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1.
鸭空肠液中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶活性变异的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本试验旨在通过研究鸭空肠套管中食糜流量及空肠液中消化酶活性的变异,探讨获取相对可比的空肠液样品的适宜采样方案,为鸭小肠中消化酶酶谱的研究提供依据.采用3×6(日期×时间)完全随机设计,每4h采集1次空肠食糜,每采集1h后间隔3h,隔日重复采样过程,共采集3d.试验1,随机选择15只荷术鸭,分成5个重复,每个重复3只鸭,测定空肠套管中食糜的流量.试验2,从鸭群中随机选择24只荷术鸭,分成6个重复,每个重复4只鸭,测定空肠液中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶的活性.结果表明:空肠套管内的食糜流量呈现出日间及日内变异,日内食糜流量呈现出先升后降的总体规律.日内采样时间对空肠液中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶活性有极显著的影响(P<0.01).不同日间,淀粉酶、糜蛋白酶的日平均活性有显著差异(P<0.05),而胰蛋白酶日间平均活性没有显著差异(P=0.28).3种消化酶活性均呈现出同一日内随采样时间而逐渐降低的总体现象.鉴于上述现象,通过套管获取反映鸭空肠中消化酶活性生理水平的采样方案为:白天采集3次样品,每次采集1h间隔3h,隔日重复采样,共采集3d.  相似文献   

2.
饲粮蛋白质来源对蛋鸡小肠液组成的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
本试验旨在通过研究饲粮蛋白质来源对鸡肠液中消化酶活性及离子浓度的影响,为鸡饲料酶学生物学效价评定方法中小肠液的仿生酶谱设计提供决策依据.试验采用2×2完全随机没计,分别选用健康、体重相近的十二指肠瘘、空肠瘘成年海兰褐壳蛋公鸡各24只,将每种类型的荷术鸡随机分成2组,每组4个重复,每个重复3只鸡,分别饲喂玉米-豆粕型饲粮和玉米-豆粕-棉籽粕型饲粮.在试验期第31天、第33天、第35天的09:30至18:30间每隔3 h收集1 h十二指肠和空肠食糜,通过低温离心的方法制备肠液.结果表明,玉米-豆粕型饲粮条件下十二指肠液脂肪酶活性,Cl-的浓度及空肠液胰蛋白酶的活性显著地高于玉米-豆粕-棉籽粕型饲粮条件下的相应值(P<0.05),而十二指肠液Mg2+浓度和空肠液K+的浓度显著地低于玉米-豆粕-棉籽粕型饲粮条件下的相应值(P<0.05).从不同肠段肠液组成的差异看,十二指肠液中淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶的活性,Na+、Mg2+的浓度及pH显著地低于空肠液中的相应值(P<0.05),而脂肪酶的活性,K+、Cl-的浓度显著地高于空肠液中的相应值(P<0.05).这表明饲粮蛋白质来源对鸡肠液蛋白酶活性及电解质离子浓度有显著影响,不同肠段的肠液在组成上存在较大差异.  相似文献   

3.
通过研究在饲喂小麦-豆粕型日粮和玉米-豆粕型日粮条件下,北京鸭小肠各段肠液组成沿肠道纵向长度的差异,为模拟鸭小肠液的设计提供参考。试验采用完全随机设计,将30只成年北京公鸭随机分配到2个处理中,每个处理5个重复,每个重复3只鸭,分别随机饲喂小麦-豆粕型日粮和玉米-豆粕型日粮,在试验期的第19天屠宰后取十二指肠、空肠前段、空肠后段和回肠的食糜,离心后取上清液分析消化酶活性、离子浓度及pH。研究结果表明,十二指肠肠液与空肠前段肠液的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性无显著差异(P>0.05),且显著地高于空肠后段肠液和回肠肠液的相应值(P<0.05)。空肠前段肠液与空肠后段肠液的胰蛋白酶活性无显著差异(P>0.05),且显著高于十二指肠肠液和回肠液的相应值(P<0.05)。空肠前段肠液的糜蛋白酶活性最高,其后依次为十二指肠肠液、空肠后段肠液和回肠液,且4种肠液中两两间差异显著(P<0.05)。沿小肠纵向长度,鸭肠液的pH从6.22至7.94逐渐升高,Na+和Ca2+浓度先升后降,K+浓度逐步下降,Mg2+浓度在十二指肠肠液中最低,显著地低于其他肠段肠液的相应值(P<0.05)。日粮组成对肠液中4种消化酶的活性及K+和Mg2+的浓度有显著的影响。由此可见,沿鸭小肠长度的纵向分布中,空肠液的4种主要消化酶活性最高,不同肠段肠液在离子浓度上存在显著差异。  相似文献   

4.
为研究肉鸡和肉鸭各消化道（十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠）食糜状态特性,试验选用体重相似的1日龄肉鸡和肉鸭各120只,分别随机分为10笼,每笼12只进行饲喂,并分别使用普通日粮,试验时间为5 w,之后分别采集各段消化道食糜检测。结果表明：肉鸡和肉鸭盲肠中食糜干物质含量分别高于十二指肠28.9%和10.6%,高于空肠70.7%和19.1%,高于回肠44.3%和9.4%(P <0.05);肉鸡和肉鸭回肠中食糜pH分别高于盲肠8.2%和15.6%(P <0.05);肉鸡盲肠中大肠杆菌含量高于十二指肠20.0%,空肠49.4%,回肠30.3%(P <0.05),盲肠中乳酸菌含量高于十二指肠86.8%,空肠36.1%(P <0.05),肉鸭盲肠中大肠杆菌含量高于空肠66.8%,回肠31.5%(P <0.05),盲肠中乳酸菌高于十二指肠27.1%,空肠63.5%,回肠21.8%(P <0.05);对食糜流变学特性测定发现,各消化道中食糜均表现出黏度随着剪切速率的不断增大先逐渐变小后基本不变的剪切稀化趋势,经过拟合Cross-Williamson模型得到的决定系数R-...  相似文献   

5.
18只 7日龄雏鹅 ,随机分成对照和试验两组。饲以大麦 (占 45 % )基础日粮 ,试验组添加 0 .1%的Biokyowa粗酶制剂。实验期为 7～ 2 1日龄 ,2 1日龄屠宰 ,测定小肠食糜中的粘度和pH值。结果显示 :对照组雏鹅小肠各段食糜粘度依十二指肠、空肠和回肠次序向后逐渐显著增加 (P <0 .0 1) ,十二指肠食糜的粘度较空肠和回肠食糜分别低 17.6 1%(P <0 .0 1)和 37.15 % (P <0 .0 1) ,而十二指肠食糜pH值则较空肠和回肠分别低 0 .75 % (P >0 .0 5 )和 5 .92 % (P >0 .0 5 )。试验组各段小肠食糜上清的粘度变化趋势与对照一致 ,十二指肠、空肠和回肠食糜的粘度较对照组分别低 17.6 1%(P <0 .0 1)、37.15 % (P <0 .0 1)和 5 9.46 % (P <0 .0 1) ;十二指肠、空肠和回肠食糜的pH值与较对照组分别低 4.2 1%、4.18%和 3 .79% ,但差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。以上结果表明 :酶制剂通过解除饲料中β -葡聚糖等抗营养因子对消化的负面作用 ,改变了小肠食糜中理化特性 ,从而影响其化学性消化和吸收 ,提高了机体饲料的转化效率 ,有利于雏鹅的生长。  相似文献   

6.
林道密  王宵燕 《猪业科学》2016,(10):132-134
仔猪消化酶活性受日龄、日粮组成、断奶日龄、遗传等因素的影响。文内对苏姜仔猪0~75日龄消化酶分泌规律进行了全面研究。结果显示不同日龄小肠食糜消化酶活性差异显著,且十二指肠、空肠和回肠食糜消化酶活性变化规律基本相同,以空肠食糜消化酶活性最高。胰脏中消化酶活性的变化规律与小肠食糜的变化规律基本一致,断奶后60日龄各种酶活均有不同程度的下降,空肠的各项消化酶活性的指标均高于十二指肠和回肠,说明空肠在仔猪的消化吸收生理中有重要的作用。  相似文献   

7.
试验旨在探讨碘量法测定日粮、食糜及排泄物中半胱胺盐酸盐(cysteamine hydrochloride,CSH)含量的改进方法,为评估包膜CSH在动物胃肠道内释放过程中CSH的定量提供参考。试验分3部分:试验一:检验包膜CSH的上样量对碘标准液消耗量的线性关系,以确定碘量法检验包膜产品的准确度,采用单因素完全随机设计,CSH的上样量设6个水平,分别为28.28、113.12、226.24、339.36、452.48和565.61mg;试验二:考察H2SO4预处理对消除日粮、食糜和排泄物对碘量法测定CSH含量的影响,采用单因素完全随机设计,日粮、十二指肠食糜、空肠食糜、回肠食糜及排泄物样品中CSH(试剂级)的含量均设3个水平,即30、100和300mg/2g,形成15个含有CSH的样品,H2SO4溶液(6mol/L)设3个水平,即0.1、0.5和1mL,每个处理设3个重复;试验三:考察传统碘量法与试验二建立的改进方法在测定日粮、食糜及排泄物中包膜CSH含量的差异,采用两样本试验设计,日粮、十二指肠食糜、空肠食糜、回肠食糜及排泄物中CSH的含量均设28.73、84.84、141.47和200.56mg/2g。结果表明:①CSH的上样量对碘标准液消耗量及CSH测定值均呈显著的线性关系(P<0.01,R2=0.9999)。②在含有CSH的日粮中,H2SO4溶液处理后由碘量法测定的CSH质量对实际质量的回归均符合Y=X(P>0.05)。在含有CSH的十二指肠食糜和回肠食糜中,所有H2SO4溶液处理下CSH质量对实际质量的回归均不符合Y=X(P<0.05),但0.5和1.0mL比0.1mL H2SO4溶液处理使测定值更接近实际值。在含有CSH的空肠食糜及排泄物中,0.5和1.0mL H2SO4溶液处理使测定值对实际值的回归符合Y=X(P>0.05),而0.1mL H2SO4溶液处理下CSH测定值显著低于实际值(P<0.01)。③在含有CSH的日粮、十二指肠食糜、空肠食糜、回肠食糜及排泄物样品中,常规方法测定的CSH对实际质量均偏离Y=X(P<0.05),而1.0mL H2SO4溶液处理后的测值对实际质量均符合Y=X(P>0.05)。由此可见,采用适量H2SO4溶液进行处理后,可以排除日粮、食糜及排泄物对CSH测定的干扰。  相似文献   

8.
试验旨在探讨碘量法测定日粮、食糜及排泄物中半胱胺盐酸盐(cysteamine hydrochloride,CSH)含量的改进方法,为评估包膜CSH在动物胃肠道内释放过程中CSH的定量提供参考。试验分3部分:试验一:检验包膜CSH的上样量对碘标准液消耗量的线性关系,以确定碘量法检验包膜产品的准确度,采用单因素完全随机设计,CSH的上样量设6个水平,分别为28.28、113.12、226.24、339.36、452.48和565.61mg;试验二:考察H2SO4预处理对消除日粮、食糜和排泄物对碘量法测定CSH含量的影响,采用单因素完全随机设计,日粮、十二指肠食糜、空肠食糜、回肠食糜及排泄物样品中CSH(试剂级)的含量均设3个水平,即30、100和300mg/2g,形成15个含有CSH的样品,H2SO4溶液(6mol/L)设3个水平,即0.1、0.5和1mL,每个处理设3个重复;试验三:考察传统碘量法与试验二建立的改进方法在测定日粮、食糜及排泄物中包膜CSH含量的差异,采用两样本试验设计,日粮、十二指肠食糜、空肠食糜、回肠食糜及排泄物中CSH的含量均设28.73、84.84、141.47和200.56mg/2g。结果表明:①CSH的上样量对碘标准液消耗量及CSH测定值均呈显著的线性关系(P0.01,R2=0.9999)。②在含有CSH的日粮中,H2SO4溶液处理后由碘量法测定的CSH质量对实际质量的回归均符合Y=X(P0.05)。在含有CSH的十二指肠食糜和回肠食糜中,所有H2SO4溶液处理下CSH质量对实际质量的回归均不符合Y=X(P0.05),但0.5和1.0mL比0.1mL H2SO4溶液处理使测定值更接近实际值。在含有CSH的空肠食糜及排泄物中,0.5和1.0mL H2SO4溶液处理使测定值对实际值的回归符合Y=X(P0.05),而0.1mL H2SO4溶液处理下CSH测定值显著低于实际值(P0.01)。③在含有CSH的日粮、十二指肠食糜、空肠食糜、回肠食糜及排泄物样品中,常规方法测定的CSH对实际质量均偏离Y=X(P0.05),而1.0mL H2SO4溶液处理后的测值对实际质量均符合Y=X(P0.05)。由此可见,采用适量H2SO4溶液进行处理后,可以排除日粮、食糜及排泄物对CSH测定的干扰。  相似文献   

9.
大蒜素对肉鸡消化道食糜排空效果的作用   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6  
将240只AA肉鸡随机分为4组，从7日龄开始每个处理组在玉米-豆粕型基础日粮中，分别添加0（对照）、12.5、37.5、62.5mg/kg的大蒜素，饲养至35日龄，每组随机取6只分别装入笼内，禁饲32h后每只定量饲喂60g料，投料6h后宰杀取整个消化道，测定嗉囊、胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠食糜的残留量。试验结果表明，添加12.5、37.5、62.5mg/kg的大蒜素3个处理组的胃食糜残留量和食糜总残留量显著低于对照组（P＜0.05），胃排至十二指肠的食糜量比对照组显著增加（P＜0.05）；添加37.5、62.5mg/kg水平的大蒜素，胃排空率比对照组分别提高5.2％、4.6％，差异显著（P＜0.05）。  相似文献   

10.
高营养物质消化率是肉鸡产业最为关注的问题之一。因此,本试验主要研究饲粮物理结构及粗纤维和钠盐水平对肉鸡营养物质消化率的影响。试验采用2×2×2三因子完全随机设计,分别设置2个玉米粒度(直径:粗粒3,576μm vs细粒1,113μm)、2个甘蔗渣添加水平(0和2%)和2个钠盐水平(低0.16%vs高0.4%),共6个处理组,每个处理组6个重复,每个重复14只,共需672只1日龄公雏鸡(品种Ross 308)。试验至24日龄进行采样,每个重复3只肉鸡食糜样品合并成一个样品,分别测定粗蛋白质(回肠末端)消化率及淀粉和能量(十二指肠末端、空肠末端和回肠末端)消化率。结果显示,粗玉米颗粒组显著提高回肠末端粗蛋白质消化率(P0.05);甘蔗渣添加组显著提高十二指肠末端、空肠末端和回肠末端的淀粉消化率(P0.05)。此外,玉米粒度、甘蔗渣处理和钠盐水平三因子存在显著交互作用(P0.05),饲粮添加2%甘蔗渣显著改善细玉米粉碎粒度和低钠盐引起的回肠末端能量消化率的下降。以上结果表明,饲料使用粗玉米粉颗粒和添加适宜水平甘蔗渣可提高肉鸡营养物质消化率,建议在肉鸡生产中推广应用。  相似文献   

11.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

12.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

13.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

14.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

15.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

16.
Comparison of different tests to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
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17.
An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.  相似文献   

18.
Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein  相似文献   

19.
正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in  相似文献   

20.
Tropical Animal Health and Production -  相似文献   

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