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1.
仔猪腹泻给养猪业造成了很大的经济损失,若能用模式动物模拟这一现象,可以更好地研究其遗传机理,以便为抗病育种提供理论依据。本研究以模式动物-小鼠为实验动物,进行大肠杆菌F4和F18毒株腹腔注射攻毒实验和细菌与小肠黏膜上皮细胞的粘附实验。结果表明:虽然攻毒后的小鼠有腹泻现象,但在体外黏附实验中未观察到细菌和小鼠小肠黏膜上皮细胞的粘附发生,说明腹腔注射攻毒条件下小鼠细菌性腹泻的发生机理不是由于细菌和小鼠小肠黏膜上皮细胞的粘附所导致的,与仔猪大肠杆菌性腹泻的发生机理不同,因而用腹腔注射攻毒小鼠来模拟仔猪细菌性腹泻是不可行的。 相似文献
2.
Palmer GH 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2002,85(1-2):1-8
Study of microbial genomes has provided new insight into the functions that pathogens require for survival in the animal host. Small genome bacterial pathogens, defined as those < or = 1/3 the size of Escherichia coli, include chlamydiae, rickettsiae and ehrlichiae, mycoplasmas, and spirochetes. The small genome size is believed to result from reductive evolution, a process of initial mutation with loss of function followed by progressive accumulation of mutations and eventual gene deletion. This is most notable in the 1.1 Mb genome of Rickettsia prowazekki in which 24% of the genome is non-coding, as compared to approximately 10% in the 4.4 Mb E. coli. Consequently, these pathogens are thus presumed to retain only the most important functions for survival and propagation. There is consistent evidence from small genomes that the genetic deletion is primarily related to the loss of metabolic function and especially reduction of multiple overlapping pathways and duplicated genes. Thus, these pathogens undergo progressive reduction in their genomes yet maintain the ability to infect, survive within, and cause disease in animals. In the face of this reductive process, what genes and associated functions are maintained? Strikingly, these pathogens devote a high percentage of their genomes to paralogous families of polymorphic surface molecules. This retention suggests that evasion of the immune response is the highest priority of obligate microbial pathogens and provides a strategy for identifying protective antigens for vaccine development to control disease. 相似文献
3.
《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2014,23(2):212-220
Outdoor access is an important part of organic and free-range poultry production, yet limited information exists on the effect of various housing and production systems on growth performance and colonization of food-borne pathogens. Therefore, the primary purpose of the current study was to evaluate the influence of different housing systems, particularly fixed versus small, portable houses, with and without outdoor access to pasture, on seasonal growth performance, leg quality, and presence of bacterial food-borne pathogens. In the current study, we used fast-growing broilers, as many small producers use commercial broilers due to their carcass conformation and high breast yield compared with slow-growing hybrids or standard heritage breeds. Although interest in alternative genetics exists because they may be more adapted to outdoor production, they require longer growing periods, with accompanying labor and cost. A pasture containing a mixture of forages was used to simulate the conditions common for small farms in the local region. The experiment had 4 treatment groups: (1) small, portable hoop houses with access to pasture, (2) small, portable hoop houses without access to pasture, (3) a fixed house with access to the outdoors, and (4) a fixed house without access to the outdoors. The present study was repeated at different times of the year to determine if a seasonal effect on the consumption of pasture and carcass quality was present. Overall, raising birds in hoop houses resulted in a reduced growth rate compared with birds raised in the fixed house. None of the production systems altered bone strength or feed conversion. Food-borne pathogens commonly associated with poultry were not found in any of the environments tested. Seasonal production was an issue in the small hoop house birds, as extreme heat in the summer resulted in early termination of that trial. Expanding on forage choice in pastures and customizing hoop houses to deal with weather fluctuations, especially in regions where extreme heat may affect production, are important considerations for these systems. 相似文献
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Kunz F Corti S Giezendanner N Stephan R Wittenbrink M Zweifel C 《Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde》2011,153(2):63-69
Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) were isolated from ovine and caprine mastitis milk samples originating from more than 40 Swiss farms. CNS dominated as causal microorganisms of mastitis in small ruminants. By restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the groEL gene and sequencing of 16S rDNA, various CNS species were identified, albeit certain of them predominated. For susceptibility testing of mastitis pathogens to selected antibiotics, minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined. Of the 67 S. aureus and 208 CNS strains, 31.3 % and 8.2 % were resistant to penicillin, 29.9 % and 1.0 % to ampicillin, 1.5 % and 10.6 % to erythromycin, and 3.0 % and 7.7 % to tetracycline, respectively. Moreover, 10 CNS strains (4.8 %) were resistant to oxacillin and one CNS strain to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. The results obtained describe for the first time the resistance situation of mastitis pathogens from sheep and goats in Switzerland. However, accompanying and preventing measures are also of importance in mastitis control of small ruminants. 相似文献
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Davor Ojkic Murray Hazlett Jim Fairles Anna Marom Durda Slavic Grant Maxie Soren Alexandersen John Pasick Janet Alsop Sue Burlatschenko 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2015,56(2):149-152
In January, 2014, increased mortality was reported in piglets with acute diarrhea on an Ontario farm. Villus atrophy in affected piglets was confined to the small intestine. Samples of colon content were PCR-positive for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Other laboratory tests did not detect significant pathogens, confirming this was the first case of PED in Canada. 相似文献
6.
microRNAs(miRNAs)是一种短的单链非编码小分子RNAs，无论是在正常发育还是疾病的发生发展过程中，都能够与靶mRNA结合，参与到基因的转录后调控过程，并在其中发挥重要的调节作用。近年来随着miRNAs研究的深入，越来越多的证据表明，病原感染后会引起宿主miRNAs表达水平发生变化，这些差异表达的miRNAs能够积极地参与到疾病的发生发展过程中，并通过调控靶基因的表达参与免疫功能、自噬、炎症反应、代谢等多种生物学过程来抑制或促进疾病的发展。此外，宿主miRNAs作为一种参与转录后调节的小分子RNAs，在病原感染过程中，鸡miRNAs除了可以靶向自身的基因来调控鸡先天免疫信号，也可以靶向病原的基因从而影响病原的吸附、入侵、增殖等过程。作者主要介绍了miRNAs的生物合成、功能以及鸡miRNAs在部分病毒、细菌、寄生虫等病原侵袭过程与致病过程中的调控作用及其机制，简述了不同病原感染后鸡miRNAs的调控策略，以期从miRNAs的角度为鸡病的诊断、治疗和防控提供一定的参考。 相似文献
7.
为了研究四川乐山某猪场爆发的保育猪严重呼吸道疾病的主要病原,试验采用病理剖检、病毒检测、细菌分离鉴定、生化鉴定、动物回归试验以及多杀性巴氏杆菌种特异性KMT基因的PCR检测对病原进行鉴定。结果表明:发病猪有严重肺炎症状,支气管内部有少量泡沫,腹股沟淋巴结出血、水肿,其他实质器官未见明显病理变化;病毒检测结果显示为蓝耳病病毒阳性,猪瘟病毒、伪狂犬病毒、圆环病毒2型阴性;从病猪肺脏中分离获得大肠杆菌和1株蓝耳病病毒继发的高致病性多杀性巴氏杆菌;该分离菌株对多种药物均高度敏感。 相似文献
8.
Rodents are recognized reservoir hosts for many human zoonotic pathogens. The current trends resulting from anthropocene defaunation suggest that in the future they, along with other small mammals, are likely to become the dominant mammals in almost all human‐modified environments. Recent intricate studies on bat‐borne emerging diseases have highlighted that many gaps exist in our understanding of the zoonotic transmission of rodent‐borne pathogens. This has emphasized the need for scientists interested in rodent‐borne diseases to integrate rodent ecology into their analysis of rodent‐borne pathogen transmission in order to identify in more detail the mechanisms of spillover and chains of transmission. Further studies are required to better understand the true impact of rodent abundance and the importance of pathogen sharing and circulation in multi‐host– multi‐pathogen communities. We also need to explore in more depth the roles of generalist and abundant species as the potential links between pathogen‐sharing, co‐infections and disease transmission. 相似文献
9.
Sabino CV Weese JS 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2006,47(8):779-782
Bacterial contamination of multiple-dose saline bottles and medication vials in a veterinary teaching hospital was evaluated. Bacterial contamination was identified in 16/88 (18%) containers, with no difference in contamination between the large animal clinic, small animal clinic, and ruminant ambulatory clinic. Contamination of multiple-dose containers containing substances for injection was common, and potential pathogens were present in many situations. While the clinical significance is not resolved at this point, infection control practices should address this potential source of nosocomial infection. 相似文献
10.
Rodents are recognised as important hosts of ixodid ticks and as reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens across the world. Sympatric insectivores are usually inconspicuous and often overlooked as hosts of ticks and reservoirs of disease. Elephant shrews or sengis of the order Macroscelidea are small insectivores that often occur in sympatry with rodents in southern Africa. Sengis are invariably parasitised by large numbers of immature ticks while sympatric rodents are infested with very few. The reason for the difference in tick parasitism rates between these hosts is unknown. While a number of mechanisms are possible, we hypothesised that certain tick species exhibit "true host specificity" and as such would only attach and feed successfully on their preferred host or a very closely related host species. To investigate this, we conducted feeding experiments using two economically important tick species, the brown paralysis tick, Rhipicephalus warburtoni and the Karoo paralysis tick, Ixodes rubicundus and two sympatric small mammal species as potential hosts, the eastern rock sengi, Elephantulus myurus and the Namaqua rock mouse, Micaelamys namaquensis. Ticks attached and fed readily on E. myurus, but did not attach or feed successfully on M. namaquensis suggesting that these ticks exhibit true host specificity. We suggest that a kairomonal cue originating from the odour of E. myurus may stimulate the attachment and feeding of these ticks and that they further possess immunosuppressive mechanisms specific to E. myurus, allowing them to feed on this host species but not on M. namaquensis. This study highlights the importance of small mammalian insectivores as potential hosts of ixodid tick species and hence their potential as reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens. 相似文献
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Ana L.P. Mateus David C. Brodbelt Nick Barber Katharina D.C. Stärk 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2014
Responsible use of antimicrobials by veterinarians is essential to contain antimicrobial resistance in pathogens relevant to public health. Inappropriate antimicrobial use has been previously described in practice. However, there is scarce information on factors influencing antimicrobial usage in dogs and cats. We investigated intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing decision-making of antimicrobial usage in first opinion small animal practices in the UK through the application of qualitative research methods. 相似文献
12.
Cyril R Clarke 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2006,36(5):987-1001, vi
Development of antimicrobial resistance is an inevitable consequence of exposure of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents. Although emergence of resistance cannot be prevented, it can be retarded by minimizing use of antimicrobial agents and avoiding selection of relatively resistant pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains caused by exposure to tissue concentrations that confer a competitive advantage. Most attention in veterinary medicine has focused on the emergence of resistance in food-borne pathogens, with relatively little attention being devoted to small companion animals, despite the frequent use of antimicrobial agents in these animals, evidence that resistance is emerging, and potential for transfer of resistance between companion animals and people. To retard further emergence of resistance in small companion animals, it is imperative that surveillance programs be instituted to monitor development of resistance. 相似文献
13.
Fatal cryptosporidiosis in quail 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Young quails kept in wire-floored cages experienced high mortality, beginning at age 5 days, from diarrhea that was unresponsive to antibiotic therapy. At necropsy, the small intestine had clear fluid content and the cecum was distended by brown foamy fluid. Histopathologic findings in the small intestine were shortened villi with detached enterocytes at the tip. Cryptosporidium sp. (confirmed by electron microscopy) were numerous in the microvillous border. Neither bacterial nor viral pathogens were detected. No infection was established in day-old chickens gavaged with feces and intestinal contents from infected quails. Thorough cleansing of the cages followed by application of commercial bleach prevented recurrence. 相似文献
14.
柞蚕抗菌肽对柑桔黄龙病及溃疡病病原菌的杀菌作用 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
首次报道柞蚕（Ａｎｔｈｅｒａｅａｐｅｒｎｙｉ）抗菌肽对柑桔黄龙病病原类细菌（ＢａｃｔｅｒｉａｌｌｉｋｅＯｒｇａｎｉｓｍ，ＢＬＯ）及溃疡病黄单胞菌（ＸａｎｔｈｏｍｏｎａｓｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓＰＶｃｉｔｒｉＤｙｅ）的杀菌作用，分别在平板培养基上用孔穴法注入５—１０μｌ免疫血淋巴，则出现明显的抑菌圈。用纯化的抗菌肽１０μｇ／ｍｌ处理ＢＬＯ及Ｘ．ｃｉｔｒｉ２０─６０ｍｉｎ，用电镜及激光共焦扫描显微镜观察到病原菌细胞膜的损坏、内容物泄出乃至死亡的过程，对抗菌肽的杀菌机理进行了讨论。 相似文献
15.
R E Kendrick 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice》2000,3(2):453-64, vi
Ferret behavior often brings them into close contact with potential respiratory pathogens and traumatic insults. Although respiratory disease accounts for a small percentage of cases, they are usually dramatic. Acute and chronic conditions occur, and many lesions are confined to the upper or lower respiratory tree but may not involve both. Pathogens such as influenza A account for a large percentage of upper respiratory infections and often mirror the "flu" season of humans. Traumatic insults to the head and chest are relatively common and account for many veterinary visits. Numerous diseases affecting the upper and lower respiratory systems are discussed, with suggestions for diagnostics and therapies. 相似文献
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Risk for interspecies transmission of zoonotic pathogens during poultry processing and pork production in Peru: A qualitative study 
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下载免费PDF全文 A. M. Carnero K. Kitayama D. A. Diaz M. Garvich N. Angulo V. A. Cama R. H. Gilman A. M. Bayer 《Zoonoses and public health》2018,65(5):528-539
Interspecies transmission of pathogens is an unfrequent but naturally occurring event and human activities may favour opportunities not previously reported. Reassortment of zoonotic pathogens like influenza A virus can result from these activities. Recently, swine and birds have played a central role as “mixing vessels” for epidemic and pandemic events related to strains like H1N1 and H5N1. Unsafe practices in poultry markets and swine farms can lead to interspecies transmission, favouring the emergence of novel strains. Thus, understanding practices that lead to interspecies interactions is crucial. This qualitative study aimed to evaluate poultry processing practices in formal and informal markets and the use of leftovers by swine farmers in three Peruvian cities: Lima (capital), Tumbes (coastal) and Tarapoto (jungle). We conducted 80 direct observations at formal and informal markets and interviewed 15 swine farmers. Processors slaughter and pluck chickens and vendors and/or processors eviscerate chickens. Food safety and hygiene practices were suboptimal or absent, although some heterogeneity was observed between cities and chicken vendors versus processors. Both vendors (76%) and processors (100%) sold the chicken viscera leftovers to swine farmers, representing the main source of chicken viscera for swine farms (53%). Swine farmers fed the chicken viscera to their swine. Chicken viscera cooking times varied widely and were insufficient in some cases. Non‐abattoired poultry leads to the sale of poultry leftovers to small‐scale swine farms, resulting in indirect but frequent interspecies contacts that can lead to interspecies transmission of bacterial pathogens or the reassortment of influenza A viruses. These interactions are exacerbated by suboptimal safety and hygiene conditions. People involved in these activities constitute an at‐risk population who could play a central role in preventing the transmission of pathogens between species. Educational interventions on hygiene and food safety practices will be important for reducing the risk of interspecies influenza transmission. 相似文献
18.
D Cavanagh 《Avian diseases》1986,30(1):12-18
Various properties of monoclonal antibody (MAB) and nucleic acid (NA) probes confer advantages over polyclonal antibodies in sera and permit the probes to be used to directly and rapidly detect small quantities of pathogens in body fluids, biopsy, or postmortem material. This makes it unnecessary to amplify the amount of pathogen by growth in vitro or to perform neutralization tests, procedures that are time-consuming. Even if pathogens are grown in vitro, highly specific MABs can be used in immunofluorescence tests to differentiate isolates to extents not possible using antisera. There has been much greater investment in the development of probes for the diagnosis of human disease than for veterinary disease, because of the greater commercial potential of the former. A number of factors work against the development and distribution of new probes, but most of these are only temporary impediments if demand is there. Even in human medicine, the application of new probes is in its infancy, and it is probable that it will be several years yet before probes achieve widespread use in avian diagnosis. However, the potential of some MAB and NA probes is too great to ignore. 相似文献
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Ulrika Windahl Bj?rn Bengtsson Ann-Kristin Nyman Bodil Str?m Holst 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2015,57(1)