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1.
为了揭示小麦生理型雄性不育败育过程与交替氧化酶（AOX1）基因表达的关系,利用荧光定量技术分析了小麦交替氧化酶基因家族AOX1基因（AOX1a和AOX1c）在K型遗传型不育系[ms（Kots）-90-110]、K型不育系和恢复系杂交后经多代回交选育的可育系（BC5F1）以及杀雄剂SQ-1诱导的BC5F1小麦生理型雄性不育系的旗叶和花药（单核期、二核期、三核期）中的表达情况。结果表明,AOX1a基因在供试可育系（BC5F1）和遗传型不育系[ms（Kots）-90-110]中的表达规律一致,都表现为旗叶中的表达量较少,花药单核期表达量最高,二核期和三核期表达量下降;SQ-1诱导的生理型不育系中AOX1a基因在旗叶中表达量也最少,花药单核期表达量最高,二核期表达量减少,但三核期略呈上升;与其他2个材料相比较,生理型不育系的单核期AOX1a基因的表达量极显著增加,二核期极显著降低。AOX1c基因在3个材料各时期的表达规律一致,都表现为先升后降;但在表达量上,可育系与生理型不育系各时期的表达量两者几乎没有差异,遗传型不育系中的单核期表达量极显著低于可育系和生理型不育系。推测,AOX1a基因在生理型不育系单核期和二核期的异常表达,可能影响了花药发育过程中抗氰呼吸途径,导致呼吸代谢紊乱,引起花药败育;AOX1c基因没有参与生理型不育的代谢调节。 相似文献
2.
为了进一步阐明化学杂交剂SQ-1诱导小麦花粉败育的分子机制,以西农1376为材料,采用RNA-seq技术,对PHYMS-1376及其对照可育系CK-1376四分体、单核早期、单核晚期、二核期、三核期花药进行转录组测序,筛选出差异表达基因,进行GO富集、KEGG富集和GSEA富集分析,并利用高效液相法分别检测了PHYMS-1376及CK-1376上述五个时期花药中ABA和JA含量,通过qRT-PCR技术分析了ABA和JA通路关键差异基因的表达模式。结果发现,与CK-1376相比,在PHYMS-1376花药中共筛选出了 36 058个差异表达基因,主要富集到植物激素信号传导、苯丙素生物合成、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、氨基酸的生物合成4个通路;JA含量在PHYMS-1376四分体花药中显著降低（P<0.05）,至单核早期显著升高,单核晚期又显著降低,二核期显著升高,三核期显著降低;ABA含量在PHYMS-1376四分体至三核期花药中含量均高于CK-1376,其中在单核早期、单核晚期和二核期差异显著,可能与不育系各时期花药中PP2C关键基因TraesCS1D02G271000表达量过低相关,致使PP2C蛋白含量减少,进一步激活BIN2/BILs激酶,使SnRK2s磷酸化,促进ABA含量增加。上述结果表明：PHYMS-1376各发育时期花药中JA含量的异常波动与ABA含量的显著增加及上述2个通路关键基因的差异表达可能与SQ-1诱导小麦花粉败育密切相关。本研究为深入揭示SQ-1诱导小麦生理型雄性不育机理提供了一定的理论基础。 相似文献
3.
几类小麦雄性不育系育性敏感时期可溶性蛋白质和ATP酶活性的分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了研究K型和YS型小麦雄性不育系雄性不育的生化机制,用Native-PAGE凝胶电泳技术对稀盐缓冲液提取的不育系及其保持系育性敏感期旗叶和小穗中的可溶性蛋白进行了分析,并对不育系和保持系小穗质膜和液泡膜H+-ATP酶活性进行了比较.结果显示,1B/1R类K型不育系3314A和非1B/1R类K型不育系732A的同型保持系732B的旗叶在二核期和三核期均出现一分子量大小相同的特异性条带.对小穗的电泳结果显示,1B/1R类K型不育系3314A和非1B/1R类K型不育系732A单核期与其同期相应保持系相比,表达了一些特异性的蛋白.而YS型光温敏不育系A3017二核期和三核期比单核期多出现了特异蛋白条带.这些小穗中表达的特异蛋白可能与育性相关.另外,通过对质膜和液泡膜H+-ATP酶活性测定表明,不育系小穗单核期ATP酶活性较高,尤其是不育系液泡膜H+-ATP酶活性在单核期均明显偏高. 相似文献
4.
组蛋白乙酰转移酶（HAT）在生物生殖发育中对染色体的结构修饰和基因的表达调控发挥着重要作用。为探讨组蛋白乙酰化与小麦生理型雄性不育的关系,利用实时荧光定量技术,分析了化学杀雄剂SQ 1诱导的生理型雄性不育小麦花药各发育时期组蛋白乙酰转移酶基因HAT1的表达水平。结果表明,与同期可育花药相比,生理型雄性不育小麦花药的HAT1基因表达水平在单核期显著升高,二核期变化趋势基本相同,三核期显著降低。DNA Ladder显示,不育花药在单核期出现明显的DNA片段化,比正常花药提前凋亡。这表明SQ 1诱导的小麦生理型雄性不育可能与HAT1基因表达异常和花药细胞提前凋亡有关。 相似文献
5.
5种细胞质雄性不育小麦败育过程中活性氧代谢保护酶的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解异质雄性不育小麦败育过程中活性氧代谢中几种保护酶的变化特点,以5种小麦雄性不育系U116A、Ju116A、Va116A、C6116A、K116A及其相应保持系116B为材料,分析了小麦雄性不育系在花药不同发育时期的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性与保持系的差异。结果表明,不育花药的POD活性自单核早期后均比同一发育时期的可育花药高;自单核晚期开始,不育系CAT活性总体上呈下降趋势,而可育系则呈升高趋势;受试材料花药中SOD活性总体呈上升趋势,且不育系高于保持系。经差异分析,不育系U116A、Ju116A、Va116A、C6116A的败育关键期是单核晚期,而K116A的败育关键期则是单核晚期至二核期。以上结果说明,5种异质小麦雄性败育时期有所不同,并且雄性育性与POD、CAT和SOD活性密切相关。 相似文献
6.
小麦遗传型与生理型雄性不育花药同工酶的比较研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
为了研究小麦遗传型和生理型雄性不育生化机制上的异同,以遗传型(S型不育系)和生理型雄性不育小麦(高温诱导和化学杀雄剂SQ-1诱导)为材料,分别取其小孢子处于单核早期的幼穗,单核后期、二核期、三核期的花药进行了过氧化物酶(POD)、细胞色素氧化酶(COD)同工酶的比较研究。结果表明,S型雄性不育系和经杀雄剂SQ-1处理后诱导出的生理型雄性不育,其POD、COD同工酶的活性比对照材料弱,且条带少;经高温诱导出的生理型雄性不育,其同工酶活性比对照强,且条带多。三者比较后可知,经SQ-1诱导的材料及S型不育系抑制了某些酶带有关基因的表达,使物质能量代谢受阻,造成雄性不育的发生;经高温诱导的材料在高温逆境中其活性氧自由基含量高,发生剧烈的膜脂过氧化作用,导致雄性不育的发生。 相似文献
7.
为了探讨核糖核酸酯及可溶性蛋白质与小麦育性的关系,以1B／1R类和非1B／1R类K型小麦雄性不育系及保持系为材料,对花粉发育过程中倒二叶和花药中核糖核酸酶活性、可溶性蛋白质含量进行了研究。结果表明,不育系花药中核糖核酸酶活性在二核期之前显著高于保持系,呈上升趋势,二核期以后急剧下降,不育系花药中可溶性蛋白质含量在二核期显著下降,明显低于保持系。不育系叶片中的核糖核酸酶活性与相应的保持系差异显著,不育系和保持系叶片中可溶性蛋白质含量在整个生育期变化没有花药中可溶性蛋白质含量变化明显。两类不育系间核糖核酸酶活性和蛋白质含量差异显著。由此说明,不育系雄蕊的核糖核酸酶活性异常升高致使可溶性蛋白质含量显著下降,导致细胞生理代谢紊乱,可能是花粉败育的重要原因,而不育系花粉败育的关键时期可能是二核期。 相似文献
8.
为揭示K型小麦雄性不育系的败育时期和败育机制,以K型小麦雄性不育系K519A及其保持系519B为材料,采用半薄和超薄树脂切片法对花药绒毡层进行显微和亚显微结构观察,并对孢粉素转运相关基因RAFTIN1和绒毡层细胞降解相关基因APs在不同生育时期的表达模式进行分析。结果表明,与保持系相比,不育系花药绒毡层在四分体时期提前降解,部分绒毡层细胞脱离中层侵入药室内,发育至二核和三核期绒毡层细胞只剩下细胞轮廓和少量附着的乌氏体。不育系小孢子细胞壁在单核期开始增厚,是同时期保持系小孢子细胞壁厚度的2.35倍,发育至二核期小孢子细胞壁继续增厚,但三核期不育系小孢子细胞壁比保持系小孢子细胞壁薄,仅是保持系花粉粒细胞壁厚度的89%,并且三核期不育系花粉粒出现畸形和质壁分离的异常现象。自小孢子母细胞时期至单核期,不育系中RAFTIN1和APs基因的相对表达量都显著高于保持系,但在二核期不育系中的相对表达量显著低于保持系。推测K型小麦雄性不育系K519A的败育可能发生在四分体期和二核期。RAFTIN1和APs基因的表达模式与细胞学观察结果相契合,故推测这两个基因很可能参与了K型不育系K519A的不育过程。 相似文献
9.
为了探讨核糖核酸酯及可溶性蛋白质与小麦育性的关系,以1B/1R类和非1B/1R类K型小麦雄性不育系及保持系为材料,对花粉发育过程中倒二叶和花药中核糖核酸酶活性、可溶性蛋白质含量进行了研究.结果表明,不育系花药中核糖核酸酶活性在二核期之前显著高于保持系,呈上升趋势,二核期以后急剧下降,不育系花药中可溶性蛋白质含量在二核期显著下降,明显低于保持系.不育系叶片中的核糖核酸酶活性与相应的保持系差异显著,不育系和保持系叶片中可溶性蛋白质含量在整个生育期变化没有花药中可溶性蛋白质含量变化明显.两类不育系间核糖核酸酶活性和蛋白质含量差异显著.由此说明,不育系雄蕊的核糖核酸酶活性异常升高致使可溶性蛋白质含量显著下降,导致细胞生理代谢紊乱,可能是花粉败育的重要原因,而不育系花粉败育的关键时期可能是二核期. 相似文献
10.
为了明确YS型小麦温敏不育系雄性败育发生的具体时期和败育的细胞学机理,以温敏不育系A731和其同型保持系731B为供试材料,采用花粉粒制片和石蜡切片法,对其花药形态特征及小孢子形成和发育过程进行细胞学观察。结果表明,不育系和保持系均能进行正常的减数分裂形成小孢子;保持系731B的花药和小孢子发育正常,只有极少数后期发育不正常;不育系A731花粉不育类型为典败和圆败;单核期小孢子可正常形成核,二核期正常形成营养核和精核,但有些营养核不清晰,三核期花粉粒染色后精核呈圆形,不能形成梭形精子;二核期花药中绒毡层提前解离侵入药室,造成小孢子败育。表明该温敏不育系的败育主要发生在二核期到三核期,推测二核期是其雄性败育发生的关键时期,败育的原因可能与绒毡层结构的异常有关。 相似文献
11.
Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified. 相似文献
12.
Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from
the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch
were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics
investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules. 相似文献
13.
种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。 相似文献
14.
ZHU Mingdong WEI Xiangjin XIE Hongjun TANG Guohua ZENG Xiaoshan WANG Jianlong HU Peisong YU Yinghong 《中国水稻科学》2019,33(5):401-406
Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry. 相似文献
15.
种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。 相似文献
16.
通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。 相似文献
17.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1):313-324
Summary Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer. 相似文献
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Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N2 fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N2 and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the Nmin-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N2 fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent. 相似文献
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