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1.
Aquaculture practices bring several stressful events to fish. Stressors not only activate the hypothalamus–pituitary–interrenal-axis, but also evoke cellular stress responses. Up-regulation of heat shock proteins (HSPs) is among the best studied mechanisms of the cellular stress response. An extract of the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus indica), Pro-Tex, a soluble variant of TEX-OE®, may induce expression of HSPs and reduce negative effects of cellular stress. Pro-Tex therefore is used to ameliorate conditions during stressful aquaculture-related practices. We tested Pro-Tex in zebrafish (Danio rerio), common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) exposed to aquaculture-relevant stressors (thermal stress, net confinement, transport) and assessed its effects on stress physiology. Heat shock produced a mild increase in hsp70 mRNA expression in 5-day-old zebrafish larvae. Pro-Tex increased basal hsp70 mRNA expression, but decreased heat-shock-induced expression of hsp70 mRNA. In carp, Pro-Tex increased plasma cortisol and glucose levels, while it did not affect the mild stress response (increased plasma cortisol and glucose) to net confinement. In gills, and proximal and distal intestine, stress increased hsp70 mRNA expression; in the distal intestine, an additive enhancement of hsp70 mRNA expression by Pro-Tex was seen under stress. In yellowtail kingfish, Pro-Tex reduced the negative physiological effects of transport more efficiently than when fish were sedated with AQUI-S®. Overall, our data indicate that Pro-Tex has protective effects under high levels of stress only. As Pro-Tex has potential for use in aquaculture, its functioning and impact on health and welfare of fish should be further studied.  相似文献   

2.
Apelin and its receptor apj have a variety of biological functions and are involved in appetite and energy regulation. However, the comparative studies of apelin/apj system in fish are still absent. In this study, the open reading frames of apelin and apja and apjb were obtained. Apelin and apj mRNAs were widely distributed in all tissues detected, with the highest level in the brain, followed by the spleen, kidney and foregut. The mRNA expression of apelin and apjs increased rapidly at mealtime and significantly decreased after 30 min of feeding. In addition, there were obvious circadian rhythms (higher at nighttime and lower at daytime) in the expression of apelin and apja and apjb. Furthermore, fasting elevated the mRNA levels of apelin and apjs in the hypothalamus, foregut and hepatopancreas. When the 8‐day fasted fish were refed, apelin and apjs mRNA expression significantly decreased. However, there were differences in the response to fasting and refeeding between apja and apjb. The roles of apelin and its receptor apjs in fish are poorly understood. Herein, we employed molecular and physiological studies to characterize their structures, distribution and mRNA expression responses to periprandial changes and fasting–refeeding in Cyprinus carpio L. for the first time.  相似文献   

3.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a multi-functional brain–gut peptide in fish and mammals. To investigate the role of CCK in appetite regulation in fish, a 770-bp full-length cDNA sequence of CCK gene was obtained by RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends methods in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Homology analysis showed that the CCK cDNA sequence of grass carp had the highest similarity (90 %) to that of goldfish Carassius auratus and a higher similarity (>70 %) to those of other teleosts than to mammals. The PCR amplification using genomic DNA identified that the CCK gene of grass carp was comprised of three exons and two introns. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect CCK mRNA expression in adult tissues. High levels of gene expression were found in the hypothalamus and pituitary; moderate levels in the intestine, muscle and white adipose tissue; and low levels in other tissues. During early development (i.e., fertilized eggs to 35-day post-hatching larvae) the levels of CCK mRNA expression were higher during embryonic developmental stages than during post-hatch larval stages. Fasting decreased CCK mRNA expression levels in the brain and intestine, whereas refeeding resulted in an increase of expression. The results suggest that CCK mRNA expression has obvious tissue specificity and may have a role in feed intake regulation in grass carp.  相似文献   

4.
黑素皮质素3型受体(MC3R)系统与动物摄食行为以及能量调控密切相关。为丰富鱼类MC3R相关基础研究,探索鱼类摄食行为与能量调控机制,本研究克隆了团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)mc3r基因,采用分子生物信息学和相对荧光定量PCR方法分别对氨基酸序列保守结构域、组织表达分布和禁食条件下的表达变化等开展分析研究。结果显示,团头鲂mc3r基因编码区全长984 bp,编码327个氨基酸,与现有报道的MC3R氨基酸序列高度相似,具有典型的7次跨膜结构域。组织表达图谱分析表明,mc3rmRNA在下丘脑、垂体、肝脏和卵巢有相对较高的表达。禁食试验结果显示,下丘脑和垂体中的转录变化与周期性摄食信号相关,其中下丘脑mc3r mRNA在禁食72 h和14 d的表达显著上调(P0.05),垂体mc3r mRNA在禁食72 h和禁食72 h后恢复投喂6 h表达量显著升高(P0.05),而肝脏中mc3r mRNA在禁食48 h和14 d的表达量显著上调(P0.05)。此外,对血液皮质醇和血糖的监测结果显示,两者均在禁食14 d有显著变化,其中皮质醇水平显著高于对照组(P0.05),而血糖水平显著低于对照组(P0.05)。综合本研究结果表明,MC3R在鲤科鱼类中具有高度相似的氨基酸序列和结构域;在组织中的转录表达变化与食物摄取有明显相关性,对调控鱼体摄食行为和能量代谢具有重要作用。  相似文献   

5.
为阐明黄条鰤幼鱼摄食消化特性，构建最佳胃排空数学模型，确立最适摄食投喂间隔，实验检测了黄条鰤幼鱼[(63.96±5.63) g]胃排空过程中内容物质量、肝脏和肠道中消化酶活性变化，分析了垂体中摄食调控相关基因的表达，比较了线性模型、平方根模型、立方模型3种数学模型对胃排空曲线的拟合程度。结果显示，黄条鰤在摄食后瞬时胃内容物湿重呈阶段性降低，18 h后降为0，属于直线下降型胃排空类型。胃排空过程中，肝脏淀粉酶、脂肪酶和糜蛋白酶活性呈先上升后下降、随后又上升接着下降的“M”型变化趋势，淀粉酶活性在摄食后0～6 h显著上升，脂肪酶和糜蛋白酶活性在0～9 h显著上升。三种酶活性在9～12 h均呈显著下降趋势，在15～18 h显著上升，且在18 h活性达到最高；肠道中的淀粉酶在0～6 h显著上升，随后下降，9～12 h呈上升趋势，12 h活性达到最高，随后逐渐下降，其脂肪酶和糜蛋白酶活性则是在摄食后0～12 h显著上升，12 h活性达到最高，随后逐渐下降。神经肽Y (npy)和食欲素(ore) mRNA表达水平呈先上升后下降趋势，npy在摄食后12～15 h内表达水平显著上升，ore在9～15 ...  相似文献   

6.
Feng  Hexiong  Peng  Di  Liang  Xu-Fang  Li  Jiao  Luo  Haocan  Tang  Shulin  Chai  Farui 《Fisheries Science》2022,88(1):83-90
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7.
为探究神经肽Y (neuropeptide Y, NPY)在黄条鰤 (Seriola aureovittata)摄食调控中的作用及机制,本研究采用同源克隆的方法获得了黄条鰤 npy基因的开放阅读框(ORF)序列,并利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析了npy基因的组织分布以及其对饥饿再投喂的应答特性。黄条鰤 npy基因ORF序列长度为300 bp,编码99个氨基酸的前体蛋白,其中包括28个氨基酸的信号肽、36个氨基酸的成熟肽。氨基酸序列同源性比对发现,黄条鰤 npy编码的氨基酸序列与斑马鱼(Danio rerio)等其他硬骨鱼高度保守(>90%);系统进化树分析表明,黄条鰤 npy与高体鰤 (Seriola dumerili)的关系最近。npy mRNA在所检测的12种组织中均有表达,其中,在脑组织表达量最高,在垂体和胃中表达量次之。在饥饿再投喂实验中,饥饿刺激了npy mRNA的表达,特别是饥饿21 d时,实验组垂体npy mRNA表达量显著高于对照组,再投喂7 d后恢复到对照组水平。上述结果表明,npy可能参与了黄条鰤的摄食调控,在饥饿代谢补偿机制中发挥了重要作用。  相似文献   

8.
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a crucial neuropeptide involved in various biological functions in both mammals and fish. In this study, the full-length MCH cDNA was obtained from Schizothorax prenanti by rapid amplification of cDNA ends polymerase chain reaction. The full-length MCH cDNA contained 589 nucleotides including an open reading frame of 375 nucleotides encoding 256 amino acids. MCH mRNA was highly expressed in the brain by real-time quantitative PCR analysis. Within the brain, expression of MCH mRNA was preponderantly detected in the hypothalamus. In addition, the MCH mRNA expression in the S. prenanti hypothalamus of fed group was significantly decreased compared with the fasted group at 1 and 3 h post-feeding, respectively. Furthermore, the MCH gene expression presented significant increase in the hypothalamus of fasted group compared with the fed group during long-term fasting. After re-feeding, there was a dramatic decrease in MCH mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of S. prenanti. The results indicate that the expression of MCH is affected by feeding status. Taken together, our results suggest that MCH may be involved in food intake regulation in S. prenanti.  相似文献   

9.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a potent mediator of endocrine, autonomic, behavioral, and immune responses to stress. For a better understanding of the structure and function of the CRH gene and to study its effect on feeding regulation in cyprinid fish, the cDNA of the CRH gene from the brain of Schizothorax prenanti was cloned and sequenced. The full-length CRH cDNA consisted of 1,046 bp with an open reading frame of 489 bp encoding a protein of 162 amino acids. Real-time quantitative PCR analyses revealed that CRH was widely expressed in central and peripheral tissues. In particular, high expression level of CRH was detected in brain. Furthermore, CRH mRNA expression was examined in different brain regions, especially high in hypothalamus. In addition, there was no significant change in CRH mRNA expression in fed group compared with the fasted group in the S. prenanti hypothalamus during short-term fasting. However, CRH gene expression presented significant decrease in the hypothalamus in fasted group compared with the fed group (P < 0.05) on day 7; thereafter, re-feeding could lead to a significant increase in CRH mRNA expression in fasted group on day 9. The results suggest that the CRH may play a critical role in feeding regulation in S. prenanti.  相似文献   

10.
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11.
Preproghrelin, a gut/brain peptide, plays an important role in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis in teleost and mammals. In the present study, we obtained the full-length preproghrelin cDNA in Chinese perch. The preproghrelin messenger RNA (mRNA) tissue expression showed that level was much higher in stomach and pituitary than in other tissues. The fasting study showed, after gastric emptying (3–6 h), short-term fasting (6–12 h) increased preproghrelin expression in the stomach. While in the pituitary, fasting reduced preproghrelin expression at 1, 3, 12, and 48 h, presenting state fluctuation of self-adjustment. The temperature study showed that the mRNA expression of preproghrelin was the highest in the brain at 26 °C and highest in the stomach at 32 °C, respectively, with different optimum temperature in these two tissues, reflecting spatiotemporal differences of regulation by central nervous system and peripheral organs. The photoperiod study showed that normal light (11 h of lightness and 13 h of darkness) led to highest preproghrelin expression, both in the brain and in the stomach, than continuous light or continuous dark, proving food intake is adapted to natural photoperiod or normal light in this study. These results all indicated that tissue-specific preproghrelin expression of Chinese perch could be significantly affected by environmental factors. Short-term fasting of 6 h after gastric emptying, 26 °C, and normal light led to higher preproghrelin expression, which indicated potential appetite increase in Chinese perch.  相似文献   

12.
Growth hormone (GH) transgenic (T) coho salmon consistently show remarkably enhanced growth associated with increased appetite and food consumption compared to non-transgenic wild-type (NT) coho salmon. To improve understanding of the mechanism by which GH overexpression mediates food intake and digestion in T fish, feed intake and gastric evacuation rate (over 7 days) were measured in size-matched T and NT coho salmon. T fish displayed greatly enhanced feed intake levels (~ 2.5-fold), and more than 3-fold increase in gastric evacuation rates relative to NT coho salmon. Despite the differences in feed intake, no differences were noted in the time taken from first ingestion of food to stomach evacuation between genotypes. These results indicate that enhanced feed intake is coupled with an overall increased processing rate to enhance energy intake by T fish. To further investigate the molecular basis of these responses, we examined the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of several genes in appetite- and gastric-regulation pathways (Agrp1, Bbs, Cart, Cck, Glp, Ghrelin, Grp, Leptin, Mc4r, Npy, and Pomc) by qPCR analyses in the brain (hypothalamus, preoptic area) and pituitary, and in peripheral tissues associated with digestion (liver, stomach, intestine, and adipose tissue). Significant increases in mRNA levels were found for Agrp1 in the preoptic area (POA) of the brain, and Grp and Pomc in pituitary for T coho salmon relative to NT. Mch and Npy showed significantly lower mRNA levels than NT fish in all brain tissues examined across all time-points after feeding. Mc4r and Cart for T showed significantly lower mRNA levels than NT in the POA and hypothalamus, respectively. In the case of peripheral tissues, T fish had lower mRNA levels of Glp and Leptin than NT fish in the intestine and adipose tissue, respectively. Grp, Cck, Bbs, Glp, and Leptin in stomach, adipose tissue, and/or intestine showed significant differences across the time-points after feeding, but Ghrelin showed no significant difference between T and NT fish in all tested tissues.  相似文献   

13.
This study was designed to investigate effects of dietary Chlorella meal (CM) additive on growth performance, immune responses and appetite regulation of juvenile crucian carp Carassius auratus (initial body weight: 1.27 ± 0.03 g). Four experimental diets were formulated to contain 0% (CM0), 1% (CM1), 2% (CM2) and 4% Chlorella meal (CM4), respectively. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups with 40 juvenile fish per fibreglass tank for 8 weeks. Weight gain rate, specific growth rate and feed intake increased with increasing dietary CM levels. In contrast, FCR (feed conversion rate) declined with dietary CM levels. No significant differences were observed in moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash contents of muscle and liver tissues. Dietary CM addition increased activities of acid and alkaline phosphatase in liver and kidney. Dietary CM up‐regulated the mRNA expression levels of NKEF‐B, MCHII and IgM in kidney, and increased the mRNA levels of NPY and agouti gene‐related protein in the brain, but down‐regulated mRNA levels of MC4R, LEP, LEPR, CART1, CART2 and CCK8 genes. Based on these observations above, this study indicated that dietary CM additive increased growth performance, immune responses and appetite of crucian carp. The results, for the first time, demonstrate a role for the central nervous system in the control of food intake in fish fed dietary Chlorella meal.  相似文献   

14.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is the key regulator hormone that stimulates the secretion of digestive pancreatic enzymes in vertebrates. In fish, little is known about the mechanism of induction of CCK in the digestive tract by feed ingredients. To investigate the response of CCK and digestive enzymes to fish feed ingredients in yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata, we performed a number of experiments in which we measured the mRNA levels of CCK, trypsin, and lipase after oral administration of a single bolus of the ingredients. We administered fish meal and fish oil in experiment 1; high and low concentrations of fish meal in experiment 2; and five different dietary protein sources (fish meal, soybean meal, soy protein concentrate, corn gluten meal, and glutamic acid fermentation by-products) in experiment 3. In experiments 1 and 3, only fish meal significantly increased the mRNA levels of CCK and digestive enzyme. In experiment 2, a high concentration of fish meal [20?% (w/v)] significantly increased CCK and trypsin mRNA levels, but a low concentration of fish meal [1?% (w/v)] did not. These results suggest that high concentrations of fish meal (the protein source in fish feed) has the most potent effect on stimulation of CCK synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes in yellowtail.  相似文献   

15.
The present research evaluated the effects of four feeding stimulants on feed intake (FI), growth performance, body composition, serum biochemical parameters, digestive enzyme activities and appetite‐related gene expression for juvenile GIFT tilapia. Five experimental high plant‐based diets (with 0, 0.4 g kg?1 dimethyl‐β‐propiothetin (DMPT), 0.6 g kg?1 dimethylthetin (DMT), 1.8 g kg?1 tryptophan (Trp) and 6 g kg?1 betaine (Bet), respectively supplemented) were fed to juvenile GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) (3.34 ± 0.01 g) for 8 weeks. The results showed that FI was significantly increased by Trp and DMT. The highest specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) was observed for fish fed Bet diet, followed by DMT. Serum triglyceride was significantly increased by DMPT. Fish fed Bet diet showed significantly higher intestinal protease, liver protease and intestinal amylase activities. The neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA expression in brain was significantly improved by Trp, and ghrelin mRNA expression in stomach was significantly increased by DMT. It is concluded that supplementation of Trp or DMT could act as an effective feeding stimulants (FS) in high plant‐based diets for juvenile GIFT tilapia, which might be associated with the relatively higher orexigenic (NPY or ghrelin) genes expression, and supplementation of Bet could improve SGR, PER and reduce feed conversion ratio (FCR) of juvenile GIFT tilapia.  相似文献   

16.
The improvement in feed efficiency is one of the most important subjects in fish culture. The development of feed, in terms of good intake, high growth performance, and high feed efficiency is needed. Squid viscera are one of the candidates for alternative material in improving feed efficiency in fish culture. In the present study, we described the dietary effect of the squid viscera hydrolysate (SVH) on the growth performance of the red sea bream. The addition of SVH to feed caused significant increases in feed intake, fork length, and body weight and produced a marked improvement in feed conversion after 4 weeks of feeding. Furthermore, the results of this feeding revealed that low dietary levels of SVH promote growth performance in the red sea bream. We physiologically analyzed digestion and appetite in fish fed diet containing SVH. SVH promoted the activity of hepatic trypsin and lipase, gene expression of stomach pepsin, hepatic lipase, and pyloric caeca trypsin, thereby improving the nutrient availability in red sea bream. Moreover, the mRNA expression of appetite regulating factor, such as brain NPY and stomach ghrelin was significantly improved by dietary SVH. Our current results indicate that dietary SVH as alternative material produced excellent effects on growth performance, which is dependent on the promoting effect on digestion and appetite in red sea bream.  相似文献   

17.
旨在研究异齿裂腹鱼(Schizothorax o’connori)缩胆囊素(cholecystokinin, CCK)基因的摄食功能。本研究克隆得到了异齿裂腹鱼CCK基因的cDNA全长,通过生物信息学分析发现其属于CCK-1亚型。异齿裂腹鱼CCK的cDNA全长为773bp,其中开放阅读框(ORF)为372bp,可以编码123个氨基酸。异齿裂腹鱼CCK由1个信号肽和1个典型的CCK-8肽保守结构域组成,为亲水性蛋白,但没有跨膜结构。运用实时荧光定量PCR(Real-timePCR)检测异齿裂腹鱼CCK基因在组织中的分布情况,以及餐前餐后和禁食复喂对其表达量的影响。结果表明,异齿裂腹鱼CCK在各组织中均有表达,其中在脑中表达量最高,在肠道、心脏、肝、脾、肾、皮肤、鳃、眼和鳔中表达量相对较高,在肌肉中表达量最低。餐后CCK基因的表达量显著升高,禁食使异齿裂腹鱼CCK基因的表达量显著下降,而复喂使CCK基因的表达量显著上升,表明CCK基因既是异齿裂腹鱼的餐后饱感信号因子,又是长期调控摄食因子。本研究为异齿裂腹鱼的人工饲养和品种保护等提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

18.
Ghrelin, a non-amidated peptide hormone, is a potent anorectic neuropeptide implicated in feeding regulation in mammals and non-mammalian vertebrates. However, the involvement of ghrelin in the feeding behavior of teleosts has not been well understood. To better understand the role of ghrelin in the regulation of appetite in fish, in this study, we cloned the cDNAs encoding ghrelin and investigated their mRNA distributions in gibel carp tissues. We also assessed the effects of different nutritional status on ghrelin mRNA abundance. Ghrelin mRNAs were ubiquitously expressed in ten tissues (intestine, liver, brain, mesonephron, head kidney, spleen, skin, heart, muscle, gill and pituitary gland), and relatively high expression levels were detected in the gut. Postprandial studies analysis revealed a significant postprandial decrease in ghrelin mRNA expression in the gut (1 and 3 h after the regular feeding time). In addition, ghrelin mRNA expression in the gut significantly increased at day 7 after fasting and declined sharply after refeeding, which suggested that ghrelin might be involved in the regulation of appetite in gibel carp. Overall, our result provides basis for further investigation into the regulation of feeding in gibel carp.  相似文献   

19.
Spexin (SPX), a novel neuropeptide discovered by the bioinformatics approach, has been shown to exert pleiotropic functions in mammals. However, little information regarding the physiological role of SPX is available in teleosts. As a first step, we cloned the spexin gene from a flatfish, the half-smooth tongue sole. The open reading frame (ORF) of tongue sole spexin contained 363 nucleotides encoding a 120 amino acid (aa) preprohormone with a calculated molecular mass and isoelectric point of 14.06 kDa and 5.86, respectively. The tongue sole SPX precursor contained a 27 aa signal peptide and a 14 aa mature peptide flanked by two dibasic protein cleavage sites (RR and GRR). Tissue distribution analysis showed that spexin mRNA could be detected in various tissues, notably in the brain. In addition, fasting stimulated the hypothalamic expression of spexin mRNA. Intraperitoneal injection of SPX increased gnih and gnrh3 mRNA levels in the hypothalamus; however, SPX inhibited the pituitary expression of gh, fshβ, and gthα mRNAs. Overall, our results reveal the existence of a functional SPX in the tongue sole, which could represent an important factor in the neuroendocrine control of flatfish reproduction and growth, and the spexin mRNA expression is regulated by feeding status.  相似文献   

20.
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