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1.
CO2浓度升高对春小麦光合作用和籽粒产量的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
为给在大气CO2浓度升高条件下农作物栽培和农业可持续发展的科学管理决策提供依据,利用开顶式气室(OTC)研究了大气CO2浓度升高对春小麦辽春15生长发育过程中净光合速率、田间气体交换特性、光合酶活性等光合生理生态指标的变化规律以及对籽粒产量的影响.结果表明,CO2浓度增加到550 μmol·mol-1条件下,小麦叶片Pn升高,在孕穗期、灌浆期增幅达到显著水平(P＜0.05);叶片Ci提高,在灌浆期Ci增加达到极显著的水平(P＜0.01);而小麦叶片Gs、Tr呈下降趋势,均在灌浆期与CK差异显著(P＜0.05);各生育时期小麦叶片Hill反应活力都增强,孕穗期升高达到显著水平(P＜0.05);叶绿体Ca2 /Mg2 -ATPase活性均高于对照,但未达到显著水平.高CO2浓度使得小麦生物量积累有所增加,在拔节期、孕穗期小麦植株干重极显著增加(P＜0.01);提高了小麦籽粒产量,表现为穗粒重极显著增加(P＜0.01).在光合作用的整个过程中CO2浓度升高都起到了促进作用,并且最终表现在植株生物量和籽粒产量上. 相似文献
2.
小麦与野燕麦杂交后代品系光合特性的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了研究小麦与野燕麦杂交后代高产的原因,用LI-6400光合作用测定系统测定了小麦与野燕麦杂交后代及其亲本的开花期旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cd)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr),并计算了水分利用效率,用方差分析和相关性分析方法对11个参试材料的光合特性进行了综合评价。结果表明,小麦与野燕麦杂交后代的净光合速率显著高于普通小麦和野燕麦;各品种(系)的气孔导度变化趋势与蒸腾速率变化趋势一致,气孔导度大的一般蒸腾速率也较高;光合速率与气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著相关,与产量正相关,但相关不显著;小麦与野燕麦杂交后代的光合能力高于亲本和普通小麦。 相似文献
3.
为给裸燕麦(Avena nuda L.)高效节水生产提供理论和技术支持,在温室盆栽条件下,研究了裸燕麦持续性干旱胁迫后不同生育时期复水的生理响应。结果表明,拔节-抽穗期内复水较正常供水处理显著(P<0.05)提高株高6.57%～7.67%,其他时期复水株高与正常供水处理差异不显著(P>0.05);拔节-孕穗期和抽穗-灌浆期内复水,裸燕麦功能叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Ci)、胞间CO2浓度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)等光合参数均表现出补偿或超补偿效应,灌浆期后复水无法恢复叶片正常光合能力;拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期和灌浆期复水,较持续干旱胁迫处理显著提高裸燕麦籽粒产量,产量增幅分别为14.29%、152.38%、66.67%和32.80%;孕穗-灌浆期复水有利于提高灌溉水利用效率。说明裸燕麦持续干旱胁迫后孕穗期和抽穗期复水对植株生长、功能叶片光合能力和产量的补偿效应明显,有利于灌溉水高效利用。 相似文献
4.
为了进一步了解植物叶片蜡质含量与植物抗旱节水性的关系，本试验对6个小麦品种在灌浆后期的旗叶蜡质含量与抗早生理指标进行了相关分析，结果表明，干早条件下小麦灌浆后期叶片蜡质含量与光合速率、叶温、叶片水分利用效率和产量呈显著正相关．蜡质含量高的品种叶片温度高、蒸腾速率大，这与传统现点不同．分析认为蜡质含量高的品种在干早胁迫条件下可能叶片细胞膜稳定性强，气孔不容易发生关闭，因此其叶片水分利用效率和产量较高．蜡质含量除了受遗传因素决定外，还受环境因素影响． 相似文献
5.
为给外源脱落酸(ABA)在小麦抗旱栽培中的合理利用提供理论依据,以耐旱型品种山农20和水分敏感型品种辐287为材料,研究外源ABA对花后干旱条件下小麦冠层温度、光合特性、籽粒灌浆及产量的影响。结果表明,干旱处理显著降低了小麦吸收光能性能指数(PI_(abs))及被捕获电子传递到电子传递链Q_A~-中下游其他电子受体的概率(φ_0),尤其在灌浆后期,PI_(abs)及φ_0降幅均达到50%以上,导致叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔导度显著下降和冠层温度显著升高。同时,干旱处理下两品种的最大灌浆速率及平均灌浆速率均呈现降低趋势。两品种花后光合积累量及花后贮藏同化物转运量对籽粒产量的贡献率均显著降低,辐287降幅大于山农20。最终表现为粒重及产量显著降低。干旱条件下喷施ABA可以显著提高PI_(abs)值、φ_0值、净光合速率及叶绿素相对含量,延缓叶绿素降解,诱导气孔适当关闭,减少水分散失,降低冠层温差。同时ABA处理提高了强势粒最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率,延长了生长活跃期,降低穗叶温差,花后光合积累量及花后同化物转运量对籽粒产量的贡献率显著升高,最终表现为粒重及产量提高。这说明耐旱型小麦品种叶片光合同化力强,花后干物质转运效率较高,有利于籽粒灌浆增重,实现产量提高;外源喷施ABA可以提高灌浆期水分亏缺条件下小麦的光合性能,显著降低穗叶温差,优化同化物分配比例,最终实现小麦的抗旱稳产。 相似文献
6.
为探究黄土高原半干旱区保护性耕作提高春小麦产量的光合生理机制,依托黄土高原半干旱区2001年建立的不同耕作措施长期定位试验,于2019年研究了传统耕作(T)、传统耕作秸秆翻入(TS)、免耕秸秆不覆盖(NT)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)四种耕作措施对春小麦叶片光合相关性状、干物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明,小麦叶片叶绿素含量和叶面积指数在抽穗期达到峰值,保护性耕作延缓了花后叶片衰老,其中NTS处理的叶片叶绿素含量和叶面积指数在乳熟期均显著高于其他处理;耕作措施对开花期小麦旗叶RuBP羧化酶活性没有影响,但在灌浆期免耕和秸秆还田均提高了RuBP羧化酶活性,其中NTS处理的RuBP羧化酶活性是T处理的1.95倍;秸秆覆盖对小麦旗叶光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度影响显著,NTS处理可有效改善春小麦开花期和灌浆期的光合性能,其中NTS处理的开花期旗叶光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度比T处理分别提高了19.2%、30.7%、23.0%;免耕处理(NT和NTS)下花后干物质积累对籽粒贡献率较耕作处理(T和TS)提高了41.7%,秸秆还田处理(TS和NTS)花后籽粒干物质积累量及花后干物质积累对籽粒产量贡献率较不还田处理(T和NT)分别提高了71.2%和35.7%;NTS处理有效促进了小麦花后干物质积累和转运,显著增加了穗数和千粒重,使产量较T处理提高了18.7%。因此,在黄土高原半干旱区应用免耕秸秆覆盖的保护性耕作措施可促进春小麦旗叶花后光合作用、干物质积累及其向籽粒分配,延缓灌浆后期叶片衰老和叶绿素降解,协调和优化光合性能、光合时间、光合面积之间的关系,从而提高产量。 相似文献
7.
种植方式对夏玉米光合特性与产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
试验选用当地主栽夏玉米品种郑单958,比较分析不同种植方式对夏玉米光合特性与产量的影响。结果表明,在相同种植密度(6.75万株/hm2)条件下,与对照常规等行距种植方式相比,三行靠、四行靠和五行靠种植方式光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cond)、蒸腾速率(Tr)均有不同程度增加,处理间叶片SPAD值、光合速率差异未达到显著水平。四行靠种植方式气孔导度、蒸腾速率最高,等行距种植方式胞间CO2浓度(Ci)最高。子粒灌浆后期等行距种植方式SPAD值、灌浆速率下降速度最快。收获期三行靠、四行靠、五行靠种植方式子粒产量分别比等行距种植方式增加10.58%、6.54%、12.06%,但处理间差异未达到显著水平。 相似文献
8.
麦棉套作冬小麦灌浆期叶片光合生理特性研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
在大田土壤水肥条件下,于灌浆期对麦棉套作冬小麦不同叶位叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、叶肉细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)以及叶绿素含量做了连续测定,并对不同叶位叶片的籽粒贡献率做了分析,以研究麦棉套作条件下冬小麦的叶片光合生理特性。结果表明,小麦叶片的Pn和Tr在花后的变化趋势表现一致,且其大小顺序为旗叶(FL)、倒2叶(Cd2L)、倒3叶(Cd3L)、倒4叶(Cd4L)。随着叶片的衰老进程,叶绿素含量迅速下降,倒3叶和倒4叶主要为非气孔限制造成了光合衰退,旗叶和倒2叶前期为气孔限制,后期为非气孔限制,但旗叶非气孔限制引起光合衰退在时间上晚于倒2叶。旗叶对籽粒的贡献率为18.8%,倒2叶、倒3叶和倒4叶分别为14.2%、5.3%和-1.2%。研究认为,叶绿素含量的衰减程度直接影响了小麦叶片光合非气孔限制出现的时间,而与其变化的趋势和数值的大小没有直接关系。小麦下位提前衰老的叶片消耗大于积累,因此对籽粒的充实表现为负效应。 相似文献
9.
干旱条件下冷型小麦叶片气体交换特性研究 总被引：10，自引：4，他引：10
通过两年试验，对干旱条件下不同温型小麦开花至成熟期间群体冠层温度，光合作用，叶片气体交换等生理特性进行了较为系统的分析。结果表明，不同温型小麦在籽粒灌浆期间的冠层温度，净光合速率，蒸腾速率，气孔导度均有明显差异，冷型小麦具有明显的优势，特别在籽粒灌浆后期，抗旱小麦具有冷型小麦一致的特点。因此，在旱地小麦栽培和育种工作中，重视冷型材料的选择和运用，对提高旱地小麦的产量和品质具有重要意义。 相似文献
10.
施用生物炭对冬小麦光合潜力和籽粒产量的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为探究生物炭对冬小麦光合潜力和籽粒产量的影响,在中国农业大学吴桥实验站设置了施用生物炭7200kg·hm^-2(BH)、3600kg·hm^-2(BM)、1800kg·hm^-2(BL)和不施生物炭(BO)4个处理,测定分析了冬小麦开花期和灌浆期旗叶净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率日变化、光响应曲线及籽粒产量。结果表明,不同施炭水平下冬小麦开花期和灌浆期旗叶净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率日变化均呈双峰曲线趋势,有明显的光合“午休”现象,而施用生物炭可以减弱光合“午休”。冬小麦叶片胞间CO2浓度的日变化呈现先降后升的趋势,呈广口“V”型。随着光照强度的增加,在开花期,净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率光响应曲线呈现逐渐上升趋势,而灌浆期的响应曲线在光照强度1600~2000μmol·m^-2·s^-1时呈现逐渐下降趋势,就不同处理而言,开花期和灌浆期各指标均表现为BH和BM处理大于BL和BO处理;模拟得到的灌浆期最大净光合速率以BM处理最大,分别比BH、BL和BO处理高2.50%、6.20%和8.88%。与BO处理相比,BH、BM和BL处理的籽粒产量分别增加了4.14%、5.97%和1.49%,其中BH和BM处理增产显著(P<0.05)。综上所述,施用生物炭可以减弱冬小麦开花期和灌浆期的光合“午休”,增强光合性能和潜力,提高籽粒产量。在本试验条件下生物炭以年施用量3600kg·hm^-2效果最好。 相似文献
11.
Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified. 相似文献
12.
Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from
the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch
were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics
investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules. 相似文献
13.
种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1):313-324
Summary Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer. 相似文献
15.
ZHU Mingdong WEI Xiangjin XIE Hongjun TANG Guohua ZENG Xiaoshan WANG Jianlong HU Peisong YU Yinghong 《中国水稻科学》2019,33(5):401-406
Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry. 相似文献
16.
种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。 相似文献
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通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。 相似文献
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Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
N.E.S. Flte K. Hollung L. Ruud T. Sogn E.M. Frgestad H.J. Skarpeid E.M. Magnus A.K. Uhlen 《Journal of Cereal Science》2005,41(3):357-369
Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high Mr polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S. 相似文献
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Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N2 fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N2 and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the Nmin-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N2 fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent. 相似文献