantly increasing components of their organismal (cortisol, glucose, and lactate) and cellular (hepatic hsp70
protein) stress responses 6 and 24 h post HS, cortisol-, bnf-, and mixture-fed fish had impaired stress responses at both
levels of organization. Additionally, hepatic hsp70 levels were significantly reduced 6 h post HS in cortisol-fed fish. While
bnf-fed fish had significantly higher EROD activity, cortisol potentiated EROD activity in the mixture-fed fish. Similarly,
plasma cortisol concentrations in the mixture-fed fish were significantly lower relative to cortisol-fed fish. These data
are the first to indicate that sub-chronically stressed fish can have impaired stress responses at both the organismal and
cellular levels. These findings raise questions regarding: (a) the universal and simple applicability of biological indicators
of stress in fish; (b) the possible functional relationship between these two levels of stress responses; and (c) the importance
of hsps in the generalized stress response of the whole organism.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Jeroen G. J. Boerrigter Hans W. van de Vis Ruud van den Bos Wout Abbink Tom Spanings Jan Zethof Laura Louzao Martinez Wouter F. M. van Andel Javier Lopez-Luna Gert Flik 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2014,40(4):1201-1212
Aquaculture practices bring several stressful events to fish. Stressors not only activate the hypothalamus–pituitary–interrenal-axis, but also evoke cellular stress responses. Up-regulation of heat shock proteins (HSPs) is among the best studied mechanisms of the cellular stress response. An extract of the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus indica), Pro-Tex, a soluble variant of TEX-OE®, may induce expression of HSPs and reduce negative effects of cellular stress. Pro-Tex therefore is used to ameliorate conditions during stressful aquaculture-related practices. We tested Pro-Tex in zebrafish (Danio rerio), common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) exposed to aquaculture-relevant stressors (thermal stress, net confinement, transport) and assessed its effects on stress physiology. Heat shock produced a mild increase in hsp70 mRNA expression in 5-day-old zebrafish larvae. Pro-Tex increased basal hsp70 mRNA expression, but decreased heat-shock-induced expression of hsp70 mRNA. In carp, Pro-Tex increased plasma cortisol and glucose levels, while it did not affect the mild stress response (increased plasma cortisol and glucose) to net confinement. In gills, and proximal and distal intestine, stress increased hsp70 mRNA expression; in the distal intestine, an additive enhancement of hsp70 mRNA expression by Pro-Tex was seen under stress. In yellowtail kingfish, Pro-Tex reduced the negative physiological effects of transport more efficiently than when fish were sedated with AQUI-S®. Overall, our data indicate that Pro-Tex has protective effects under high levels of stress only. As Pro-Tex has potential for use in aquaculture, its functioning and impact on health and welfare of fish should be further studied. 相似文献
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热休克蛋白70(Heat Shock Protein 70,HSP70)与生物体抗逆抗胁迫能力密切相关,其在生物体内发挥着十分重要的作用。本研究以杂交黄颡鱼(黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco♀×瓦氏黄颡鱼P.vachelli♂)为对象,得到735 bp的hsp70 cDNA核心序列,并进行了生物信息学分析;运用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测hsp70基因mRNA在不同组织中的相对表达量。结果显示,hsp70基因在肝脏、鳃、脑、肌肉4个组织中均有表达,其中,正常条件下,在肝脏的表达量显著高于在脑、鳃和肌肉的表达量(P<0.05);在20℃(常温组)、25℃、28℃和31℃4个温度条件下,杂交黄颡鱼hsp70基因在肝脏、鳃、脑和肌肉组织中的表达量总体上随温度升高呈上升趋势,其中,28℃和31℃下,hsp70基因在鳃中的表达量显著高于其他组织(P<0.05),表明鳃为杂交黄颡鱼温度应激的敏感组织,可能是作为呼吸代谢重要器官的鳃在温度急剧变化情况下的一种机体保护策略。 相似文献
5.
Stress responses and disease resistance in salmonid fish: Effects of chronic elevation of plasma cortisol 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
Basal levels of plasma cortisol in unstressed salmonid fish are normally in the range 0–5 ng ml−1. An acute stress such as handling or 1 h confinement caused a temporary elevation of the plasma cortisol levels of both brown
trout,Salmo trutta L., and rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri Richardson, in the range 40–200 ng ml−1 with a return to basal levels within 24–48 h. The extent of the cortisol elevation in response to an acute stress was dependent
upon both the species and strain of trout. Chronic stresses, such as prolonged confinement or crowding, resulted in an elevation
of plasma cortisol levels to approximately 10 ng ml−1. Under these circumstances, blood cortisol levels remained elevated for periods of up to 4 weeks before acclimation finally
occurred.
It is shown, by means of intraperitoneal implantation of cortisol, that chronic elevation of plasma cortisol levels in the
brown trout results in a dose-dependent increase in mortality due to common bacterial and fungal diseases. This effect is
apparent at plasma cortisol levels as low as 10 ng ml−1, levels below those often reported as being representative of ‘unstressed’ fish. These findings are discussed in relation
to the known immunosuppressive effects of corticosteroids in teleost fish. 相似文献
6.
The capacity of cortisol, ovine growth hormone (oGH), recombinant bovine insulin-like growth factor I (rbIGF-I) and 3,3,5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) to increase hypoosmoregulatory capacity in the euryhaline teleost Fundulus heteroclitus was examined. Fish acclimated to brackish water (BW, 10 ppt salinity) were injected with a single dose of hormone suspended in oil and transferred to seawater (SW, 35 ppt salinity) 10 days post-injection. Fish were sampled 24 h after transfer and plasma osmolality and gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity were examined. Transfer from BW to SW induced significantly increased plasma osmolality but not gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity. Cortisol (50 g g–1 body weight) improved the ability to maintain plasma osmolality and to increase gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity. oGH (5 g g–1 body weight) also increased hypoosmoregulatory ability and gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity. A cooperation between oGH and cortisol was observed in increasing hypoosmoregulatory ability but not in increasing gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity. rbIGF-I (0.5 g g–1 body weight) alone was without effect in increasing salinity tolerance or gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity. rbIGF-I and oGH showed a positive interaction in increasing salinity tolerance, but not gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity. Treatment with T3 (5 g g–1 body weight) alone did not increase salinity tolerance or gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity, and there was no consistent significant interaction between cortisol and T3 or between GH and T3. The results confirm the classical role of cortisol as a seawater-adapting hormone and indicate an interaction between cortisol and the GH/IGF-I axis during seawater acclimation of Fundulus heteroclitus. 相似文献
7.
Danli Jiang Yubo Wu Di Huang Xing Ren Yan Wang 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2017,43(5):1433-1442
Stress has a considerable impact on welfare and productivity of fish, and blood glucose level of fish may be a factor modulating stress response. This study evaluated the effect of blood glucose level and handling on acute stress response of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. Fish were intraperitoneally injected with glucose at 0, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg g?1 body mass (BM) and then were exposed to handling for 5 min. Glucose injection resulted in increase of plasma glucose level and liver glycogen content and decrease of plasma lactate level. Handling resulted in increase of plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, and lactate and plasma lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and decrease of liver glycogen content. At 1 h post-stress, the plasma cortisol level was lower in the stressed fish injected with glucose at 0.5 mg g?1 BM than the stressed fish injected with glucose at 0, 0.2, and 1.0 mg g?1 BM. No significant differences were found in the activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) in the liver between the stressed and unstressed fish, regardless of the dose of glucose injection. At 1 h post-stress, the liver glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity was higher in the fish without glucose injection than in the fish injected with glucose. This study reveals that blood glucose level can affect stress response of grass carp by modulating cortisol release and glucose homeostasis through glycogen metabolism and gluconeogenesis in the liver. 相似文献
8.
Taisei Nagata Mamoru Sameshima Taku Uchikawa Natsumi Osafune Takeshi Kitano 《Fisheries Science》2017,83(2):273-281
Episodes of summer mortality of the Kumamoto oyster Crassostrea sikamea are a major problem for its cultivation. Expression of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is induced by various environmental stresses, including heat. We cloned and sequenced hsp70 complementary DNA from C. sikamea to investigate the relationship between hsp70 expression and heat tolerance in this oyster. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed using gill tissue dissected from oysters before and after heat shock for 1 h. The results showed hsp70 expression was faster and greater in oysters cultured at 20–22 °C than at 10–12 °C, and survival was lower among oysters cultured at 20–22 °C than at 10–12 °C. Moreover, heat tolerance was investigated by a 1-h pre-heat treatment, followed by exposure to heat shock conditions 5 days later. Survival was higher and hsp70 expression was notably lower in oysters that received the pre-heat treatment compared with those that did not. We conclude that a pre-heat treatment of only 1 h may be useful for inducing heat tolerance in C. sikamea, and that a low level of hsp70 expression after heat shock is an important index in selecting for high heat tolerance in these oysters. 相似文献
9.
Two size groups (0.5 and 3 kg) of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were stressed by netting and transport from sea cages into land-based tanks. Handling lasted for 1 h. Before onset of stress, basal concentrations of haematocrit and haemoglobin, plasma cortisol and glucose, and liver and muscle glycogen were measured. All levels were within ranges reported for salmon. After handling and at chosen time intervals during recovery, samples were taken to judge the impact of handling and whether secondary changes in carbohydrate metabolism were related of fish size. A low cortisol peak indicated a mild stress reaction after handling independent to fish size. Plasma glucose peaked as cortisol declined, and returned to basal levels within 48 h. Liver glycogen seemed to be the main source of plasma glucose. No changes were measured in muscle glycogen concentrations. The results indicate a high tolerance to handling stress in Atlantic salmon independent of fish size. 相似文献
10.
Cortisol-induced changes in oxygen consumption and ionic regulation in coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki clarki) parr 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The influence of cortisol on oxygen consumption and osmoregulatory variables was examined in coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki clarki) parr kept in fresh water (FW) and transferred to seawater (SW). Intraperitoneal implants containing cortisol (50 g g–1) in vegetable oil resulted in elevated plasma cortisol titres similar to those observed in fish following a 24h SW exposure. Cortisol treatment significantly increased the oxygen consumption and plasma glucose levels of trout in FW, consistent with the glucocorticoid role of cortisol. Cortisol treatment did not cause any changes in plasma ion concentrations or gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity in FW after 10 days. Cortisol-implanted fish exposed to SW for 24h showed slightly improved ion regulatory ability compare to non-implanted controls. The results of this study suggest that during SW transfer in juvenile salmonids, increases in cortisol may act as both a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid, depending on the developmental state of the fish (e.g., smolt versus parr). Furthermore, the relative energetic costs of osmoregulation and that of the stress associated SW transfer cannot be discerned using whole-animal oxygen consumption rates. 相似文献
11.
Understanding how gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L., an important Mediterranean Sea species for aquaculture, respond physiologically to stressors commonly encountered in intensive rearing is important for effective production, as managing for stress is a major factor in maintaining healthy fish stocks. Our objective was to determine whether holding juvenile gilthead sea bream at a high density (HD), as a chronic stressor, would affect their physiological responses to a subsequent acute handling stressor. After acclimation at a low density (LD) of 6 kg m?3 in 200‐L circular tanks containing 33–36 g L?1 recirculating seawater at 19°C under a normal photoperiod, juvenile 37‐g gilthead sea bream were confined for 14 days at a HD of 26 kg m?3 and then subjected to 30‐s aerial emersion in a dipnet. Plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, lactate, osmolality and chloride were determined in fish held in separate lots during LD (control) and HD confinement at 0, 1, 2, 7 and 14 days, and then after handling at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h. Although plasma cortisol levels were similar in LD and HD fish groups after 14 d of confinement (15 and 23 ng mL?1, respectively), the cortisol response in fish from the HD treatment at 1 and 2 h following acute handling (70 and 37 ng mL?1, respectively) was only about half of that measured in the control group (139 and 102 ng mL?1); plasma cortisol was similar in both groups by 4 and 8 h. In contrast, plasma glucose elevations in response to handling were higher at 4 and 8 h in the HD‐held fish (94 and 72 mg dL?1, respectively) than in those from the LD treatment (59 and 51 mg dL?1); glucose responses were similar in both groups at 1 and 2 h after handling and throughout confinement. Plasma lactate levels were higher in LD fish than in the HD group at the beginning of the experiment but were similar after 14 d confinement and responses to handling were similar (e.g. 33 and 35 mg dL?1 at 1 h). Plasma osmolality showed increases during the first 2 h after acute handling but no differences were evident between the two density treatments at any time during confinement or posthandling. Plasma chloride levels did not change throughout the experiment. The reduced plasma cortisol response to acute handling likely resulted from negative feedback of mildly but chronically elevated circulating cortisol caused by the confinement stressor on the hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal axis. While other post‐handling physiological changes also showed differences between treatment groups, the suppressed cortisol response in the HD‐held fish suggests a reduction in the gilthead sea bream's normal capacity to respond to an acute stressor. 相似文献
12.
L.O.B. Afonso N. Basu K. Nakano R.H. Devlin G.K. Iwama 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2003,29(2):173-179
Exposure of fish to stressors can elicit biochemical and organismal changes at multiple levels of biological organization
collectively known as stress responses. The organismal (plasma glucose and cortisol levels) and cellular (hepatic hsp70) stress
responses in fish have been studied in several species, but little is known about sex-related differences in these responses.
In this study, we exposed sexually immature juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME: 0%, 1%, and 10% v/v) for 30 days and then measured components of their organismal
and cellular stress responses. Males exposed to 1% BKME had higher levels of plasma glucose than females. Plasma cortisol
levels were unaffected in females exposed to BKME, but males exposed to 10% BKME had significantly higher levels of plasma
cortisol relative to non-exposed males. While exposure to BKME did not affect hsp70 levels in males, females exposed to 1%
BKME had higher levels of hsp70 relative to non-exposed and 10% BKME groups. Within any given treatment, females had higher
levels of hsp70 relative to males. This study demonstrates that sex-related differences exist in commonly used indicators
of stress in fish, and points out the importance of considering the sex of the fish in stress research.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
Dietary Soy Peptide Enhances Thermotolerance and Survival of Juvenile Japanese Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus 
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下载免费PDF全文 Janice A. Ragaza Roger E. P. Mamauag Saichiro Yokoyama Manabu Ishikawa Shunsuke Koshio 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2015,46(2):129-138
Soy peptide (SP), a soy protein enzymatic hydrolysate, contains bioactive substances that could be utilized as an immune‐stimulating feed ingredient. The experiment evaluated the efficacy of dietary SP on promoting growth, and enhancing tolerance and survival to heat stress in juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Four diets were incorporated with different levels of SP (0, 2, 5, and 10%) and a 6‐wk feeding trial ensued. Following the feeding trial, the experimental groups were subjected to heat stress to measure survival rate and heat shock protein 70s (HSP70s) in gill, liver, and skin. Fish fed diets with SP inclusion showed considerable decrease in percent weight gain. Significantly higher lethal time values to 50% mortality (LT50) value were recorded for fish fed 10% SP. Moreover, LT50 values of fish fed 2 and 5% SP were significantly higher compared with fish fed control diet. HSP70s produced in all the tissues were significantly highest in fish fed 10% SP. HSP70s values were significantly higher in fish fed 2 and 5% SP compared with fish fed control diet. A significant reduction in HSP70s among all groups during recovery period was also observed. These results suggest that SP can be used to enhance the immune response and survival of P. olivaceus under heat stress. 相似文献
14.
The accumulation of immunoreactive corticosteroids in the bile of rainbow trout during stress was monitored by radioimmunoassay and GUMS. Although plasma cortisol levels were elevated by confinement for 1 hour, biliary levels of free and conjugated steroids in the bile were unaffected. However, after 24 hours confinement, in addition to elevated plasma cortisol levels, free and conjugated steroids in the bile were also significantly higher than in control, unstressed fish. The time-course of change in plasma and biliary corticosteroid levels was determined in rainbow trout subject to 96 hours confinement stress. Free steroid levels in the bile of stressed fish were elevated within 2 hours of the onset of stress, while levels of conjugated steroids were significantly elevated within 4 hours of the onset of confinement. Analysis of bile from stressed fish, by GC/MS, established the major conjugated steroids present to be tetrahydrocortisone (230 g ml–1 bile), tetrahydrocortisol (75 g ml–1), cortisone (33.5 g ml–1), cortisol (25 g ml–1) and -cortolone (5 g ml–1). The data are discussed with reference to the role of cortisone and conjugating enzymes in the clearance of cortisol, and further data are presented to suggest that the analysis of biliary steroid content may provide a suitable means of identifying stressed fish under conditions in which an additional sampling stress is unavoidable. 相似文献
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A fibroblast cell line (BSF) derived from a caudal fin explant of black sea bream (Mylio macrocephalus) was developed. The optimum fetal bovine serum (FBS) concentration for fibroblast cell line growth was found to be 15–20% v/v FBS and the optimum temperature range for growth was found to be 26–30 °C. The fibroblast cells displayed a diverse distribution in chromosome number with two modal chromosome numbers of 48 and 54. Upon acute heat shock (+8 °C) the cells displayed a 4.1 fold increase in hsp70 and this elevation was not prolonged as hsp70 returned to near basal levels following a 6 h recovery period. The effect of the hsp70 inducer L-azetidine- 2-carboxylic acid was tested and it was found that at a concentration of 10 mM this inducer caused a 2.3 fold increase in hsp70 levels. The sensitivity of the fibroblast cell line to heavy metal exposure was tested by treatment with Cu2+ and it was found that hsp70 was significantly elevated in the presence of micromolar concentrations of Cu2+. The data from this study demonstrates that the established black sea bream fibroblast cell line could serve as a useful in vitro model for stress protein studies. 相似文献
17.
Mi Seon Park Byung Hwa Min Tae Seok Moon Han Kyu Lim Cheol Young Choi Young Jin Chang Kang Hee Kho 《Aquaculture Research》2012,43(12):1891-1899
The effects of ovine prolactin (oPRL) on osmoregulatory ability (electrolyte balance, plasma osmolality and activity of gill chloride cells and gill Na+/K+‐ATPase) and stress responses (plasma cortisol, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase: AST and alanine aminotransferase: ALT) were investigated in black porgy transferred to freshwater (FW). Fish in seawater (SW) were injected twice at a 24 h interval with oPRL (at 1, 3, or 5 μg g–1 body weight) or vehicle (0.9% NaCl) and then transferred to FW. They were sampled 3 days after the transfer. With oPRL at 5 μg g–1, levels of plasma Na+ and Cl? and osmolality were significantly higher than in saline‐treated fish, whereas gill CCs number and Na+/K+‐ATPase activity were lower. Also, the 5 μg g–1oPRL treatment led to significantly lower plasma cortisol levels than did saline treatment. However, there were no significant differences in plasma AST and ALT between groups. These results support the positive osmoregulatory role of PRL in black porgy during FW adaptation. 相似文献
18.
Cortisol stimulates intestinal fluid uptake in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the post-smolt stage
Sean C. Cornell David M. Portesi Philip A. Veillette Kristina Sundell Jennifer L. Specker 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1994,13(3):183-190
The fluid uptake rate of the posterior intestine of salmonids increases during the parr-smolt transformation. Intestinal fluid
uptake in post-smolt Atlantic salmon was investigated after treatment with cortisol and growth hormone (GH), alone or together.
Two replicate experiments were conducted in August 1991 and August 1992. Cortisol was emulsified in vegetable shortening and
vegetable oil (1:1) and implanted into the peritoneal cavity. GH was administered as intraperitoneal injections in a saline
vehicle on days 0 and 2. On days 5 and 6, plasma cortisol levels, gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity, andin vitro measurements of fluid transport rate (Jv) across the posterior intestine were measured. Implants of cortisol elevated the plasma cortisol levels within a physiological
range, and resulted in elevated gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity, as expected. The fluid uptake rate across the posterior intestine was roughly doubled by cortisol treatment.
GH treatment did not affect intestinal fluid transport, gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity, or plasma cortisol concentrations. The seawater-adapting increase in the rate of fluid uptake by the posterior
intestine of smolting salmon is probably stimulated by elevated plasma cortisol concentrations. 相似文献
19.
The ability of clove oil and MS-222 to minimize handling stress in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The effects of 60‐mg L?1 clove oil and 60‐mg L?1 tricaine methanesulphonate (MS‐222) on the blood chemistry of rainbow trout were compared after exposure to handling stress via caudal puncture blood sampling. Fish sampled by caudal puncture and subsequently exposed to anaesthetics showed a typical handling stress response over a 48‐h period. There were no significant differences between the responses of fish exposed to equal concentrations of clove oil and MS‐222, with the following exceptions: the blood glucose at full anaesthesia, and lactate at full recovery increased significantly in the clove oil‐exposed fish. In a subsequent experiment, the stress response observed in fish sampled by caudal puncture and exposed to clove oil and MS‐222 was compared with a non‐anaesthetized control group. The increases in plasma cortisol levels were significantly lower at recovery in fish treated with either anaesthetic compared with the control fish. Fish exposed to MS‐222 had significantly higher cortisol levels at 1 h. These findings show that few differences exist between the anaesthetic effects of clove oil and MS‐222 on the physiological response of fish to stress. However, clove oil is more effective at reducing the short‐term stress response induced by handling and blood sampling, and is recommended as an alternative fish anaesthetic. 相似文献
20.
急性操作胁迫对刀鲚应激反应相关神经内分泌因子的影响 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
为深入了解刀鲚应激反应中相关神经内分泌因子作用的分子机理,采用手工捕捉的方式对刀鲚进行了急性操作胁迫。通过放射免疫法和化学发光法测定刀鲚应激反应后头肾和血浆皮质醇含量的变化,结果显示,刀鲚胁迫刺激后血浆皮质醇含量极显著性升高,血浆皮质醇浓度平均升高56.48%,头肾皮质醇含量显著性升高,头肾皮质醇浓度平均升高49.68%,表明急性操作胁迫确实引起刀鲚的应激反应。通过同源克隆的方法获得刀鲚促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)、硬骨鱼紧张肽(UI)、阿黑皮素原(POMC)基因的部分序列,并应用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)方法检测上述神经内分泌因子mRNA的表达变化,结果显示,CRH基因的表达水平极显著性下降,POMC基因的表达水平显著性下降,UI基因的表达水平有下降趋势但不显著。上述结果显示,皮质醇、CRH、UI和POMC等神经内分泌因子通过鱼类下丘脑—脑垂体—肾间腺轴参与刀鲚应激反应的调节,为进一步了解刀鲚胁迫应答的作用机理,实现对其有效调控打下基础。 相似文献