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《畜牧与兽医》2016,(5):122-125
为将绿原酸引入奶牛乳房炎的治疗,进行了绿原酸在奶山羊体内的药动学研究。本试验制备了奶山羊大肠杆菌性乳房炎病理模型,建立了反相高效液相色谱检测血清中绿原酸含量的方法,测定了静注、肌注绿原酸在健康奶山羊及乳房炎病理模型奶山羊体内的药动学参数,初步反映了绿原酸在奶山羊体内的动力学过程。经试验测定绿原酸在健康奶山羊体内,静注后呈二室开放模型,其药动学参数CO(μg/m L)为20.66±6.13,T1/2β(min)为7.27±1.19,CLB(L/kg·min-1)为0.27±0.34,AUC(mg/L·min-1)为81.83±14.87;肌注后呈一级吸收一室开放模型,其药动学参数Cmax(μg/m L)为0.40±0.11,AUC(mg/L·min-1)为41.54±17.16。绝对生物利用度平均为47。绿原酸在乳房炎奶山羊体内静注后呈二室开放模型,其药动学参数CO(μg/m L)为23.03±6.97,t1/2β(min)为9.01±4.16,AUC(mg/L·min)为96.68±16.93,CLB(L/kg·min-1)为0.10±0.02;肌注后呈一级吸收一室开放模型,其药动学参数Cmax(μg/m L)为0.48±0.37,AUC(mg/L·min)为38.02±23.69。绝对生物利用度平均为43%。 相似文献
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建立了一种头孢维星在犬血浆中的高效液相色谱检测法,并研究了头孢维星在犬体内的药动学特征及生物利用度。选用健康家犬12只,按单剂量(8 mg/kg b.w.)分别静脉注射或皮下注射头孢维星,利用建立的方法对头孢维星在犬血浆中的浓度进行测定,采用Win Nonlin5.2.1程序的非房室模型处理药时数据。结果显示,静脉注射组的主要药动学参数为t1/2β=129.15±35.79 h;MRT=152.56±44.95 h;λz=0.0059±0.0023 h-1;Cl=1.24±0.56 m L/(h·kg);AUC=6942.88±2462.48μg獉h/m L;V=170.20±28.09 m L/kg。皮下注射组的主要药动学参数为t1/2β=136.94±20.96 h;MRT=167.77±28.15 h;Tmax=0.83±0.26 h;Cmax=59.51±7.99μg/m L;λz=0.0052±0.0009 h-1;Cl=1.05±0.21 m L/(h·kg);AUC=7332.58±1118.30μg·h/m L;V=203.81±30.09 m L/kg;F=105.61%。结果表明,头孢维星在家犬体内表现出吸收迅速、消除缓慢、表观分布容积大、生物利用度高等药动学特点。 相似文献
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三聚氰胺在奶山羊体内药代动力学的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本试验旨在研究三聚氰胺在奶山羊体内的药代动力学过程。通过采用6只奶山羊单剂量快速静脉注射三聚氰胺6.13mg·kg-1,24h内不同时间11次颈静脉采血,利用高效液相色谱法测定三聚氰胺浓度,3P97药动学计算软件处理血浆药物浓度—时间数据。结果显示:三聚氰胺在奶山羊体内呈二室开放模型。主要药动学参数:表观分布容积Vd=(0.03±0.01)L·kg-1、消除半衰期t1/2β=(3.64±0.02)h、药时曲线下面积AUC=(41.96±0.52)μg·h·mL-1、体消除率CL=(0.14±0.01)L·kg-1·h-1。结果提示,三聚氰胺在奶山羊体内可以快速的被肾脏清除,且不会在其他组织器官中广泛分布。 相似文献
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将 1 5头健康杂交奶山羊均分成 3组 ,按每千克体重 5mg的剂量分别对大肠杆菌内毒素诱导的乳房炎奶山羊进行静注、肌注和乳房灌注单剂量环丙沙星药动学试验。高效液相色谱法测定血、乳及组织药物浓度 ,血药浓度 -时间数据用 MCPKP药动学程序处理。诱导乳房炎的奶山羊静注给药的药时数据符合二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数分别为 :t1 /2α为 ( 0 .0 9± 0 .0 1 ) h,t1 /2β为 ( 1 .1 0± 0 .0 9) h,Vd( area) 为 ( 2 .80± 0 .3 0 ) L/kg,Cl B为 ( 1 .3 1± 0 .2 1 ) L/ ( kg·h- 1 ) ,AUC为 ( 3 .88± 0 .58) mg/ ( L· h- 1 )。肌注给药的药时数据符合一级吸收二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数分别为 :t1 /2 Kα为 ( 0 .0 7± 0 .0 2 ) h,t1 /2α为 ( 0 .3 9± 0 .2 6) h,t1 /2β为 ( 2 .0 7±0 .4 3 ) h,tmax为 ( 0 .2 6± 0 .0 7) h,Cmax为 ( 1 .0 4± 0 .1 3 ) mg/ L,AUC为 ( 2 .3 8± 0 .1 3 ) mg/ ( L· h- 1 ) ,F为61 .3 4 %。与从健康奶山羊获得的药动学参数相比 ,急性乳房炎能显著影响环丙沙星静注给药的体内分布、转运和消除 ,对肌注给药无明显影响 ,乳房灌注给药在炎症乳房内的吸收个体差异较大。急性乳房炎能显著降低环丙沙星全身给药在乳内积聚程度。肌注后炎症乳腺组织内药物浓度在 2、4、6、8 相似文献
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本研究旨在考察国产麻保沙星溶液在健康犬体内的药动学特征及生物利用度.选用8只健康犬,按照随机拉丁方设计,进行单次不同单剂量(2.75 mg·kg-1)分别静注麻保沙星溶液和口服麻保沙星溶液制剂.血浆样品经乙腈沉淀血浆蛋白,高速离心,用反相高效液相色谱法测定犬血浆中麻保沙星的浓度,3P97药动学计算软件处理血浆药物浓度-时间数据.健康犬静注给药的药物动力学最佳数学模型为无吸收开放二室模型,主要药动学参数为:T1/2α(0.34±0.14)h,T1/2β(7.74±1.70)h,V(1.03±0.60)L·kg-1,CL(0.22±0.08)L·h-1;AUC(14.05±4.25)mg·mL-1·h.口服给药的药物动力学最佳数学模型为一级吸收二室模型.主要药动学参数为:T1/2α((2.82±1.86)h,T1/2β(16.03±9.27)h,V/F(2.25±0.34)L·kg-1,CL/F(0.21±0.05)L·h-1,Tmax(1.55±0.62)h,Cmax(0.89±0.21)μg·mL-1,AUC(13.66±2.77)mg·mL-1·h.肌注麻保沙星冻干粉针的生物利用度为97.22%.麻保沙星在健康犬体内口服的主要药动学特征为吸收较快,达峰时间短,半衰期较长,生物利用度高. 相似文献
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选用21日龄健康雏鸭75只,按1.5 mg.kg-1肌肉注射头孢噻呋,以HPLC外标法测定肝、肾、心、肺、肌肉中头孢噻呋的含量,研究其在鸭体内的药动学与残留。结果显示:头孢噻呋在肾、肝、肺中经时过程符合一级吸收三项指数方程,主要动力学参数:分布半衰期(t1/2))为0.595 9 h,消除半衰期(t1/2β)为8.379 4 h,生物利用度(AUC)为52.808 6 mg.L-1.h-1,血药浓度达峰时间(tmax)为0.634 3 h,血药浓度峰值(Cmax)为13.763 1μg.mL-1;在心、肌肉中经时过程符合一级吸收二项指数方程,主要动力学参数:tmax为0.546 5 h,Cmax为4.800 8μg.mL-1,AUC为17.624 1 mg.L-1.h-1。建议头孢噻呋在鸭体内的休药期是3 d。 相似文献
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《饲料工业》2015,(Z2)
文中进行了六氢β-酸月桂酸酯在鸡体内的药动学研究。将12只健康鸡随机分为2组,分别单剂量每千克体重40 mg/kg灌胃给药和1 mg/kg静注给药。在给药前后不同时间点从前腔静脉采集血样,分离血浆,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中六氢β-酸月桂酸酯的浓度。用Winnon-lin5.2.1的非房室模型处理血浆药物浓度-时间数据。单剂量口服六氢β-酸月桂酸酯的主要药动学参数:Cmax(0.04±0.01)μg/ml,Tmax(1.00±0.15)h,T1/2(2.35±0.17)h,AUC(0.13±0.01)(h·μg)/ml,V(1 024.1±98.4)L/kg,CLB(302.2±7.6)L/(kg·h),MRT(3.55±0.27)h;单剂量静注六氢β-酸月桂酸酯的主要药动学参数:C0(1.25±0.17)μg/ml,T1/2(1.10±0.25)h,AUC(0.82±0.14)(h·μg)/ml,V(1.93±0.13)L/kg,CLB(1.25±0.21)L/(kg·h),MRT(1.27±0.31)h。结果表明:灌胃六氢β-酸月桂酸酯[40mg/(kg·bw)]与静脉注射六氢β-酸月桂酸酯[1 mg/(kg·bw)]相比,鸡灌胃给药的生物利用度为0.4%,灌胃给药后吸收极少,静注浓度较高,消除半衰期均较短。 相似文献
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为完善黄山草灌注剂的标准,试验采用HPLC法测定绿原酸的含量,色谱柱为Agilent C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇∶1%冰醋酸(20∶80),检测波长为324nm,流速为1.0m L/min,进样量10μL。结果表明绿原酸含量在20~120μg/m L范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均加样回收率为99.45%,RSD为0.45%。此方法操作简便、快捷、结果准确,可用于黄山草灌注剂的质量控制 相似文献
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长效制剂能够使药物在动物体内缓慢释放,使有效药物浓度维持较长时间,实现方便给药的目的,同时也克服常规制剂多次给药造成的波峰波谷现象,更好地发挥药效。氟苯尼考混悬剂和常规制剂按20mg/kg体重肌注给药,用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度。试验所得的血浆浓度-时间数据采用非房室模型统计距原理处理。氟苯尼考混悬剂的主要药动学参数:AUC=44.99μg/(mL.h),MRT=26.62h,t1/2β=16.5h;氟苯尼考常规制剂的主要药动学参数:AUC=54.3μg/(mL.h),MRT=12.97h,t1/2β=11h。试验结果表明氟苯尼考混悬剂在体内吸收缓慢,能够延长药物在体内作用时间。 相似文献
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Rassnick KM Gieger TL Williams LE Ruslander DM Northrup NC Kristal O Myers NC Moore AS 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2001,15(3):196-199
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks. 相似文献
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Davis MS Willard MD Nelson SL Mandsager RE McKiernan BS Mansell JK Lehenbauer TW 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(3):311-314
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large. 相似文献
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Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Johansson AM Gardner SY Levine JF Papich MG LaFevers DH Fuquay LR Reagan VH Atkins CE 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):887-895
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses. 相似文献
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Tropical Animal Health and Production - 相似文献
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Waruiru RM Thamsborg SM Nansen P Kyvsgaard NC Bogh HO Munyua WK Gathuma JM 《Tropical animal health and production》2001,33(3):173-187
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round. 相似文献
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The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host. 相似文献
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H Hayashi T Yoshimura J Y Chen 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》1985,8(2):73-87
Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed. 相似文献
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Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ 
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下载免费PDF全文 S. Pashaei T. Ghoorchi A. Yamchi 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2016,100(2):211-216
An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed. 相似文献
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Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb
albumin
- ALT
alanine aminotransferase
- AST
aspartate aminotransferase
- BUN
blood urea nitrogen
- Chol
cholesterol
- Glob
globulin
- -GT
-glutamyl transpeptidase
- IP
inorganic phosphorus
- TP
total protein 相似文献