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1.
Participatory rural appraisal (PRA), supported by checklists and intensive case studies on individual households, was carried out in three villages at three different altitudes in the central highlands of Ethiopia. The chicken production system in each village is described and the problems are discussed. More than 60% of the families kept chickens, and in most cases the women owned and managed the birds and controlled the cash from the sales. The production systems followed were mainly low-input and small-scale, with 7–10 mature birds per household, reared in the back yards with inadequate housing, feeding and health care. The average egg production per clutch was 15–20, with 3–4 clutches per year. The mean number of eggs set per bird was 12.9±2.2 (n = 160), depending on the size of the bird and season, and the hatching rate was 80.9%±11.1%, range 44%–100% (n = 160). Poultry meat and eggs were generally accepted and appreciated in all three villages. In addition to the small amount of cash income they provide, scavenging chickens have nutritional, cultural and social functions. The flock composition, price of poultry and poultry products, disease outbreaks and hatching of chicks were strongly affected by season. Disease was cited as the most important problem by most of the members of the community, followed by predation, lack of feed, poor housing, insufficient water and parasites. Disease periodically decimated the flocks, and consequently, about 50% of the eggs produced were incubated in order to replace the birds that had died. The major source of loss in the system was the high mortality of chicks (61%) that occurred between hatching and the end of brooding at 8 weeks of age. The system was characterized by no or few inputs and a low output level. The major input was the cost of foundation stock, but after that virtually no cost was involved. The major source of feed for the birds was from the scavenging feed resource base, which comprised table leftovers, small grain supplements and anything edible from the immediate environment. 相似文献
2.
Serological and molecular investigation of Newcastle disease in household chicken flocks and associated markets in Eastern Shewa zone, Ethiopia 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Hassen Chaka Flavie Goutard Patricia Gil Celia Abolnik Renata Servan de Almeida Shahn Bisschop Peter N. Thompson 《Tropical animal health and production》2013,45(3):705-714
3.
Assessing the productivity of indigenous chickens in an extensive management system in southern Nyanza, Kenya 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
Portas Odula Olwande William O. Ogara Samwel O. Okuthe Gerald Muchemi Edward Okoth Maurice O. Odindo Rubin F. Adhiambo 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(2):283-288
The present study was conducted to assess the performance of indigenous chickens under extensive system in southern Nyanza, Kenya. The study was carried out in two phases in Komolorume and Kawere villages in Rongo and Rachuonyo districts, respectively. The first phase was a cross-sectional study in 81 farms selected by cluster sampling to get the overview of the indigenous chicken production. A four-month prospective longitudinal study in 60 farms randomly selected from the previous 81 farms followed. Mean flock sizes per household were 20 and 18 birds in Komolorume and Kawere, respectively. Overall mean flock size was 19 birds ranging from 1to 64. The mean clutch size, egg weight and hatchability were 12 eggs, 48 g and 81% respectively in Komolorume and 10 eggs, 45 g and 70%, respectively, in Kawere. The chick survival rates to the age of eight weeks were 13% and 10% in Komolorume and Kawere, respectively. Mean live weights for cocks and hens were 2096 g and 1599 g in Komolorume and 2071 g and 1482 g in Kawere, respectively. The mean household cock to hen ratio was 2:5 and 2:4 for Komolorume and Kawere, respectively. The mean chick to grower to adult ratio per household was 8: 6:6 in Komolorume and 8:4:6 in Kawere. Clutch sizes and hatchability rates were significantly higher in Komolorume village (P?<?0.5). The productivity of the indigenous chickens was shown to be low compared to that of the improved chickens in other parts of the world. 相似文献
4.
5.
Dana Nigussie van der Waaij Liesbeth H. Dessie Tadelle van Arendonk Johan A. M. 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(7):1519-1529
To generate information essential for the implementation of breeding schemes suitable for village poultry producers in Ethiopia,
a survey was conducted aimed at defining the socioeconomic characteristics of the production environments in different geographic
regions, understanding the important functions of chickens, identifying farmers’ choice of chicken breeds and the underlying
factors that determine the choice of genetic stock used. The survey included both questionnaire survey and a participatory
group discussion. A total of 225 households (45 households from each of five Woredas) were interviewed. The questionnaire was designed to collect data covering general information on village poultry production
such as socio-management characteristics, production objectives, population structure, breed choice and trait preferences,
market preferences of specific traits, and farmers’ selection practices. The participatory farmers’ discussions were designed
to involve stakeholders in defining the breeding objective “traits” and deriving their relative importance in the production
environment based on the different functions of chickens and “traits” identified in the interviews. The results showed that
production of eggs for consumption is the principal function of chickens in most regions followed by the use as source of
income and meat for home consumption. The production system in all geographic regions studied revealed similar features generally
characterized by extensive scavenging management, absence of immunization programs, increased risk of exposure of birds to
disease and predators, and reproduction entirely based on uncontrolled natural mating and hatching of eggs using broody hens.
Farmers’ ratings of indigenous chickens with respect to modern breeds showed the highest significance of the adaptive traits
in general, and the superior merits of indigenous chickens to high yielding exotic breeds in particular. Adaptation to the
production environment was the most important attribute of chickens in all the study areas. The high significance attributed
to reproduction traits indicates the need for maintaining broody behavior and high level of hatchability while breeding for
improved productivity of indigenous chickens for village conditions. The market price of chickens is primarily dictated by
weight, but farmers rated growth (males) and number of eggs followed by growth (females) as the production traits they would
like the most to be improved. Therefore, the ultimate breeding goal should be to develop a dual-purpose breed based on indigenous
chicken genetic resources with any of the comb types other than single for all the regions studied having the most preferred
white body plumage for farmers in the Amhara region and red body plumage for those in Oromia, Benshangul-Gumuz, and Southern
regions. 相似文献
6.
Village chickens are an important livestock for many rural families in Myanmar and other developing countries. Village chickens are kept under free-ranging conditions, with confinement only at night. Therefore, it is likely that some deaths are not observed by farmers. We conducted a longitudinal study from November 2003 until May 2004 to describe temporal patterns of mortality of village chickens in 10 villages in Myanmar. Field veterinarians first identified the numbers of birds in all chicken-owning households in each village. We then selected 307 households randomly with stratification by flock size. Each study household was then visited once monthly at which time questionnaires were completed recording current flock structure and numbers of hatchings, mortalities, sales and birds consumed since the previous visit. In addition, sera were collected from a sample of adult birds and growers. Depending on month and age group of chicken, from 71 to 231 (out of 290-307) households had discrepancies in the counts of birds. For chicks, at least one-quarter of the households had unobserved losses of at least 5 chicks per household (maximum 66 chicks); unobserved losses were less for growers and adult chickens. The median month-specific, village-specific mortality rates per 1000 bird-days at risk (counting missing birds as deaths) ranged from 0.8 to 1.7 for adults, from 0.4 to 4.7 for growers and from 8.0 to 16.5 for chicks. Across all birds, the prevalence of protective titres against Newcastle disease virus was 79% (95% confidence interval 74, 84); higher prevalences of protective titres were associated with reduced mortality rates in the following months. 相似文献
7.
K. M. S. G. Weerasooriya N. Liyanagunawardena G. Wijewardena M. I. Wijemuni S. A. T. C. Samarakoon 《British poultry science》2017,58(6):644-648
1. An experiment was conducted to compare the natural resistance of an indigenous breed of local village chickens to Salmonella gallinarum with two commercial breeds: ISA Brown and ISA White layers under experimental conditions.
2. A total of 72 chickens from each of these breeds were randomly distributed to 4 pens to provide equal numbers of two replicate pens maintained as infected and control (uninfected). All chickens in infected groups were inoculated orally with 1 × 108 CFU (1 ml dose) of a field isolate of S. gallinarum, at the age of 8 and 16 weeks given over 5 consecutive days. Growth performance, clinical signs, gross pathological lesions and antibody responses were measured.
3. A significantly higher mortality was observed in the brown layers compared with the white layers, and clinical signs and mortality were absent in village chickens. However, a large number of birds with gross lesions and high antibody titres were detected in village chickens, indicating that birds had the disease subclinically. Commercial breeds had a significantly higher body weight, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency.
4. There was a significantly lower proportion of positive reactors in village chickens in the whole-blood agglutination test (35%) compared to brown (100%) and white (90%) layers even after the second inoculation. Uninfected birds were negative in all groups. The indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed these observations.
5. These results suggest that the indigenous breed had superior natural resistance to S. gallinarum than the commercial breeds. 相似文献
8.
Pratpot Maliwan Sutisa Khempaka Wittawat Molee Jan Thomas Schonewille 《Tropical animal health and production》2018,50(8):1835-1841
The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of the energy density of diet on the growth performance of Thai indigenous crossbred (50%) chickens known as Korat chicken (KRC). A total of 1440 mixed-sex KRC (720 birds in each phase) were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments containing 2750, 2900, 3050, or 3200 kcal ME/kg diet with 6 replicates of each treatment in a completely randomized design. The experimental diets were tested from hatch to 21 days and from 22 to 42 days of age. In both age groups, body weight gain was not affected (P >?0.05) by the ME density of the diets. Feed intake however decreased with increasing (metabolizable energy) ME (P <?0.05), thereby significantly improving the feed conversion ratio (FCR). Broken-line analysis was performed to estimate the ME content of feed to obtain minimum FCR and maximum protein efficiency ratio (PER) values. Minimum FCR and maximum PER values were found when the diet contained 3000 kcal ME/kg from hatch to 21 days of age and 3175 kcal ME/kg from 22 to 42 days of age, respectively, using diets containing 7.5 and 6.6 g of protein/100 kcal ME, respectively. In conclusion, we established that the ME requirements of KRC from hatch to 21 days and 22 to 42 days of age were 3000 and 3175 kcal/kg, respectively. 相似文献
9.
Factors influencing dairy technology adoption and impact on milk yield were studied in 240 smallholder farms in Dejen district, Ethiopia. The majority of the smallholders had more than 20 years of farming experience and were living at more than 10 km distance from market or trading centers (67% and 54% in that order). The dairy technologies studied included the use of crossbred animals, improved feed technologies and improved management practices. Application of acaricides, deworming, vaccination, heat-detection and haymaking had wide application (more than 80% adoption levels) while urea straw treatment, silage making, rotational grazing and fodder beet development were the least practiced ones. Only 20 percent of the cows were crossbred animals. It has been found that higher level of technology adoption is associated with better milk yield regardless of the breed of cattle (local or crossbred) owned by the farmers. Milk yields in local breeds increased by 0.07 times when the number of technologies increased by one unit. In crossbred cows, this rate of increase was five fold higher (0.38 times for one unit increase). Correlation coefficients between and within farm household characteristics and technologies adoption were, generally, significant. Male-headed households adopted significantly higher number of technologies than female-headed households (P?<?0.001). Technology adoption rates increased significantly with increased education level and family size and decreasing distance from market or trade centers (P?<?0.01). The level of technology adoption by smallholder farmers is still unsatisfactory and is highly dependent on gender, family size and level of education of smallholder farmers and location of farms. 相似文献
10.
There is a variety of professions working with village chickens in developing countries, including farmers, veterinarians
and chicken traders. People from all these occupations were involved in a participatory rural appraisal to investigate husbandry
practices and trade of village chickens in Myanmar. Data were collected in two climatically different regions of the country,
in the Yangon and in the Mandalay divisions. The breeding and training of fighting cocks was practised only in the Mandalay
division, with well-trained birds sold for very high prices. Apart from this, chickens were raised in both regions mainly
for small disposable income and were generally sold when money was needed, in particular during religious festivals. Chicken
traders on bicycles, often called ‘middle men’, usually purchase birds from farmers in about 10 villages per day. Several
‘middle men’ supply birds to wealthier chicken merchants, who sell these birds at larger chicken markets. There is in general
limited knowledge among farmers about the prevention of Newcastle disease via vaccination. Commercial indigenous chicken production
is practised in Myanmar, but family poultry farming dominates indigenous chicken production in the country. 相似文献
11.
Evaluation of biological and economic efficiency of smallholder pig production systems in North Vietnam 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Lemke U Kaufmann B Thuy LT Emrich K Zárate AV 《Tropical animal health and production》2007,39(4):237-254
This study evaluates smallholder pig production systems in North Vietnam, comparing a semi-intensive system near a town with
good market access, where a Vietnamese improved breed has replaced the indigenous pig breed, and an extensive system away
from town, where the indigenous breed still prevails. Fieldwork was conducted in 64 households in four villages. Repeated
farm visits yielded 234 structured interviews. Data were analysed by linear models and non-parametric tests. Production inputs
and outputs were quantified, and feed use efficiency and economic efficiency were assessed. The gross margin was higher for
semi-intensive production with the improved breed, while the benefit–cost ratio was higher under extensive conditions with
the indigenous breed. The net benefit did not differ between systems. Twenty-four per cent of farmers yielded a negative net
benefit. In one village under extensive conditions, live weight output from indigenous sows with crossbred offspring compared
positively with the output from semi-intensive production with improved genotypes, but was associated with high inputs, making
production inefficient. Results indicate that improved genotypes might not be an efficient production alternative for saving-oriented
production with limited resource supply. Suitability of evaluation parameters, farmers’ production aims, and factors impacting
the production success in different systems are discussed. 相似文献
12.
13.
An assessment of chicken husbandry including Newcastle disease control in rural areas of Chibuto,Mozambique 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
This paper describes the management practices of village poultry in Chibuto and the impact of the Newcastle disease vaccination
program conducted between January 2005 and August 2008. A 51-question survey was conducted in 11 villages involved in the
Newcastle disease vaccination program in Chibuto, Mozambique. The mean flock size was significantly higher in households that
provided their chickens with feed (15.0) than chickens that only scavenged (8.7; P = 0.0001). The mean flock size was significantly higher in households with vaccinated chickens (16.9) than those with unvaccinated
chickens (10.0; P = 0.0005). The average number of chicks hatched during the most recent brooding was significantly higher in households that
fed their chickens (9.2) than chickens that only scavenge (6.9; P = 0.0335). The mean hatch rate was significantly higher in households with vaccinated chickens (0.8) than those with unvaccinated
chickens (0.7; P = 0.0324). It was determined that unvaccinated chickens are approximately five times more at risk to die of Newcastle disease
(odds ratio = 4.79). This study supported the efficacy of the I-2 Newcastle disease vaccine as shown by the increased average
flock size and decreased incidence of chicken mortality due to Newcastle disease. The level of farmer involvement and ongoing
commitment by community vaccinators suggest that the Chibuto vaccination program is likely to be sustainable in the medium-
to long-term. 相似文献
14.
15.
Mwale and Masika 2009 Ethno-veterinary control of parasites, management and role of village chickens in rural households of
Centane district in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Village chickens contribute significantly
towards rural livelihood in the African continent through the provision of animal protein, income and socio-cultural uses.
However, village chickens are susceptible to parasite infestation. Due to limitations of using western drugs to control these
parasites, farmers resort to the use of ethno-veterinary medicine (EVM). However, there is dearth of information on EVM use
in chickens. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to document various EVM practices used in controlling gastro-intestinal
parasites in village chickens. Stratified random sampling was used to select 62 chicken farmers that were interviewed using
a structured questionnaire About 70 and 96.7% of farmers provided housing and water for their chickens respectively whereas
the rest did not. The chief role of chickens was meat provision (91.7%). Most households (86%) reported parasite problems
in chickens, particularly gastro-intestinal parasites. Eighty-three percent of the interviewed respondents use medicinal plants
to control both internal and external parasites in chickens. Use of plants increased with parasite incidences (r=0.347; P<0.01).
Mainly gastro-intestinal parasites were problematic and were largely controlled by medicinal plants. Further research on pharmacological
properties, safety and efficacy of these plants is important for improved chicken productivity and hence rural livelihood. 相似文献
16.
Kondombo SR Nianogo AJ Kwakkel RP Udo HM Slingerland M 《Tropical animal health and production》2003,35(6):563-574
This study aimed to describe and compare village chicken production in two farming systems in Burkina Faso. The systems were those in which crops and livestock production were, respectively, the most important. A rapid rural appraisal preceded a monitoring study in which data were collected fortnightly for 2 months. The study revealed that village chickens are used as sacrifices, gifts and objects of exchange for traditional medicine, or are sold for a little money under both systems. Chicken production is a free-range procedure in both farming systems, but there are differences in management. On average, the flock size was 33.5±3 birds, of which 57% were chicks. During the period of 2 months in the rainy season, the overall mortality was relatively low (8.8%±1.5) but mortality in chicks was high (31.7%). The main cause of financial loss in the village chickens was mortality, which represented up to 84% of the total exits. The hatching rate and mortality in young chicks differed significantly (p<0.05) between the two farming systems. 相似文献
17.
T. B. Matshogo V. Mlambo U. Marume N. Sebola 《Tropical animal health and production》2018,50(8):1787-1795
Lippia javanica leaves may have nutraceutical bioactivity and thus could be a viable alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry diets. To test this hypothesis, a feeding trial was carried out to determine the effects of dietary inclusion of Lippia javanica leaf meal (LJ) on growth performance, blood parameters, carcass characteristics and meat quality of indigenous Potchefstroom Koekoek (PK) chickens. The leaf meal was used to dilute a commercial chicken grower diet at a rate of 25 or 50 g/kg diet. Two additional experimental diets, a positive control (commercial chicken grower diet with antibiotics, CON+) and a negative control (commercial chicken grower diet without antibiotics, CON–), were also formulated. Feed intake and growth performance were measured over a period of 13 weeks before slaughtering for carcass and meat quality measurements. Blood was collected in week 11 to determine haematological and serum biochemical parameters. Diet had no effect on overall FCE but significantly (P?<?0.05) affected bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), sodium, potassium, cholesterol and magnesium levels in blood. When included at 50 g/kg, LJ increased carcass weight (P?<?0.05). Meat from CON– (6.07) and LJ50 (6.08) chickens had a higher pH than from CON+ (5.9) and LJ25 (5.8) chickens. Breast muscle in CON– chickens had higher (P?<?0.05) lightness (L*) value (53.2) compared to chickens fed on other diets. It was observed that meat from LJ25 chickens had the highest for redness value (2.3). It was concluded that L. javanica leaf meal can be included up to 50 g/kg in Potchefstroom koekoek chicken diets without causing negative effects on the birds’ feed intake, utilisation and weight gain. Diet-induced changes observed in blood parameters and meat quality fell within the expected normal ranges for indigenous chickens. 相似文献
18.
Shiferaw Jenbreie Gelagay Ayelet Esayas Gelaye Fekadu Kebede Stacey E. Lynch Haileleul Negussie 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,45(1):75-79
The study was conducted in eight districts of Ethiopia with the objectives of determining the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of infectious bursal disease (IBD). From the total of 2,597 chicken serum samples examined using ELISA, 83.1 % were found positive. The highest seroprevalence was found at Mekele (90.3 %) while the lowest was recorded at Gondar district (69.8 %). These differences among the study areas were statistically significant (p?<?0.05). Highest seroprevalence was found in crossbreed of chicken (91.4 %) while the lowest was recorded in indigenous breed of chicken (81.4 %). This difference was statistically significant (p?<?0.05) among the three breeds of chickens, but sex was not statistically significant (p?>?0.05). The seroprevalence of the disease was found high in young (≤8 weeks) age group (86.6 %) while the lowest prevalence was recorded in adults (>8 weeks) (72 %). This is also statistically significant (p?<?0.05) between young and adult age groups. The prevalence of IBD in different production system indicated that higher seroprevalence was recorded in intensive production system (85.9 %) while the lowest was recorded in extensive production system (81.6 %). This difference is also statistically significant (p?<?0.05). 相似文献
19.
Aboe PA Boa-Amponsem K Okantah SA Dorward PT Bryant MJ 《Tropical animal health and production》2006,38(3):223-234
A cross-sectional survey investigating the contribution of free-range village chickens to household economies was carried
out in four administrative districts within 60km of Accra. Answers were provided by 101 men and 99 women. Nearly all respondents
claimed to keep chickens for meat, with a far smaller percentage claiming to keep them for egg production. Over 80% of respondents
kept chickens to supplement their incomes. The proportion of the flock eaten varied between administrative areas (p=0.009 and p=0.027), although this was possibly a consequence of differences in consumption patterns between occupation of the respondent,
land area cultivated and flock size. The proportion of chickens sold varied as a result of differences in flock size (p=0.013), the proportion sold increasing with number of birds in the flock. Respondents generally agreed that chickens could
be sold without difficulty. A majority of chicken sales were from the farm gate, directly to consumers or traders. Sales were
on demand or when the owner needed money. Money from the sale was kept by the owner of the chicken and the money was spent
on personal needs. The proportion of the flock sold varied between administrative areas (p=0.025) and occupation of the respondent (p=0.040). Respondents describing animal production as their main occupation tended to have greater reliance on chicken sales
for their income. Consideration is given to estimating the offtake from the flock and the financial contribution to the household. 相似文献
20.
低粗蛋白质日粮对长天龄三黄肉鸡生产性能及养殖效益的影响 《畜牧与饲料科学》2015,36(2):36-36
为评价饲喂低粗蛋白质日粮对长天龄三黄肉鸡生产性能及养殖效益的影响,分别开展了试验场试验与养殖户试验。于试验场选取长天龄三黄肉鸡1 600只,随机分为4组（对照组、试验1组、试验2组和试验3组）,每组2个重复,每个重复200只鸡。对照组和各试验组雏鸡阶段（1~35天龄）及成鸡阶段（76天龄~上市）均饲喂常规日粮,对照组中鸡阶段（36~75天龄）饲喂粗蛋白质含量为17%的日粮,试验1组、试验2组及试验3组中鸡阶段（36~75天龄）分别饲喂粗蛋白质含量为14%、12%及10%的低粗蛋白质日粮,各组日粮的可消化必需氨基酸含量一致。选取长天龄三黄肉鸡养殖户8家,随机分成4组（对照Ⅰ组、对照Ⅱ组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组）,每组2家养殖户,每家存栏8 000只鸡。对照组和试验组雏鸡阶段（1~35天龄）及成鸡阶段（76天龄~上市）均饲喂常规日粮,对照组中鸡阶段（36~75天龄）饲喂粗蛋白质含量为17%的日粮,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组中鸡阶段（36~75天龄）饲喂粗蛋白质含量为14%的低粗蛋白质日粮,各组日粮的可消化必需氨基酸含量一致。其中,对照Ⅰ组、试验Ⅰ组限量饲喂,对照Ⅱ组、试验Ⅱ组自由采食。试验场试验与养殖户试验开展过程中,每天统计耗料量,试验结束时分别计算并分析各组肉鸡的上市率、个体均重、料重比、次鸡率及只均利润等指标。试验场试验结果表明,各组肉鸡上市率、料重比及次鸡率差异均不显著（P〉0.05）;试验3组的个体均重显著低于对照组及其他试验组（P〈0.05）;试验1组只均利润显著高于对照组及其他试验组（P〈0.05）。养殖户试验结果表明,试验Ⅰ组的次鸡率显著高于对照Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组（P〈0.05）。结果提示,中鸡阶段饲喂粗蛋白质含量为14%的低水平粗蛋白质日粮,能够提高三黄肉鸡的只均利润,且以自由采食方式效果最佳。 相似文献