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《中国畜牧兽医》2018,(12)
分子标记是以个体间核苷酸序列变异为基础的遗传标记,是DNA水平上的遗传多样性的直接反应。分子标记技术是在DNA水平上进行多态性分析的一种技术手段,具有效率高、准确度高的特点,在绵羊育种中有着广泛的应用。分子标记技术不仅可以对绵羊的基因进行定位,而且可以对绵羊群的遗传结构进行分析,重要的是可以进行绵羊的标记辅助育种,对绵羊的育种起重要作用。作者介绍了以Southern杂交、PCR扩增、重复序列和单核苷酸多态性(SNP)为基础的分子标记技术的基本原理及优缺点,重点介绍了这些分子标记技术在绵羊的体尺、屠宰、繁殖等性状中进行标记辅助选择时的应用,揭示了在实际生产中分子标记技术对于绵羊选种与选配、提高其经济价值的重要意义,并基于目前分子标记技术在绵羊育种中的运用,以及未来分子标记技术的应用作出展望。 相似文献
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DNA分子标记与动物遗传育种 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
DNA分子标记技术的出现,对动物遗传育种产生了深远的影响,利用DNA标记可以研究动物整个基因组水平的遗传变异,进行动物遗传资源研究、标记辅助选择、标记辅助导入、杂种优势预测、选配、品种与品系确认、构建高分辨率遗传连锁图谱、QTL搜寻定位等。目前在动物遗传中广泛使用的标记主要有mtDNA、RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、SSR、SNP和EST标记。本文综述了这些标记技术的原理、特点,并根据其特点,分析其在动物遗传育种中的应用,并通过维普数据库搜索比较分析研究者对各种技术的使用情况。 相似文献
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高通量测序技术是研究物种复杂生物性状遗传机制的基础,随着高通量测序技术的不断优化提升,一些与生物表型性状密切相关的基因组变异被精准地挖掘出来,其中包括单核苷酸多态位点(SNP)、小片段的插入或缺失(Indel)、拷贝数变异(CNV)以及结构变异(SV)为代表的分子标记。与传统遗传标记相比较,分子遗传标记具有多态性高、遍布整个基因组、检测手段简单快捷以及成本低廉的特点。通过检测覆盖全基因组范围内的分子标记,利用基因组水平的遗传信息对个体或群体遗传资源进行评估,能够缩短世代间隔、提高选种的准确性,进而在短期内取得较大的遗传进展。作者从高通量测序技术挖掘分子遗传标记角度入手,综述了三代测序技术发展历程和应用领域以及三代分子遗传标记检测技术在蛋鸡种业创新中的应用,并详细阐述了高通量测序技术与分子遗传标记相结合在蛋鸡群体遗传多样性及进化分类、群体遗传图谱的构建和功能基因定位、数量性状形成的遗传机制解析和质量性状形成的遗传机制解析等4个方面的精准应用,以期为蛋鸡基因组选择进入实质应用阶段提供科学依据和指导。 相似文献
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JIANG Qiu-fei LUO Xiao-yu HONG Long WEN Wan TIAN Jia ZHANG Juan Li Xin HAN Li-yun SHI Yuan-gang GU Ya-ling 《中国畜牧兽医》2016,43(10):2694-2700
Molecular breeding technology is direct selection at the DNA level by randomly distributed molecular markers throughout the genome polymorphism comparison,it is helpful to carry out more comprehensive study of polymorphism on investigated subjects,meanwhile,more information can be got,and the accuracy of selection will be higher,thereby,the milk production efficiency and economic benefits can be improved.From the perspective of the dairy cattle molecular breeding technology,the author expounds the research challenges,problems and research progress on several aspects,such as localization of QTL,MAS,transgenic breeding and GWAS,points out that molecular breeding techniques have a very important role in dairy cattle breeding and improvement process.Further research and application of molecular breeding technology not only can accelerate the development of dairy cows in the core group of comprehensive construction,but also is very necessary to cultivate a bull. 相似文献
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分子育种技术是在DNA水平上直接进行选择,通过对随机分布于整个基因组的分子标记的多态性进行比较,更加全面地了解研究对象的多态性,可以获得更大的信息量,选种的准确性也更高,进而提高奶牛生产效率和经济效益。作者从奶牛分子育种技术的角度入手,阐述了数量性状基因的定位、分子标记辅助选择、转基因育种以及全基因组关联分析这几方面的研究难点、存在问题和研究进展,指出分子育种技术在奶牛育种及改良过程中具有非常重要的作用,进一步研究并应用分子育种技术,不仅可以加速我国奶牛核心群的全面建设,而且对培育种公牛也是非常必要的手段。 相似文献
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Nasir Moghaddar Daniel J Brown Andrew A Swan Phillip M Gurman Li Li Julius H van der Werf 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2022,139(1):71-83
The objective of this study was to investigate the accuracy of genomic prediction of body weight and eating quality traits in a numerically small sheep population (Dorper sheep). Prediction was based on a large multi-breed/admixed reference population and using (a) 50k or 500k single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes, (b) imputed whole-genome sequencing data (~31 million), (c) selected SNPs from whole genome sequence data and (d) 50k SNP genotypes plus selected SNPs from whole-genome sequence data. Furthermore, the impact of using a breed-adjusted genomic relationship matrix on accuracy of genomic breeding value was assessed. The selection of genetic variants was based on an association study performed on imputed whole-genome sequence data in an independent population, which was chosen either randomly from the base population or according to higher genetic proximity to the target population. Genomic prediction was based on genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP), and the accuracy of genomic prediction was assessed according to the correlation between genomic breeding value and corrected phenotypes divided by the square root of trait heritability. The accuracy of genomic prediction was between 0.20 and 0.30 across different traits based on common 50k SNP genotypes, which improved on average by 0.06 (absolute value) on average based on using prioritized genetic markers from whole-genome sequence data. Using prioritized genetic markers from a genetically more related GWAS population resulted in slightly higher prediction accuracy (0.02 absolute value) compared to genetic markers derived from a random GWAS population. Using high-density SNP genotypes or imputed whole-genome sequence data in GBLUP showed almost no improvement in genomic prediction accuracy however, accounting for different marker allele frequencies in reference population according to a breed-adjusted GRM resulted to on average 0.024 (absolute value) increase in accuracy of genomic prediction. 相似文献
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Molecular markers and their use in animal breeding 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The use of DNA markers to define the genetic makeup (genotype) and predict the performance of an animal is a powerful aid to animal breeding. One strategy is known as marker-assisted selection (MAS). MAS facilitates the exploitation of existing genetic diversity in breeding populations and can be used to improve a whole range of desirable traits. DNA markers are, by definition, polymorphic, and the methods used to define DNA markers include restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), microsatellites, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Linkage analysis, association analysis and analysis of gene function can be used to determine which polymorphisms are useful markers for desirable traits. Future prospects include the use of high throughput DNA microarray (DNA chip) technology which could revolutionize animal breeding in the next millennium. 相似文献
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芯片技术在畜禽育种中的应用研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
中国畜禽品种资源丰富,且有许多优良性状基因,但这些优良性状基因并没有被充分利用,因此,在基因水平上开展遗传资源的开发和利用是畜禽经济性状改良的重要方向。目前,虽然传统系谱选择方法在育种工作中发挥了重要作用,但存在准确率低、育种周期长等缺点。随着分子生物学技术的快速发展,近年来先进的基因组测序和基因分型技术大大促进了畜禽育种方法的革新。从低通量、耗时的限制性片段多态标记（RFLP）到如今高通量、高密度的单核苷酸多态性（SNP）标记,基因检测效率有了大幅度提高。基因芯片技术在分子标记辅助选择和全基因组选择育种研究中逐渐得到广泛应用,成为畜禽育种的新技术手段和新热点。主要介绍了高、低密度SNP芯片技术在畜禽育种中的研究及应用,并简述了其技术优势、存在问题及挑战、应用展望,旨在表明基因芯片技术必将会成为畜禽分子育种工作中一项重要的基础技术,在畜禽种业快速发展过程中起到重要的推动作用,以期为基因芯片技术在畜禽育种中得到进一步应用提供理论参考,推进中国畜禽育种遗传进展,提升中国畜禽种业的科技竞争力。 相似文献
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微卫星DNA (Microsatellite DNA)与其他DNA分子标记相比较,具有数量多、分布广且均匀、多态性丰 富、呈孟德尔共显性遗传、易于检测、分析快速方便等一系列优点,并在动植物遗传多样性评估、遗传连锁图谱构建、 绘制系统发生树、QTL定位、标记辅助选择、疾病诊断及血缘关系鉴定等研究领域中得到广泛应用。本文就微卫星标记 及其在羊品种遗传育种中的应用作一综述。 相似文献
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拷贝数变异（copy number variation,CNV）具有多种形式的变异结构,在品种多样性、生物进化和疾病相关性等研究中起着重要作用,并具有片段长度大、覆盖范围广等特点。随着分子生物学的发展及DNA测序技术的日渐成熟,人们对遗传变异的研究不断向DNA分子水平深入,多态性标记在畜禽育种中已逐渐成为动物育种研究的趋势和主流。由于CNV对基因的调控和表达所造成的影响更为显著,因此,CNV在重要畜禽中的研究越来越多。目前,已检测出大量有关畜禽重要经济性状的基因序列变异,并有许多研究均表明CNV与动物的重要经济特征及疾病的发生有关。笔者主要通过参考国内外相关的研究报道,简述了CNV的相关研究背景、概念、突变机制,归纳总结了CNV对牛、羊、猪、鸡的经济性状、繁殖性状和疾病调控的影响,以期通过对这些重要畜禽的基因组学研究揭示其适应性遗传机理和表型性状差异的遗传基础,开发相应的分子遗传标记,为畜禽的标记辅助选育提供理论基础。 相似文献
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Genomic selection 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Genomic selection is a form of marker-assisted selection in which genetic markers covering the whole genome are used so that all quantitative trait loci (QTL) are in linkage disequilibrium with at least one marker. This approach has become feasible thanks to the large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) discovered by genome sequencing and new methods to efficiently genotype large number of SNP. Simulation results and limited experimental results suggest that breeding values can be predicted with high accuracy using genetic markers alone but more validation is required especially in samples of the population different from that in which the effect of the markers was estimated. The ideal method to estimate the breeding value from genomic data is to calculate the conditional mean of the breeding value given the genotype of the animal at each QTL. This conditional mean can only be calculated by using a prior distribution of QTL effects so this should be part of the research carried out to implement genomic selection. In practice, this method of estimating breeding values is approximated by using the marker genotypes instead of the QTL genotypes but the ideal method is likely to be approached more closely as more sequence and SNP data is obtained. Implementation of genomic selection is likely to have major implications for genetic evaluation systems and for genetic improvement programmes generally and these are discussed. 相似文献