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1.
氟苯尼考在欧洲鳗鲡体内的药物代谢动力学的研究 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
应用反相高效液相色谱法对口灌和肌肉注射氟苯尼考在欧洲鳗鲡(Anguilla anguilla)体内的代谢规律进行了研究.按100 mg·kg-1口灌给药后血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中氟苯尼考浓度的达峰时间分别为2h、6h、0.5h、1h,以后开始缓慢下降,给药2d后血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的氟苯尼考浓度分别为4.209μg·mL-1、0.792μg·g-1、0.493μg·g-1、1.448μg·g-1,给药3d后血浆中的氟苯尼考浓度分别为0.0836μg·mL-1,肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的氟苯尼考浓度均未检出;按100mg·kg-1肌肉注射给药后血浆中氟苯尼考浓度达峰时间为0.5h,以后开始缓慢下降,给药5d后血浆中的氟苯尼考浓度为0.1151μg·mL-1,给药10d后血浆中的氟苯尼考浓度未检出.口灌氟苯尼考在欧洲鳗鲡体内血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中分布可用开放性二室模型来描述,口灌给药的血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的消除半衰期(T1/2β)分别为27.939h、18.844h、11.83h、36.87h;肌肉注射氟苯尼考在欧洲鳗鲡体内血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中分布可用开放性一室模型来描述,肌肉注射给药的血浆中的消除半衰期(T1/2β)为37.52h. 相似文献
2.
采用UPLC-MS/MS法研究了2μg·L-1三次连续水体药浴和6μg·L-1一次性水体药浴条件下阿维菌素在水体中消除、在异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)体内蓄积和消除变化规律。结果显示,两种药浴暴露方式下阿维菌素在水体中消除呈一级指数衰退消除,消除半衰期(t1/2)均为63 h,240 h时浓度下降到0.5μg·L-1以下。阿维菌素在异育银鲫血浆和肌肉中的含量均呈先升高后下降的趋势,血浆中药物浓度远高于肌肉中的含量。2μg·L-1连续三次药浴组和6μg·L-1一次药浴组血药峰浓度(Cmax)分别为34.97、66.62μg·L-1,其曲线下面积(AUC0-t)分别为9 871.2μg·L-1·h和18 119.6μg·L-1·h;两组药浴肌肉中达峰浓度分别4.42μg·kg-1和15.80μg·kg-1,其AUC0-t分别为641.9μg·kg-1·h和4 271.0μg·kg-1·h。与2μg·L-1连续三次药浴组相比,6μg·L-1一次药浴组阿维菌素在血浆和肌肉中的蓄积作用更加显著。以10μg·kg-1作为阿维菌素在异育银鲫肌肉中最大残留限量,选择95%的置信区间计算异育银鲫肌肉组织中休药期,本研究中2μg·L-1连续三次药浴组肌肉的休药期为295.4 h,6μg·L-1一次药浴组肌肉的休药期为454.5 h。 相似文献
3.
药浴给药恩诺沙星及其代谢产物在欧洲鳗鲡体内的药代动力学研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
应用反相高效液相色谱法,研究药浴给药条件下,恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星在欧洲鳗鲡体内的药代动力学.按10mg·L-1药浴给药后,恩诺沙星在欧洲鳗体内各组织器官中分布可用开放性二室模型来描述.血浆、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏中恩诺沙星达峰时间分别为44.27h、42.74h、50.69h、95.80h,以后开始缓慢下降,血浆、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏中代谢产物环丙沙星达峰时间分别为48.89h、55.34h、54.64h、100.0h.给药3个月后血浆、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏中的恩诺沙星浓度分别为0.0844μg·mL-1、0.09959μg·g-1、0.01242μg·g-1、3.7164u·g-1;恩诺沙星在血浆、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏中的消除半衰期(T1/2β)分别为908.07h、901.24h、59.32h、767.81h.鉴于恩诺沙星和其代谢产物环丙沙星在欧洲鳗鲡体内消除较慢,建议养成阶段不使用此药. 相似文献
4.
2种水温条件下罗非鱼体内氟苯尼考的药物动力学比较 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用药饵给药,药物剂量为10mg·kg^-1,比较研究了22和28℃水温条件下奥尼罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus×O．aureus）体内氟苯尼考的药物动力学。结果得出,22℃组和28℃组罗非鱼血浆的峰药浓度（Cmax）分别为4．46和3．90μg·mL^-1,达峰时间（Tmax）均为12h,消除半衰期（T1/2β）分别为10．03和8．12h,药-时曲线下面积（AUC）分别为86．68和72．44h·μg·mL^-1。相应条件下的肌肉Cmax分别为6．88和4．59μg·g^-1,Tmax均为12h,T1／2β分别为10．97和8．03h,AUC分别为112．71和73．66h·μg·g^-1。低温组罗非鱼血浆和肌肉中药物的T1／2β均长于高温组,前者分别比后者长1．91和2．96h,表明低温组罗非鱼体内药物的消除速度慢于高温组。虽然2个水温组血浆和肌肉中药物的Tmax相同,但低温组血浆、肌肉的Cmax和AUC均明显高于高温组,表明低温组罗非鱼吸收利用药物程度高于高温组。 相似文献
5.
多次口灌呋喃唑酮在草鱼体内残留研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
报道了多次口灌呋喃唑酮(60 mg/kg,连续3 d,每天1次)在草鱼体内血浆、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏中的消除与残留研究。采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测用药后不同时间各组织中药物浓度,M ILLEMNIUM32工作站处理原始数据,MCPKP药代动力学软件处理药时数据。结果表明:多次口灌呋喃唑酮在草鱼体内的药时数据符合一级速率吸收一室开放模型,其主要药动学参数为:AUC 2.3182μg.h/m l,Cmax 0.850μg/m l,Ka 0.5515 h-1,K 0.0936 h-1,T1/2ka1.2565h,T1/2k7.4308h,Tp 2.8732 h,药物在血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中消除时间分别为:72 h、15 d、20 d、20 d。 相似文献
6.
硫酸新霉素在吉富罗非鱼体内的药代动力学及休药期 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在实验水温(28±2)℃条件下,按25 mg·kg-1 的剂量对吉富罗非鱼(Genetically improved farmed tilapia,GIFT)单次口灌给药后,采用UPLC-MS/MS法测定吉富罗非鱼组织中的药物水平,研究硫酸新霉素在吉富罗非鱼体内的药代动力学及消除规律.结果表明,血药浓度时间数据符合一级吸收二室开放模型,药物在血浆中达峰时间Tmax、血药浓度高峰Cmax和消除半衰期T1/2β分别为1.299 h、16.138 μg·mL-1 和25.776 4 h.药物消除速度由快到慢依次为:肌肉、肝脏、肾脏,消除半衰期T1/2β分别为31.802 h、34.917 h、45.175 h.选取吉富罗非鱼可食性肌肉组织作为残留检测靶组织,参考中华人民共和国第235号公告中对禽肌肉MRL规定,以0.5 mg·kg-1为残留限量,建议休药期不低于6 d. 相似文献
7.
孔雀石绿及其主要代谢产物在欧洲鳗鲡肌肉中的蓄积及消除规律 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为了解孔雀石绿及其有毒代谢产物无色孔雀石绿在鱼体中的蓄积与消除规律,达到对孔雀石绿的禁用监控,本试验对初始体重为(12.42±2.18) g的欧洲鳗鲡进行0.1 mg·L-1 和0.2 mg·L-1 浓度(P1和P2组)孔雀石绿药浴24 h,再转移到清水中养殖120 d,采用高效液相色谱法测定肌肉组织中孔雀石绿及无色孔雀石绿的残留.在药浴过程中,鳗鲡肌肉组织中孔雀石绿平均含量不断升高,P1和P2组分别于药浴12 h和24 h达到最高值(720.5 ±192.6) μg·kg-1和(1404.8±421.9) μg·kg-1;在清水养殖过程中,孔雀石绿在鳗鲡肌肉中含量波动式下降,并于水浴2160 h (90 d)时两个处理组都低于检测限度.肌肉中所含无色孔雀石绿,在药浴过程以及清水养殖的开始一段时间内不断升高,P1和P2组分别于水浴的72 h和120 h达到最高值(960.1±251.0) μg·kg-1和(1 625.8±183.2) μg·kg-1,然后呈波动式下降,至实验结束(水浴120 d)时两个实验组肌肉中还有一定残留.结果表明,无色孔雀石绿的代谢消除时间较长,可以作为检测的标志物.另外,不同浓度的孔雀石绿在鳗鲡肌肉中的代谢规律相似,只是随药浴浓度升高,肌肉中孔雀石绿和无色孔雀石绿含量最高值出现时间有所滞后,以及消除时间相对延长. 相似文献
8.
甲苯咪唑在银鲫体内的药代动力学研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用高效液相色谱法检测甲苯咪唑(MBZ)及其代谢物氨基甲苯咪唑(MBZ-NH2)和羟基甲苯咪唑(MBZ-OH)在银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)血浆及组织中的浓度,数据经3P97药代动力学程序分析.结果表明:(25±1)℃的水温条件下,银鲫单剂量口灌MBZ20mg·kg-1,血药经时过程符合二室开放式模型.主要药代动力学参数为:吸收速率常数恐Ka 0.235h-1;消除半衰T(1/2)β 52.26h;药时曲线下面积AUC 180.07μg·h·mL-1;表观容积分布Vd/F 2.465L·kg-1;清除率CL(s)0.111 mL·h-1·kg-1;达峰时间T(peak) 6.20 h;质量浓度Cmax 4.14 μg·mL-1.与哺乳类相比,MBZ在银鲫体内吸收较慢,消除半衰期明显延长,药代动力学参数也有较大差异.建议在做到合理用药的同时加强药物检测力度. 相似文献
9.
诺氟沙星在大黄鱼体内的药代动力学及残留研究 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
在试验水温(22±2)℃时,按10 mg.kg-1的剂量给大黄鱼单次口服诺氟沙星后,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆和组织中的药物浓度,研究了诺氟沙星在大黄鱼体内的代谢及消除。结果表明血药时间数据符合一级吸收二室开放模型,吸收分布迅速,但消除缓慢,半衰期(T1/2 Ka、T1/2α、T1/2β)分别为0.703 0、2.092 6、154.326 5 h,最大血药浓度为0.886 4μg.mL-1,达峰时间为2.091 4 h,药时曲线下面积(AUC)为97.803 8μg.h.mL-1。组织中肝脏的药物浓度最高,在测定的时间里各组织的药物浓度高于血浆。药物消除速度依次为:肾脏、肝脏、肌肉,消除半衰期分别为135.88、173.25、223.55 h,肌肉作为可食性组织,且消除最慢,因此选取肌肉组织作为残留检测的靶组织,以50μg.kg-1为最高残留限量,因此在本试验条件下,建议休药期不低于23 d;在治疗大黄鱼细菌性疾病时,以诺氟沙星10 mg.kg-1剂量给药,一般1 d 1次,连用2~3 d。 相似文献
10.
采用高效液相色谱法研究了3种磺胺类药物在中国对虾体内的药物代谢动力学特征,这3种磺胺类药物包括磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM2)、磺胺嘧啶(SD)及磺胺对甲氧嘧啶(SMD)。实验期间,中国对虾的养殖水温为(24.6±2.4)℃,单次口服3种磺胺类药物的剂量均为100 mg/kg。结果显示,3种磺胺类药物在中国对虾体内的血药经时过程均符合一级吸收二室开放模型,SM2的主要药动学参数T1/2β、AUC、Vd、CL、Tmax、Cmax分别为25.812 h、34.066 mg/L·h、94.553 L/kg、2.608 L/h·kg、2 h、1.07 mg/L;SD的主要药动学参数T1/2β、AUC、Vd、CL、Tmax、Cmax分别为46.446 h、45.39 mg/L·h、97.207 L/kg、1.504 L/h·kg、1 h、1.17 mg/L;SMD的主要药动学参数T1/2β、AUC、Vd、CL、Tmax、Cmax分别为66.296 h、65.917 mg/L·h、40.015 L/kg、0.763 L/h·kg、2 h、2.00 mg/L。结果表明,SMD在中国对虾体内分布比SM2、SD更广泛;中国对虾体内SM2的消除相半衰期最短,SD次之,SMD消除相半衰期最长;3种磺胺类药物在中国对虾体内72 h药物吸收量SMD最高,SD次之,SM2最低;且SMD药物清除率最低,SD次之,SM2药物清除率最高,所以口服3种磺胺类药物72 h中国对虾体内SMD残留最多,SD次之,SM2残留最少。SMD在中国对虾体内药效更加持久,故在不考虑使用成本及毒副作用等其他因素的前提下,比较这3种磺胺类药物的药物代谢动力学特征,更加推荐使用SMD。 相似文献
11.
Liping Li Rui Wang Wanwen Liang Xi Gan Ting Huang Yan Huang Jian Li Yunliang Shi Honglin Luo Ming Chen 《广西水产科技》2014,(1)
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China. 相似文献
12.
13.
Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Florence Le Gac Odile Blaise Alex Fostier Pierre-Yves Le Bail Maurice Loir Brigitte Mourot Claudine Weil 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,11(1-6):219-232
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations. 相似文献
14.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation. 相似文献
15.
Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection 
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下载免费PDF全文 G Sharon M Pimenta‐Leibowitz M C L Vilchis N Isakov D Zilberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(1):67-74
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality). 相似文献
16.
The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg–1 fish·h–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g–1·ml–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min–1·g–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min–1·g–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated. 相似文献
17.
There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future. 相似文献
18.
Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Franz Lahnsteiner 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(7):3901-3909
This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos. 相似文献
19.
T. Citarasu K. Venkatramalingam M. Micheal Babu R. Raja Jeya Sekar M. Petermarian 《Aquaculture International》2003,11(6):581-595
The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could
lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment
in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 103 to 3.76 × 105 cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load
in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 105 cfu/g).
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献