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1.
Measurements of the horizontal and vertical fluxes of energy and mass were taken at a crop canopy edge and downwind of it to examine the effects of inhomogeneity on surface-atmosphere exchange, for the ideal case of flat uniform terrain. Energy balance closure was also examined and the effects of the often-neglected advection terms on the energy budget were evaluated. The results show that neither vertical nor horizontal advection should be neglected for moderate distances downwind from heterogeneous boundaries, with the energy budget closure near the leading edge improved by more than 20% with the inclusion of the horizontal and vertical advection of latent and sensible heat. Significant mean advective horizontal and vertical flux divergences of water vapor and temperature were found even in typical daytime conditions. In stable conditions horizontal advection can be responsible for more than 15% of the scalar (water vapor) transport 136 canopy heights downwind of a change in water vapor source density and surface roughness. 相似文献
2.
Dry deposition of fly ash emitted by a coal-fired power plant has been calculated using a surface depletion Gaussian plume model. The subject plant is located in the southwestern United States. Soil samples collected downwind of this power plant have been chemically analyzed for selected trace elements (As, B, F, Hg, Se, Sr, U, and V) to determine concentration vs. distance trends. Gaussian plume deposition calculations predict very little increase of trace element concentrations in soils, except for those elements highly concentrated in fly ash emissions compared to soils. Trace element soil concentrations as a function of downwind distance generally confirm these predictions, with the possible exception of Se. 相似文献
3.
喷雾飘移的风洞试验和回归模型 总被引：3，自引：4，他引：3
为了掌握农药喷雾飘移的规律,从而为控制农药飘移到非靶标区域提供理论支持和技术依据,论文测试了由风洞地面向上0.1~0.5 m放置的5根间隔0.1 m以及水平方向距地面0.1 m高从2~6 m放置的5根间隔1 m的聚乙烯收集线所收集的含荧光示踪剂的雾滴,由荧光分析仪测定了收集线上的荧光剂含量,分析了不同位置处的雾滴沉积和飘移。针对Tee Jet公司的XR 11002延长范围扇形喷头、AIXR 11002气吸扇形喷头、TT 11002广角扇形喷头和TTI 11002涡流气吸型喷头在不同位置处的雾滴飘移试验、得到不同类型的喷头在不同风速和药剂时的雾滴飘移结果。结果显示,随着垂直高度和水平距离的增加,雾滴的沉积减少。风速增大时,垂直高度0.1~0.5 m和水平距离2~6 m的雾滴飘移都会更加严重。气吸扇形和涡流气吸型结构的喷头能产生更大尺寸雾滴,减少飘移量。采用SPSS软件建立了包含采样距离、风速、喷头类型和药剂类型在内的多变量非线性雾滴飘移特性模型,经检验,该回归模型的拟合度在0.847以上,此模型有助于降低喷雾飘移的风险,为气象条件的选择、雾滴沉积区域的预测、缓冲隔离区的确定、防飘施药技术的研究和喷施药剂药械的配套选用提供技术指导。 相似文献
4.
A reactive plume model that includes atmospheric chemical reactions of mercury was developed. The model simulates advective transport with the mean wind flow; horizontal and vertical turbulent diffusion; gas phase; aqueous-phase and particulate chemistry; cloud microphysics; wet deposition and dry deposition. The model was applied to the simulation of clear sky, non-precipitating cloud and precipitating cloud scenarios. No significant mercury chemistry occurs in the absence of droplets. In clouds, Hg(II) is reduced to Hg(0) with more reduction taking place in precipitating clouds than in non-precipitating clouds. 相似文献
5.
6.
Craig J. Johns Britt A. Holmén Debbie A. Niemeier Robert H. Shumway 《Journal of Agricultural, Biological & Environmental Statistics》2001,6(1):99-117
Dust plumes were generated by farm equipment during standard field preparations and harvest operations. Light detection and ranging (lidar) measurements of dust particle concentrations in the plumes were censored by an upper detection limit. The nonstandardized Gaussian curve, with range values as the argument, was used as a model for the one-dimensional plume profile. Maximum likelihood estimates for the Gaussian plume equation were found in order to make inferences concerning plume characteristics. 相似文献
7.
Wind erosion force vectors were computed from data of frequencyof occurrence of windspeed and direction based on the assumptionthat wind erosion is proportional to (windspeed)3× duration of exposure.The vertical distribution of eroded soil material wasmathematically described. The transition height betweensaltation and suspension could be identified and used tointegrate the two equations describing saltation and suspension.The soil avalanching process was studied by evaluating the horizontal changes of eroded soil material. The vertical andhorizontal distribution of eroded soil constituents, i.e.,particle size distribution, mean weight diameters, plantnutrients and heavy minerals content for selected wind stormswere also evaluated. Results revealed that soil constituents change considerably with the height and downwind distance.To assess the changes in soil properties due to wind erosion,surface soil samples were taken from the original eroded surfaceand from freshly accumulated drifts near the eroded field.Enrichment ratios were more than one for the fine fraction, organic matter, moisture retention, and chemical constituentsindicating a loss in their contents in the eroded field. 相似文献
8.
基于离散元法的贯入圆锥对沙土颗粒运动特性分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为了预测土壤颗粒在圆锥指数仪贯入沙土过程中的运动特性,该文通过建立一个三维长方体料床模型用离散元法模拟了圆锥贯入沙土的全过程,讨论了料床指定初始位置上颗粒的运动轨迹,还将料床的位移场按照位移量大小分成4个区,分析了料床的横向、纵向以及合成的位移场,最后给出了不同贯入深度的料床速度场及力链分布规律。研究结果显示:受到圆锥向下贯入和左右壁面阻挡的共同作用,大多数颗粒在圆锥贯入过程中以纵向移动为主,横向上体现为近似线性梯度的受限扩散式移动,尤以锥尖附近的横向位移最明显;颗粒在纵向上均经历了先向下运动再向上运动的过程,在圆锥贯入过程中料床的纵向位移场,作为向上和向下位移区的分界线,一条"衣领"带状区域的颗粒近似静止;越靠近锥尖附近的颗粒接触力和速度越大,且随着贯入深度的增加,锥尖处的接触力增大。该文的研究为土壤圆锥指数实地测量时测量点间距的取值提供理论依据。 相似文献
9.
Laura Cutroneo Michela Castellano Maria Paola Ferranti Paolo Povero Sergio Tucci Marco Capello 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(9):1645-1654
Purpose
The turbid plumes generated by different types of dredges have specific behaviours and diffusion patterns. The dredging of the Oil Port of Genoa Multedo (Italy) with three different dredges (grab, backhoe and trailing suction hopper) enabled us to study: the physical and hydrodynamic characteristics of the water column of the port and the area just outside it; the characteristics of the turbid plumes; and the different responses of our optical and acoustic instruments.Materials and methods
In the dredging operations, a vessel equipped with a vertical acoustic Doppler current profiler and a conductivity–temperature–depth probe with a turbidimeter followed the different dredges during their daily operations. Using the acoustic backscatter and turbidity data acquired during the dredging phase, we investigated the turbidity variations caused by the dredging operations to study the evolution of the plume generated by the three different dredges.Results and discussion
The grab plume was present only on the bottom up to a distance of 50 m from the grab, while at greater distances the turbidity fell to background values. The backhoe plume was present close to the bottom at a distance of 50 m from the dredging and, in the entire water column, at distances of 50–400 and 100 m inside and outside of the port, respectively. The trailing suction hopper dredge plume extended from the surface through the entire water column at distances from the dredging of 400 and 100 m inside and outside of the port, respectively. The highest values were found close to the bottom at distances from the dredging at 50 and 30 m inside and outside of the port, respectively.Conclusions
The choice of a combined monitoring system is a good practical solution for studying the differences between the turbid plumes created by the three dredging tools (grab, backhoe and trailing suction hopper dredge) under different hydrodynamic conditions. Furthermore, two different types of instrument should give complementary information on different aspects of sediment resuspension during a dredging operation. 相似文献10.
11.
基于位移变化率和强度折减有限元的边坡失稳判定方法 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
采用强度折减有限元法计算边坡稳定时,以变形为基础的失稳判据具有显著的物理意义和工程意义。该文采用变步长的折减方法,基于位移变化率-强度折减系数曲线的转折突变作为失稳判据,并研究特征点的敏感性及选取范围。计算结果表明,当折减系数为1.42时,坡顶水平位移变化率、竖向位移变化率和总位移变化率均发生急剧性的转折。与位移相比,位移变化率-强度折减系数的曲线存在明显的转折突变,可更准确、明显地判断边坡稳定的安全度。至坡顶一定距离范围内的特征点,如位于非塑性区域且非滑动土体时,其位移变化率-强度折减系数的曲线发生转折突变,但曲线在转折点附近存在振荡现象。通过位移变化率计算得到的54个安全系数,平均值为1.420,变异系数为0.005 3,不同特征点根据水平位移变化率、竖向位移变化率和总位移变化率得到的安全系数基本一致。当特征点至坡顶的距离≤1倍坡高时,特征点的位移12 mm,且位移变化率均较大,此时特征点对位移变化率较敏感;当特征点至坡顶的距离1倍坡高时,特征点位移在5~18 mm之间,但位移变化率大幅度降低,此时特征点对位移变化率的敏感性大幅度降低。考虑边界约束的影响及特征点的敏感性,建议特征点的选取范围为:与坡顶距离为1倍坡高的范围。 相似文献
12.
渠道渗漏HYDRUS模拟验证及影响因素分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
渠道渗漏影响灌溉水利用效率,分析影响渗漏的主要因素,评估各影响因素对渠道渗漏的影响程度,可以为提高灌溉水利用效率提供理论参考.为了得到渠道渗漏的主要影响因素,进行了渠道渗漏室内模拟试验,观测不同边坡系数、入渗水头、渠道底宽下的累积入渗量和湿润锋推进过程,建立试验条件下的土壤水分运动模型,选用HYDRUS-2D软件求解所建模型,并将求解得到的模拟值与实测值进行比较,结果表明,模型模拟R2均高于0.9、均方根误差为0.43～4.99 L,检验了所建模型可以用于模拟渠道渗漏的土壤水分入渗过程.模拟表明,边坡系数对湿润锋运移距离和累积入渗量的影响很小,渠道底宽对渠道土壤水分入渗过程的影响较大,通过双因素方差分析,渠道底宽对累积入渗量和湿润锋运移距离的影响极显著(P＜0.01),而入渗水头对水平距离的影响显著(P＜0.05),渠道底宽和入渗水头之间不存在显著的交互影响(P＞0.05).研究结果可以为提高灌溉水利用效率、对灌溉渠道防渗提供技术参考. 相似文献
13.
地下灌竖管灌水器湿润体时空变化规律 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
研究地下竖管灌水器的土壤湿润体特性时空变化规律及影响因素,对进一步研究竖管地下灌溉技术要素,并将这一节水灌溉技术用于实际具有重要意义。该文基于室内竖管灌水器入渗试验,研究了土壤物理特性参数(土壤初始含水率和土壤容重)、竖管灌水器工作压力水头和灌水器技术参数(竖管管径)对土壤湿润体空间分布的影响。根据试验数据,构建了在不同方向上竖管灌水器工作压力水头、土壤初始含水率、土壤容重、竖管灌水器直径和竖管灌水器埋深等因素与湿润体时空变化特征值的量化关系,其决定系数均在0.85以上。按标准化回归系数分析得湿润锋运移距离与压力水头、初始含水率、竖管直径及竖管埋深呈正相关,与土壤容重呈负相关。湿润锋在各个方向的运移距离由大到小依次为:向下、水平和向上。根据不同方向湿润锋运移距离和各影响因素的量化关系,建立了不同方向湿润锋运移速率和各影响因素的量化关系,这一关系表明:在入渗初期,各个方向的湿润锋运移速率较大,随着入渗时间的延续,其值逐渐减小,在200 min左右,开始逐步趋于稳定。 相似文献
14.
A case study to determine wet deposition near a250 MW coal-fired power station unit on the southcoast of Finland was carried out during a wintertimeprecipitation event. In addition to intensivemeteorological observations, the experimental part ofthe study included the collection of 28 depositionsamples within 10 km of the power station andmeasurements of sulphur dioxide in the air at twoplaces, one inside and the other outside the downwindsector. Model estimates of the wet deposition patternwere also made, assuming a Gaussian shape and agradual rise for the plume and taking into accountinclined fall trajectories of snowflakes through the plume.By comparing the model results with the chemicalanalysis outcomes, it was inferred that for sulphuremissions in wet snowfall within the first 10 km fromthe source, the precipitation scavenging coefficientwas probably of the order of 10-6 s-1 orless. This implies that the percentage of emittedsulphur being scavenged in the study area was about0.7% at most. Although the observed decreases ofacidity from the mean pH-value of 4.1 occurred only indeposition samples on the leeward side of the powerstation, no significant effects of alkaline fly ashcould be confirmed. On the other hand, the modelestimates do suggest that the sulphur and particularlythe hydrochloride emissions may have added to theacidity of snow at downwind distances of 1–5 km fromthe source, but chiefly in a narrow sector whichremained between the collectors. 相似文献
15.
为正确选取有效识别脱出混合物中籽粒和杂余的阵列式PVDF夹带损失传感器的最佳安装位置,该文通过分析6、7和8kg/s喂入量时纵轴流滚筒下脱出混合物沿纵向与横向的籽粒和杂余分布规律,选取不同喂入量时纵向与横向分布的籽粒和杂余质量比例最稳定且变化最小的位置,通过比较籽粒和杂余在下落过程中不同位置的下落速度对阵列式PVDF夹带损失传感器冲击产生电压信号相差较大且谐振影响较小的点作为传感器的安装位置;结果表明,阵列式PVDF夹带损失传感器在纵轴流滚筒下的最佳安装位置为横向X轴上i为6、纵向Y轴上j为12、法向Z轴上k为14的点,在该点安装的阵列式PVDF夹带损失传感器可以有效检测脱出混合物中的籽粒数量,检测误差在4.5%～5.26%之间。该文为切纵流联合收获机纵轴流滚筒下夹带损失传感器的安装定位提供有效依据。 相似文献
16.
An intensive study was conducted to evaluate the movement of dieldrin and heptachlor vapor from a treated watershed. The successful application of micrometeorological estimates of evapotranspiration using average hourly data indicates that reasonable confidence can be placed on the computation of vertical pesticide flux rates using the equation: $$P = K_Z \left( {\frac{{\partial p}}{{\partial Z}}} \right)$$ where vertical diffusivity coefficient, K i, for pesticide vapor is assumed equal to K z for water vapor as measured by micrometeorological methods. Total daily pesticide flux can easily be calculated by summing the total estimated flux for each of the 2 or 4 hr observations. Interpretations of within-canopy pesticide flux profiles and evapotranspiration flux rates indicate that the pesticide flux rate during nighttime hours is zero. No major sources or sinks for pesticide within the crop could be found, and it was concluded that the pesticide vapor flux was directly from the soil itself. Thus, vertical pesticide flux measurements made above the canopy are representative of total vertical flux rates. It is possible to evaluate the mass horizontal flow and the downwind pattern of adsorption of pesticide vapor on untreated soil as well as dissipation into the atmosphere. 相似文献
17.
Pollution episodes of three distinct types were detected at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory, which is a 300 m instrumented tower located in a rural area 25 km north of Denver and 20 km east of Boulder. Under stably stratified atmospheric conditions, usually at night or early morning, both power-plant-derived and general urban plumes were sampled. The powerplant plumes were characterized by SO2 concentrations of 30 to 50 ppb in the plume centers, NO2 maxima of 20 to 40 ppb on the plume edges, NO maxima of as much as 50 ppb in the plume centers, and the absence of O3 from the plume centers. Light scattering (b scat), principally due to coarse particles, was typically enhanced by 20 to 40%, relative to nominally clean air. The urban plumes typically contained NO2 uniformly distributed throughout the affected air mass at 20 to 30 ppb, no detectable NO or SO2, and O3 present at concentrations less than half that in background air; b scat was typically increased by a factor of 2 to 3. A third type of pollution episode, containing greatly increased concentrations of condensation nuclei, was observed during days when surface heating had apparently stimulated biological particle production. At these times the usual indicators of anthropogenic pollution were absent. 相似文献
18.
不同生长期多花木兰根系抗拉拔特性及其根系边坡的稳定性 总被引：8，自引：7，他引：1
为研究不同生长期灌木植物根系抗拉拔特性,并分析其对护坡效应的影响,对生长期分别为3个月、6个月、9个月、12个月、15个月和18个月的典型护坡灌木植物多花木兰根系进行室内抗拉试验和现场抗拔试验,并采用二维有限元法模拟试验区不同生长期多花木兰根系边坡稳定性的增强作用。结果表明：受不同生长期的影响,多花木兰单根的抗拉力随着根径的增加呈幂函数增大,抗拉强度随着根径的增加呈幂函数减小,单根直径一定时,抗拉力和抗拉强度随着生长期的增长而增大;受不同生长期的影响,多花木兰植物根系的抗拔力随着地径、地下生物量和侧根数的增加呈指数函数增大,多花木兰根系的平均生物指标和平均抗拔力的增大幅度随着生长期的增长而减小,其中平均抗拔力增大幅度由102.78%减小到31.55%;边坡的安全系数随着植物生长期的增长而增大,等效塑性应变和最大位移随着植物生长期的增长而减小,其中最大等效塑性应变较裸坡减小了24%～72%,最大水平位移的减少程度约为最大竖向位移的一半。 相似文献
19.
为探明不同改流体对稻种颗粒在料仓卸料流动的影响机理，实现种群流动从中心流到整体流转变，改善种群流动环境，该研究利用离散元法（discrete element method，DEM）建立传统料仓、垂直扰动和水平扰动料仓模型与稻种颗粒仿真模型，进行卸料数值模拟，并与料仓实际卸料试验作流型对比，验证离散元模型与数值模拟结果准确性。整体流指数（mass flow index，MFI）与z轴颗粒速度表明传统和垂直扰动料仓中部区域颗粒速度均随颗粒堆积高度增加而减小，边壁区域颗粒速度均随颗粒堆积高度增加而增大；而水平扰动料仓边壁区域颗粒速度随料仓颗粒堆积高度增加而减小，中部区域颗粒速度随颗粒堆积高度增加而增大；传统料仓，垂直和水平扰动料仓的流型转化高度分别为130、118以及130 mm。料仓不同区域种群垂直速度、水平速度和角速度表明，种群垂直速度在垂直与水平改流体作用下，相较传统料仓流动区域分别降低34.82%和83.46%；随料仓颗粒堆积高度降低，种群水平速度波动增大，传统料仓、垂直及水平扰动料仓颗粒水平速度标准差分别为0.0273、0.0187以及0.0103 m/s。传统和垂直扰动料仓中心和边壁区域颗粒角速度变化相似，垂直扰动料仓中心区域角速度峰值小于传统料仓；水平扰动与传统料仓流动区域颗粒角速度变化相似，但水平扰动料仓颗粒角速度变化小。研究结果可为工程提出改流体设计标准、结构与位置参数及提高料仓使用面积提供参考。 相似文献
20.
渭北旱塬矮化苹果园滴灌下土壤剖面水分和 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过采集渭北旱塬矮化果园4个不同时间点（4月2日，5月1日，5月30日，8月13日）的土壤剖面样品，分析滴灌施肥下土壤剖面水分和养分时空分布的特征。结果表明：（1）前期土壤剖面水分集中分布在滴灌点附近，水平迁移距离20 cm，垂直迁移距离100 cm；后期滴灌和降雨增多，导致在60—100 cm深土层出现较高的土壤水分含量，土壤水分在水平方向上有明显的分布差异。（2）土壤硝态氮表现出明显的随水移动规律，且集中分布在水分湿润区边缘附近，垂直迁移距离大于水平距离。（3）土壤速效磷、速效钾在土壤剖面呈现出"表聚现象"，速效磷主要分布在水平方向0—20 cm，垂直方向0—30 cm区域，速效钾主要分布在水平方向0—40 cm，垂直方向0—40 cm；均表现滴灌点区域含量高，远离滴灌点含量相对较低，具有明显的空间分布差异。在水平方向20—40，0—40 cm深土层速效钾含量相对较低，出现较明显的低值区域，后期该区域出现水平方向远离。（4）建议减少灌溉量，水分入渗深度应控制在0—40 cm，从而减少氮素淋溶流失；合理调整滴灌点与树干的距离，保证当年新生根系能吸收到充足氮、磷、钾养分。 相似文献