共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 657 毫秒
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本研究建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)检测鸡蛋中地克珠利含量的方法,并研究了地克珠利在鸡蛋中的残留消除规律。健康高产蛋鸡给予1mg/L 0.5%地克珠利溶液,集中饮水给药,连续给药12d,采用UPLC-MS/MS测定给药期间和停药后不同时间鸡蛋中地克珠利的残留量,用WT1.4软件计算地克珠利的弃蛋期。结果表明,在给药期间,蛋清、蛋黄和全蛋中地克珠利残留浓度呈上升趋势,在第12d时浓度达到峰值,且在蛋黄中残留量高于蛋清。停药后,地克珠利在蛋清、蛋黄和全蛋中的消除半衰期分别为6.93d、2.57d和1.78d,地克珠利在蛋清中消除最缓慢。本试验通过研究地克珠利在鸡蛋中的残留消除规律,首次确定地克珠利在鸡蛋中的最大残留限量为240 μg/kg,弃蛋期从给药第5d至停药第8d,共16d,为蛋鸡安全用药和保障食品安全提供科学依据。 相似文献
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欧盟建立动物源性食品中药理活性物质残留限量的程序法规研读 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
欧盟EC470/2009号条例制定了建立动物源性食品中药理活性物质残留限量的共同体程序,替代EEC2377/90号条例成为欧盟管理兽药残留最核心的一部法规,对欧盟所有成员国有约束力。该法规对食用动物的用药进行严格管理,对动物源性食品中药理活性物质残留建立残留限量或行动参考点进行监控。研读该法规可以了解整个欧盟残留限量管理体系的运行,对我国残留监控工作有一定的启发。 相似文献
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兽药的使用不但要保障靶动物的安全,更要保障人的食品消费安全,因此,兽药新化药研发的临床前安全评价与人用药物相比,有其独特的特点.每日允许摄入量、兽药最高残留限量和休药期的制定是兽药独有的内容.本文比较了兽药和人用药物在临床前安全评价内容的差异,为从事新药研发的毒理学工作者提供参考. 相似文献
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De Ruyck H Daeseleire E Grijspeerdt K De Ridder H Van Renterghem R Huyghebaert G 《British poultry science》2004,45(4):540-549
1. We measured the distribution and depletion of residues of flubendazole and its major metabolites in breast muscle, thigh muscle and liver of guinea fowls during and after oral administration of the veterinary medicine Flubenol 5% at two doses. 2. The guinea fowls were treated orally with normal feed, medicated at doses of 56 and 86 mg per kg feed for 7 successive days. Afterwards, depletion was observed for 8 d. Just before slaughter, body weights were measured. Thigh muscle, breast muscle and liver of three female and three male birds were sampled. The concentrations of the flubendazole-derived residues were determined by a liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric method. 3. The highest residue concentrations were obtained for the reduced metabolite. With the therapeutic dose, the maximum mean residue concentrations obtained for this compound in thigh muscle, breast muscle and liver were 312, 288 and 1043 microg/kg, respectively. The values for flubendazole, the parent molecule, were 114, 108 and 108 microg/kg, respectively. The residues of the hydrolysed metabolite were negligible in the sampled muscle tissues. After 24 h of depletion, the sum of the residues of parent and metabolites in muscle tissue still exceeded 50 microg/kg. After 8 d of depletion, flubendazole-derived residues at low concentrations could still be measured in both muscle tissues and liver. Generally, the disposition of residues in breast and thigh muscle was comparable. 4. The European Union has not established a maximum residue limit (MRL) for flubendazole in edible tissues of guinea fowl. In contrast, the existing MRLs for other bird species are expressed as the sum of parent flubendazole and its hydrolysed metabolites. An estimated withdrawal period of three days will assure residue safety in the edible tissues of guinea fowl treated with flubendazole at therapeutic dose. After this withdrawal period following treatment of the guinea fowl, the residues were approximately constant, very low and far below the established safe MRL level for other bird species. 相似文献
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Population pharmacokinetics in veterinary medicine: Potential use for therapeutic drug monitoring and prediction of tissue residues 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
T. MARTÍN-JIMÉNEZ & J.E. RIVIERE 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》1998,21(3):167-189
Population pharmacokinetics can be defined as a study of the basic features of drug disposition in a population, accounting for the influence of diverse pathophysiological factors on pharmacokinetics, and explicitly estimating the magnitude of the interindividual and intraindividual variability. It is used to identify subpopulations of individuals that may present with differences in drug kinetics or in kinetic/dynamic responses. Rooted in procedures used in engineering systems, population pharmacokinetics methods were conceived as a means to determine the pharmacokinetic profile in populations in which a sparse number of samples were obtained per individual, such as those in late stage human clinical trials. This is the situation commonly encountered in all aspects of veterinary medicine. The exploratory nature of this technique allows one to probe relationships between clinical factors (such as age, gender, renal function, etc.) and drug disposition and/or effect. Similarly, the utilization of these techniques in the clinical research phases of drug development optimize the determination of efficacy and safety of drugs. Given the observational nature of most studies published so far, statistical methods to validate the population models are necessary. Simulation studies may be conducted to explore data collection designs that maximize information yield with a minimum expenditure of resources. The breadth of this approach has allowed population studies to be more commonly employed in all areas of drug therapy and clinical research. Finally, in veterinary medicine, there is an additional field in which population studies are potentially ideally suited: the application of this methodology to the study of tissue drug depletion and drug residues in production animals, and the establishment of withdrawal times tailored to the clinical or production conditions of populations or individuals. Such application would provide a major step toward assuring a safe food supply under a wide variety of dose and off-label clinical uses. Population pharmacokinetics is an ideal method for generating data in support of the implementation of flexible labelling policies and extralabel drug use recently approved under AMDUCA (Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act. 21 CFR Part 530). 相似文献
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Plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue depletion of cyromazine and its metabolite melamine following oral administration in laying chickens 
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下载免费PDF全文 T. Rairat S. C. Ou S. K. Chang K. P. Li T. W. Vickroy C. C. Chou 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2017,40(5):459-467
The study was designed to characterize the plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue depletion profiles (including eggs) of cyromazine (CYR) in chickens following oral administration alone or in combination with melamine (MEL). In order to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of CYR, chickens were administered 1 or 10 mg/kg (single oral doses), whereas residue studies were conducted in chickens fed CYR alone (5 or 10 mg/kg) or CYR (5 mg/kg) and MEL (5 mg/kg) for a period of 14 days. Estimates for the apparent volume of distribution (1.66 L/kg), clearance (7.17 mL/kg/min), and elimination half‐life (2.82 h) were derived by noncompartmental analyses. The highest concentration of CYR occurred in liver but fell below detectable limits within 3 days following drug withdrawal from feed. Combined feeding of MEL with CYR did not significantly alter CYR tissue levels. CYR residues were detected only in egg white and were undetectable at the 2nd day postadministration. No MEL was found in eggs unless it had been added to the feed, and when present, it almost exclusively restricted to the egg white. Based upon the results of this initial study of CYR pharmacokinetics and residue depletion, it appears that use of CYR as a feed additive either alone (5 or 10 mg/kg) or in combination with MEL (both agents at 5 mg/kg) does not produce unsafe residue levels in edible products as long as appropriate withdrawal periods are followed for tissues (3 days) and eggs (2 days). However, our results indicate that adoption of a zero‐day withdrawal period should be reconsidered in light of these results. 相似文献
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As is true with the use of drugs in veterinary medicine in general, there are many controversial issues in the management of peripartum conditions in the cow. For example, the use of PG versus antibacterial drugs in the management of postpartum uterine infections has advocates for the use of either approach. Intrauterine versus systemic administration of antibacterial drugs for the prophylaxis or treatment of postpartum metritis is another area of debate. Clearly, more research is needed in this area. Equally clearly, however, the research results that are available are being disregarded on a daily basis. In considering this discussion of the use of drugs in the peripartum period, one is struck by the frequency that optimum drug therapy of a condition relies on the extralabel use of nonapproved preparations. What guidelines are available to the practitioner in this regard? One example is lack of availability of appropriate dosage regimens or withdrawal times for food derived from treated animals. Unfortunately, pharmacokinetic and residue studies that would aid in establishing guidelines generally are not available and, in most instances, are not forthcoming. Extrapolation of data from other species to the ruminant or extrapolation of information from one drug to a related compound (such as prediction of residue and withdrawal data from an approved aminoglycoside, dihydrostreptomycin, to another unapproved drug, gentamicin) is fraught with difficulties. The need for research in this area is obvious, and lack of such information is one of the major dilemmas in trying to establish rational drug therapy in the food-producing animal. Recent developments in drug therapy have led to innovative approaches for the management of peripartum and other diseases in cattle. The use of PG in the treatment of reproductive disorders, so commonplace and widely accepted in contemporary veterinary practice, is a relatively recent approach that continues to be refined with the development of new, more potent, more specific PG analogs. What will be the role of ceftiofur, a potent, third-generation cephalosporin that currently is approved only for the treatment of respiratory infections in cattle, in the management of reproductive tract infections? The fluoroquinolones, which represent a novel approach to the control of infectious diseases, are being increasingly used in veterinary and human medicine, and one may predict that these powerful antimicrobial drugs will find application in bovine practice, including for the treatment of peripartum infections. Pharmacologic manipulation of immune and defense mechanisms also is an approach with some promise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) 相似文献
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Sanquer A Wackowiez G Havrileck B 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2006,29(5):355-364
This review concerns a statistical method for calculating withdrawal period for injection site residues. A recently adopted Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use/European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Product (CVMP/EMEA) guideline recommends to apply the same method for the calculation of withdrawal period for injection site residues as for other edible tissues. For reasons in this study developed below, this approach is deemed to be inappropriate for the injection site residues. The injection site residues often violate regression assumptions with regard to homoscedasticity (same variance in residue concentrations for different slaughter times) and linearity (of the mean depletion curve in log(e)-scale). The currently recommended method cannot adequately handle these aspects. An alternative pragmatic method taking into account the last slaughter time with all data below the reference threshold, combined with a safety span, is proposed for injection site residues. A nonparametric approach for calculating the withdrawal period is also presumed to be a sound alternative. The references commonly used are the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) and the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). Unfortunately these references are not relevant to the acute risk exposure associated with injection site consumption. The use of alternative references, such as the Acceptable Single Dose Intake (ASDI) or the Acute Reference Dose (ARD) are thought to be more appropriate. 相似文献
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S.C. FITZPATRICK S.D. BRYNES† G.B. GUEST‡ 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》1995,18(5):325-327
The harmonization of standards and procedures for establishing tolerances or maximum residue levels (MRLs) for veterinary drug residues in edible animal products is a major goal of the international veterinary drug community. Such harmonization would contribute to easing trade barriers. This paper proposes use of the toxicologically determined acceptable daily intake (ADI) for the drug as the safety standard for reaching conclusions on the acceptability of residues in meat for human consumption. Specifically, the 'equivalence' of different MRLs for the same veterinary drug would be determined by considering whether they are likely to result in dietary residues that exceed another country's ADI for the drug. Two methods of estimating dietary intake are described, and estimates are made for the veterinary drugs albendazole and ivermectin. Based on these estimates, the US and JECFA MRLs for each drug would be considered 'equivalent' for trade purposes. 相似文献
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J Drazan 《Veterinární medicína》1985,30(11):641-647
The development of veterinary medicine in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic is evaluated on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the first lectures on veterinary science at Charles University in Prague (1784). Efforts to found a special veterinary school in Prague date back to the beginning of the 19th century; more than 20 petitions and interpellations concerning the establishment of such a school had been presented to the Bohemian Diet and the Imperial Parliament since 1841. The efforts for the establishment of this school were gradually conjoined with the national-revivalist and national-liberation movement. However, the veterinary university was established only in 1918, in Brno, when Czechoslovakia won independence. The development of veterinary medicine in the territory of today's Czechoslovakia is appreciated positively, mainly in the last 100 years. However, it was only after 1948--in the process of the transition from small-scale farming to large-scale socialist agricultural production--that all the needed practical and economic conditions were created for the development of veterinary medicine. The veterinary service was nationalized in 1951 and adequate material and technical backgrounds were built. Another veterinary university schools was introduced, and post-graduate studies and veterinary extension activities were started.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献