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1.
本研究采用Andersen-6级空气微生物样品收集器,选用血-葡萄糖-琼脂培养基为采样介质,对两个不同种兔舍环境空气中需氧菌总数和葡萄球菌总数进行了检测,并对葡萄球菌的菌群组成进行了分析.结果表明,两个兔舍内需氧菌含量分别为1.73～85.8×103CFU/m3、2.71～9.66×103CFU/m3空气,葡萄球菌含量分别为0.94～7.84×103CFU/m3、1.02～6.54×103CFU/m3空气.兔舍空气中葡萄球菌主要包括金黄色葡萄球菌、腐生葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、科氏葡萄球菌、头状葡萄球菌和马胃葡萄球菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌的含量占葡萄球菌总数的26.3%～29.6%,其次是腐生葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌.另外,还对需氧菌和金黄色葡萄球菌在Andersen-6级收集器不同层级上的分布情况进行了统计分析,结果表明,约有56.4%的需氧菌和49%金黄色葡萄球菌分布在3～6层上,空气动力学直径(Aerodynamic diameter,Dae)在6～0.2μm,它们能进入人、畜的气管、支气管,甚至细支气管,对饲养员和动物的呼吸道构成严重危害. 相似文献
2.
本研究采用A ndersen-6级空气微生物样品收集器,选用血-葡萄糖-琼脂培养基为采样介质,对两个不同种兔舍环境空气中需氧菌总数和葡萄球菌总数进行了检测,并对葡萄球菌的菌群组成进行了分析。结果表明,两个兔舍内需氧菌含量分别为1.73~85.8×103CFU/m3、2.71~9.66×103CFU/m3空气,葡萄球菌含量分别为0.94~7.84×103CFU/m3、1.02~6.54×103CFU/m3空气。兔舍空气中葡萄球菌主要包括金黄色葡萄球菌、腐生葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、科氏葡萄球菌、头状葡萄球菌和马胃葡萄球菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌的含量占葡萄球菌总数的26.3%~29.6%,其次是腐生葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌。另外,还对需氧菌和金黄色葡萄球菌在A ndersen-6级收集器不同层级上的分布情况进行了统计分析,结果表明,约有56.4%的需氧菌和49%金黄色葡萄球菌分布在3~6层上,空气动力学直径(A erody-nam ic d iam eter,D ae)在6~0.2μm,它们能进入人、畜的气管、支气管,甚至细支气管,对饲养员和动物的呼吸道构成严重危害。 相似文献
3.
兔舍环境空气微生物气溶胶的检测 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
采用国际标准ANDERSEN6级微生物空气样品收集器,选用血葡萄糖琼脂培养基,分别对两个不同种兔舍环境空气微生物进行监测。其舍内需氧菌含量分别为4.19×103～5.55×104CFU/m3、6.35×103CFU/m3空气,需氧革兰氏阴性细菌含量分别为3.04×102～3.27×103CFU/m3、4.68×102CFU/m3空气。根据微生物气溶胶颗粒在ANDERSEN-收集器不同层级上的分布情况得知,约有50%的需氧细菌气溶胶颗粒和革兰氏阴性细菌气溶胶颗粒分布在3、4层上,空气动力学直径(Dae50)在2～6μm之间,它们能进入人、畜的气管、支气管,甚至细支气管,对饲养员和动物的呼吸道构成严重威胁。 相似文献
4.
《畜牧与兽医》2015,(12):50-53
采用国际标准的Andersen-6级空气微生物样品收集器在5个养鹿舍(A、B、C、D、E)空气中收集微生物气溶胶。通过对养鹿舍环境中气载需氧菌、空气中大肠杆菌、空气中肠球菌含量的检测及其在Andersen-6级采样器上的分布情况,评估养鹿舍的环境卫生质量以及推断微生物气溶胶对饲养人员及鹿自身可能造成的危害。结果表明:鹿舍环境中微生物气溶胶的浓度较高,而且大部分空气微生物气溶胶粒子的空气动力学直径较小,很容易进入人和鹿的呼吸道深部,对机体造成危害;5个鹿舍内气载需氧菌含量在鹿舍C中最高,为4.06×105cfu/m~3,鹿舍E内气载需氧菌含量最低,为7.80×104cfu/m~3,5个鹿舍内空气需氧菌含量之间差异均不显著(P0.05),但是,鹿舍C和D中可吸入的需氧菌含量与其他鹿舍之间差异显著(P0.05)。 相似文献
5.
摘 要：[目的]本研究旨在了解水貂舍细菌气溶胶和气载内毒素对环境的污染及对饲养人员健康的潜在危害。[方法]采用Andersen-6空气收集器和AGI-30液体冲击式采样器对市郊不同饲养条件的2个水貂场6栋养殖舍内的细菌气溶胶和气载内毒素进行定期检测。[结果]两个场舍内气载需氧革兰氏阴性菌浓度分别介于4.17×101~2.43×103 CFU/m3之间和4.27×101~5.1×103 CFU/m3之间,以大肠杆菌科为主,假单胞菌属和巴斯德氏菌属次之;从革兰氏阴性菌在Andersen-6空气收集器层级上的分布规律来看,主要分布在Ⅲ级（36.9%）,气溶胶颗粒直径在2~6 mm之间。两个场舍内的气载内毒素浓度分别介于2.92×102~2.15×103 EU/m3之间和2.67×101~2.56×102 EU/m3之间。[结论]水貂舍内气溶胶颗粒可以进入到动物和人的支气管、细支气管,甚至肺泡,在一定程度上增加了水貂和饲养人员呼吸道疾病发生的可能性;气载内毒素的浓度部分超出了对人体无影响的推荐标准（1.0×102 EU/m3）,可对水貂饲养人员的健康造成一定的危害;舍内气载革兰氏阴性菌与内毒素之间没有必然的相关性,表明空气中气载内毒素含量不能用空气中气载革兰氏阴性菌的含量来评估。 相似文献
6.
乳牛舍内外环境空气中需氧菌,厌氧菌以及产气荚膜杆菌的定量分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
应用Andersen-多层级微生物收集器和KS-92 液体喷冲器,对乳牛舍内、外空气细菌含量,即厌氧菌、需氧菌总数以及产气荚膜杆菌(魏氏梭菌)进行了定性定量分析。结果表明,舍内空气中厌氧菌总数达到2098～4 295 个/m 3 ,其中魏氏梭菌为0～5.5 个/m 3 (Andersen-收集器);同时在舍内空气中,需氧菌总数为2050～18 094 个/m 3 。在舍邻近(4 m 处)的环境空气中厌氧菌总数为239～2 282 个/m 3 ,其中魏氏梭菌0～2.0个/m 3 ;需氧菌总数为297～4 276 个/m 3 。结果证明,舍内环境的细菌能向舍外环境传播,舍内、外环境微生物含量的高低浮动反映了舍内的卫生状况。 相似文献
7.
牛舍内微生物气溶胶含量检测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用ANDERSEN-6级空气微生物样品收集器在6个牛舍(A、B、C、D、E、F)空气中收集微生物气溶胶。通过对牛舍环境中微生物气溶胶含量的检测及其在ANDERSEN六级采样器上的分布规律,推断其对饲养员及牛体自身可能造成的危害。结果表明:牛舍环境中微生物气溶胶粒子浓度较高,而且大部分粒子的空气动力学直径较小,更容易进入呼吸道深部;牛舍内气载需氧菌含量在牛舍D内最高,为4.19×105CFU/m3,牛舍C内含量最低,为8.90×104CFU/m3,且6个牛舍内需氧菌含量之间差异均不显著(P>0.05),但是,牛舍D和E中可吸入需氧菌含量与其他牛舍之间差异显著(P<0.05)。 相似文献
8.
《中国家禽》2019,(3)
为评估笼养鸭舍环境卫生质量和不同笼养鸭舍微生物气溶胶浓度的变化规律,采用FA-1型六级筛孔撞击式空气微生物采样器分别对三个笼养肉鸭舍环境中气载需氧菌、气载真菌、气载金黄色葡萄球菌气溶胶的含量进行了检测。结果显示:鸭舍环境中气载需氧菌浓度可达7.24×10~3cfu/m~3,气载金黄色葡萄球菌浓度可达0.56×10~3cfu/m~3,气载真菌浓度可达1.66×10~3cfu/m~3;整个养殖周期中鸭舍内气载需氧菌、气载金黄色葡萄球菌和气载真菌的浓度在鸭14日龄时最高,然后开始下降;三个鸭舍内在消毒前后均未检出金黄色葡萄球菌,但随鸭日龄增长开始出现。通过对笼养鸭舍内微生物气溶胶的浓度、变化规律进行研究,可为笼养肉鸭场生物安全体系的制定提供依据。 相似文献
9.
畜舍气溶胶颗粒直径的空气动力学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用６级ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ－微生物空气样品收集器对一个犊牛舍内外环境空气进行了收集、测量、根据生物气溶胶颗粒在收集器不同级层上的分布，得知舍内外５０％￣６０％的需氧菌、厌氧菌气溶胶颗粒的空气动力学直径大于５μｍ如此大小的颗粒可到达气管和有支气管：而有７．２％￣１５．４％的气溶胶颗粒空气动力学直径在０．６５￣２．１μｍ之间，它们能进入人，畜肺泡。 相似文献
10.
固体甲醛熏蒸消毒对畜禽舍微生物气溶胶的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《中国兽医学报》2016,(10):1718-1721
使用国际标准的Anderson-6级空气微生物收集器检测消毒前后牛、羊、鸡、猪舍内和舍外的气载需氧菌、气载真菌和气载大肠杆菌浓度变化,并分析以上各菌种在上述收集器不同层级中的比例变化。结果显示,消毒后的动物舍内的气载需氧菌、气载真菌和气载大肠杆菌浓度均显著低于消毒前的浓度(P0.05或P0.01),消毒后的舍内以上微生物气溶胶浓度与舍外的浓度差异不显著(P0.05),且消毒后舍内的气载需氧菌、气载真菌和气载大肠杆菌在收集器5,6层级上的比例整体上呈现大幅下降的趋势。由此可见,固体甲醛熏蒸的消毒方式可有效降低畜禽舍内的微生物气溶胶浓度,且对可进入肺泡的小颗粒微生物气溶胶消毒效果更佳。 相似文献
11.
试验研究了山西省东南部羊舍气载真菌浓度变化规律和真菌气溶胶的空气动力学特征,以期为羊场的环境控制提供依据。应用Andersen-6级空气微生物采样器,以孟加拉红培养基为采样介质,于春、夏、秋、冬分别采集了山西省东南部3个羊场羊舍的真菌气溶胶,分析其气载真菌浓度和真菌气溶胶的粒径特点。结果表明,羊舍气载真菌一年中以秋季浓度最高,显著高于其他季节（P<0.05）,且秋季一天上午、中午、下午3个时间段中,浓度差异显著（P<0.05）;羊舍真菌气溶胶粒子4个季节在采样器上的分布基本相同,高峰出现在第Ⅳ级,主要分布在Ⅲ~Ⅴ级,占各级总数的72.66%~83.87%,可进入人和动物的肺泡;羊舍真菌气溶胶粒子计数中值直径（CMD）为1.3~2.9 μm,粒径分布的离散度（GSD）为1.6~2.7 μm;夏季CMD显著低于其他季节（P<0.05）。综合以上结果,羊舍气载真菌浓度与季节密切相关,80%左右气溶胶粒子可进入人和动物肺泡,且CMD小于其他动物圈舍,潜在危害较大。 相似文献
12.
Duan H Chai T Müller W Zucker BA 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2006,119(1-2):40-44
Concentration of airborne endotoxins, airborne aerobic bacteria and airborne aerobic gram-negative bacteria were measured in 3 rabbit houses. Further, the species composition of the airborne gram-negative bacterial flora was investigated. The total amount of airborne endotoxin ranged from 22 to 774 EU/m3 (Endotoxin Units/m3). The number of total airborne aerobic bacteria varied between 780 and 20100 CFU/m3, the number of airborne aerobic gram-negative bacteria between 39 and 1030 CFU/m3. Most gram-negative bacterial isolates belonged to the family Enterobacteriaceae with E. coli as primary species. In two rabbit houses also airborne Pasteurella multocida spp. multocida, the most common respiratory pathogen of rabbits, was isolated. 相似文献
13.
T G Faucette M Loomis K Reininger D Zombeck H Stout C Porter M J Dykstra 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》1999,30(1):44-53
Aspergillosis is a common cause of mortality in captive birds, particularly in recently imported birds or captive chicks and their parents. Use of the Andersen N-6 single-stage viable air sampler in the North Carolina Zoological Park (NCZP) R.J.R. Nabisco Rocky Coast Alcid Exhibit before and after the introduction of birds allowed a unique study of the mycological content of the air in a developing self-contained ecosystem. The Alcid Exhibit had a median count of 17 colony-forming-units (CFU)/m3 of air in comparison to 200-500 CFU/m3 and 1,000-3,500 CFU/m3 reported in human dwellings and the NCZP R.J. Reynolds Forest Aviary, respectively. Cladosporium and Penicillium represented 21.3% and Aspergillus 1.08% of the fungi collected. During the study, no respiratory mycoses were reported in any of the alcids. Continuous high-efficiency particulate air filtration, maintenance of low exhibit air temperatures, and an environment with little residual organic material capable of supporting fungal growth were important factors contributing to low colony counts. All colony counts >100 CFU/m3 in the exhibit were related to the apparent introduction of fungi from outside the facility. A reduction in the number of fungi transported from an external source into enclosed cool-temperature aviaries may be sufficient to avoid outbreaks of aspergillosis. 相似文献
14.
畜禽舍微生物气溶胶向环境扩散的研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
应用一个扩散模式估算来自畜禽舍的微生物气溶胶向环境的扩散。在此考虑到了较大悬载尘埃颗粒的沉落和气悬状态下细菌生物学活性对空气微生物传播的影响。菌源高度 (栏舍废气排放孔 )认作 3m和 1 0m。当扩散级为IV和菌源强度为 1 0 6CFU/s时 ,在距离畜禽舍 1 0 0 ,2 0 0 ,30 0 ,40 0 ,5 0 0m处细菌含量分别为 5 0 ,1 0 0 ,2 0 0 ,5 0 0和 1 0 0 0CFU/m3。研究证明 ,畜禽舍之间保持一定距离将很大程度地减少气源性感染的威胁 ;畜牧场应建设在距居民区最少 5 0 0m的地方。 相似文献
15.
1. The natural history of air hygiene in a pullet house was assessed at three-weekly intervals using a combination of in vitro and in vivo assays. The performance of an internal air filter was also examined as an experimental technique for providing clean air. 2. Overall, air hygiene was poor by comparison with occupational standards for human health. The mass concentrations of respirable and inspirable dust were 1.4 and 11.3 mg/m3 compared to human exposure limits of 5 and 10 mg/m3 respectively. The concentration of ammonia was typically about 20 ppm. 3. The majority (greater than 99%) of airborne particles were non-viable. Commensal bacteria from the skin were the most numerous airborne bacteria. Scopulariopsis and Aspergillus spp. were the most prevalent fungi recovered from the air and bird's lungs respectively. The concentrations of airborne and lung fungi were positively correlated with ammonia concentrations. 4. The differences between in vivo and in vitro assays of airborne microorganisms suggest that an aerosol sampler should be devised which better mimics the physical and biochemical environment of the respiratory tract. 相似文献
16.
Bacteriologic culturing of environmental samples taken from sources such as manure pits and egg belts has been the principal screening tool in programs for identifying commercial laying flocks that have been exposed to Salmonella enteritidis and are thus at risk to produce contaminated eggs. Because airborne dust and aerosols can carry bacteria, air sampling offers a potentially efficient and inexpensive alternative for detecting S. enteritidis in poultry house environments. In the present study, an electrostatic air sampling device was applied to detect S. enteritidis in a room containing experimentally infected, caged laying hens. After oral inoculation of hens with a phage type 13a S. enteritidis strain, air samples were collected onto agar plates with the electrostatic sampling device, an impaction air sampler, and by passive exposure to the settling of aerosols and dust. Even though the floor of the room was cleaned once per week (removing most manure, dust, and feathers), air samples were positive for S. enteritidis for up to 4 wk postinoculation. On the basis of both the number of S. enteritidis colonies observed on incubated agar plates and the frequency of positive results, the efficiency of the electrostatic device was significantly greater than that of the passive exposure plates (especially at short collection intervals) and was similar to that of the far more expensive impaction sampler. The electrostatic device, used for a 3-hr sampling interval, detected airborne S. enteritidis on 75% of agar plates over the 4 wk of the study. 相似文献
17.
Posch J Feierl G Wuest G Sixl W Schmidt S Haas D Reinthaler FF Marth E 《British poultry science》2006,47(3):286-293
1. Contamination of retail products with Campylobacter spp. during the slaughter of poultry is a well-known problem of product hygiene. Mechanical evisceration often leads to intestinal rupture and discharge of gut contents, which can contain zoonotic and human pathogens. Processes along the slaughter line cause aerosols and airborne droplets, containing bacterial loads. 2. To estimate the possible transmission routes of intestinal Campylobacter, 36 measurements of the bioaerosol (Andersen sampler and SKC BioSampler), 30 cloacal (of three flocks), 10 equipment and 4 sedimentation samples were tested for the presence of Campylobacter species. 3. The results imply that, in addition to contaminated equipment, which was Campylobacter-positive in 80% of cases, aerosols with peak values of 4.0 x 10(4) (test series 1) and 1.4 x 10(4) (test series 2) CFU/m3 also provide a potential vector for horizontal transmission. 4. To explore the genetic similarities of isolates from different origins, 18 isolates recovered from air, 26 cloacal, 8 equipment and 4 sedimentation isolates were analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), using the restriction enzymes Sma I and Sal I. The similarity of cloacal isolates with isolates from equipment, air and sediment, suggest that the contamination is of intestinal origin. 5. There were direct links between Campylobacter-positive flocks and the presence of the same strains in the aerosol of the slaughter hall. Air as a potential source for microbial transmission must be taken into account. 相似文献
18.
乳牛舍内环境空气中细菌数量与乳房炎的关系研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
采用自然沉降法对规模化泌乳奶牛舍内消毒前后空气细菌含量进行检测,同时对泌乳牛群进行乳房炎调查,对乳房炎奶牛乳汁中病原菌分离鉴定。结果表明,不同的牛舍不同的培养基其结果均不相同,NA培养基菌落数最高达77.8×103cfu/m3,S.S培养基在多个分布点无细菌生长。牛舍经过消毒后环境空气中的细菌总数大幅度减少,运动场空气细菌总数明显低于舍内。奶牛乳房炎的发生率与牛舍环境空气中的细菌总数呈正相关,细菌总数多的牛舍奶牛乳房炎的发病率也高。环境空气中和乳房炎奶牛乳汁中同时分离到金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、伤寒沙门氏菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌等。 相似文献
19.
为了解贵州省某舍饲鸭场环境中菌落分布情况以及市售五种常用消毒剂(苯扎溴铵、月苄三甲氯铵、复方戊二醛、戊二醛癸甲溴铵、聚维酮碘)的灭菌效果。通过采集鸭场空气、粪便、垫料、饮水样本进行菌落总数测定;分别配制最小杀菌浓度的苯扎溴铵、月卞三甲氯铵、复方戊二醛及戊二醛癸甲溴铵4种消毒剂,采用雾线、喷洒消毒方式对舍饲鸭场空气、漏缝地板、料槽、蛋框及运输车车轮进行现场消毒;配制最小杀菌浓度的聚维酮碘,采用涂抹方式对鸭蹼部皮肤进行涂抹消毒;最后分别测定鸭场空气、漏缝地板、料槽、蛋框、运输车车轮及鸭蹼样本消毒前后的菌落总数并计算5种消毒剂对细菌的杀菌率。结果显示：舍饲鸭场空气菌落总数为3.79×104 CFU/m3,超出NY/T 388-1999畜禽场环境质量标准规定数值(25000 CFU/m3);粪便菌落总数为2.67×107 CFU/g,超出GB18596-2001畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准规定数值(1.03×106CFU/g);垫料菌落总数为3.7×106CFU/g,超出NY/T1167-2006畜禽场环境质量及卫生控制规范规定的清洁土壤数值(5×104CFU/g);饮水菌落总数为12 CFU/mL,符合GB 5749-2006生活饮用水卫生标准(100CFU/mL)。5种消毒剂对鸭场进行现场消毒试验,复方戊二醛对漏缝地板、蛋框、运输车车轮的细菌杀菌率最高,分别为96.78%、81.31%、87.5%;戊二醛癸甲溴铵对鸭舍空气、料槽的细菌杀菌率最高,分别为34.85%、74.35%;聚维酮碘对鸭蹼部皮肤细菌杀菌率为72.45%;4种消毒剂对漏缝地板、料槽、蛋框、运输车车轮消毒效果良好,对空气的消毒效果不理想;聚维酮碘对鸭蹼部皮肤消毒效果不理想。结果表明：该舍饲鸭场存在大量超过国标菌落总数的安全隐患,通过对该鸭场微生物菌落计数及现场消杀试验,在一定程度将菌落总数控制在了合理范围。研究结果旨在为掌握舍饲鸭场微生物菌落分布情况,制定舍饲鸭场消毒程序以及科学防控养鸭场细菌性疾病提供参考依据。 相似文献
20.
为探索布鲁菌在豚鼠和奶牛体内所引起的抗体水平和变态反应强度的相关性,分别用1×104,3×104CFU牛种布鲁菌强毒2308株各感染12只豚鼠,30 d后测定抗体滴度和变态反应强度。感染后35 d,扑杀豚鼠,取脾脏测定每克脾脏含菌量。用布鲁菌A19疫苗,以5×1010CFU皮下注射布病阴性荷斯坦奶牛50头,分别于免疫后15,30,60 d测定抗体滴度,并于免疫后45 d测定变态反应强度。运用SPSS 17.0-Analyze-Correlate-Bivariate Corre-lations程序分析试验数据,结果显示,不同剂量布鲁菌2308感染豚鼠后30 d所诱导的抗体水平、变态反应强度和克脾脏含菌量三者之间均无相关性。A19疫苗免疫奶牛后60 d的抗体水平与免疫45 d的变态反应强度呈正相关,免疫15 d和30 d的抗体水平和变态反应强度无相关性。豚鼠试验结果表明,抗体水平、变态反应强度与个体对布病的抵抗力均无相关性。 相似文献