共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
针对长江中下游现有油菜机驱动型开畦沟装置高速（≥10 km/h）作业存在功耗较大、沟形不稳定的现实问题,该研究设计了一种刀体低阻触土面近似为螺旋桨叶面的类螺桨式开畦沟装置。基于运动学、动力学设计了由4组刀盘组成的类螺桨式刀组,确定了影响其作业功耗、作业质量的关键参数范围。基于EDEM软件开展了刀片刃型、螺距角及弯折角的单因素试验,结果表明：后磨刃耕阻最小,螺距角增大使刀片耕阻先减小后增大、抛土性能下降,弯折角增大使整体耕阻减小、抛土性能下降;1～4号刀盘的刃角结构为后磨刃,螺距角分别为7°、5°、4°、3°,折弯角分别为120°、120°、90°、90°时阻力较小,抛土性能较好。以螺距角、作业速度和刀盘转速为因子的Box-Behnken仿真试验,采用遗传算法对功耗和抛土性能进行多目标优化,结果表明：作业速度、刀盘转速、螺距角增大均使功耗上升,其中作业速度影响最大;作业速度降低、刀盘转速增高均使抛土效率提高;优化后1～4号刀盘对应的的螺距角分别为6.7°、4.7°、3.5°、2.5°;作业速度6、9、12 km/h时刀盘较优转速分别为540、620、810 r/min,优化刀组作业功耗低... 相似文献
2.
针对长江中下游稻油轮作区水稻收获后留茬高、传统旋耕装置秸秆还田能力不足导致油菜成苗率不高等问题,该研究设计了一种基于联合收获机平台的覆秸式油菜联合播种机。为提高机具通过性,结合曲柄滑块机构运动原理,根据运动学分析对悬挂装置结构进行改进,增大后悬挂装置离地间隙;为实现秸秆覆盖还田,基于联合收获机脱粒装置结构特点增设秸秆粉碎侧抛装置,对秸秆粉碎和抛送过程开展动力学和运动学分析,确定了秸秆粉碎和铺放质量的影响因素。以机具前进速度、发动机动力输出转速为试验因素,以碎土率、厢面平整度、秸秆粉碎合格率和秸秆铺放均匀性为试验指标,开展单因素试验与二因素三水平中心复合试验,得到各因素对试验指标的影响规律及响应面模型。试验结果表明,前进速度和发动机动力输出转速对种床质量及秸秆粉碎铺放效果均影响显著（P＜0.05）,在前进速度2.89 km/h、发动机动力输出转速2210 r/min时碎土率为85.65%,厢面平整度为20.06 mm,秸秆粉碎合格率为90.31%,秸秆铺放均匀性为89.33%,机具作业效果较优。对优化后的作业参数进行圆整并开展验证试验,结果表明,在前进速度3 km/h、发动机动力输出转速2 200 r/min时,碎土率为85.69%,厢面平整度为21.32 mm,秸秆粉碎合格率为89.35%,秸秆铺放均匀性为88.07%,与理论值的偏差分别为0.04个百分点、1.26 mm、0.96和1.26个百分点。研究结果可为油菜机械化播种和一机多用提供新思路。 相似文献
3.
针对水稻、小麦、油菜种子播量要求和外形尺寸差异大且稻麦种子流动性不足，导致气送式集排器兼用性不足、高速供种稳定性不佳的问题，该研究设计了一种稻麦油兼用型孔轮。阐述了高速供种工作原理，开展了供种环节充种、携种、投种阶段力学分析，基于最速降线原理设计了型孔壁面曲线，运用EDEM仿真对比分析了不同转速条件下种群运动状态。通过台架试验明确供种速率和供种稳定性较优的转速范围，并构建了稻麦油供种速率回归模型。台架试验结果表明：对于水稻和小麦种子，型孔轮个数16、供种转速30～50 r/min和50～70 r/min时，供种速率稳定性变异系数小于1%，水稻、小麦的供种速率分别为1050.62～1535.87 g/min和4171.82～5073.76 g/min；对于油菜种子，型孔轮个数为1，供种转速为20～30 r/min时，供种速率稳定性变异系数小于0.5%，供种速率为160.42～227.45 g/min；稻麦油供种速率回归模型预测值与试验值相对误差小于2%。水稻旱直播、小麦、油菜田间播种试验表明，作业速度在8～10 km/h时，集排器总排量稳定性变异系数分别为1.32%、1.16%和1.07%，满足稻麦油兼用播种作业标准要求。研究结果可为高速兼用气送式集排器结构改进提供参考。 相似文献
4.
为探究粗粒化建模对逆旋开沟机刀辊功耗的影响,提高离散元法的计算效率,该研究以1K-50型开沟机开沟部件为对象,利用EDEM软件构建适于南方葡萄园土质环境的刀辊-土壤离散元模型,将仿真模型中的土壤颗粒分别放大2～5倍进行开沟仿真试验,对刀辊功耗、工作阻力及土壤运动状态进行分析。结果表明：在土壤颗粒直径为5 mm、刀辊转速132 r/min、前进速度0.06 m/s、开沟深度0.3 m工况下,刀辊稳定作业阶段的功耗、水平阻力及垂直阻力平均值分别为3.73 kW、923.85 N和148.30 N,仿真功耗相对实际功耗的误差为9.9%。开沟仿真过程中刀辊的功耗、工作阻力平均值及土壤运动状态随放尺比例的变化而变化,其中刀辊功耗与水平阻力平均值随放尺比例增大而减小,垂直阻力平均值随放尺比例先减小后增大再减小,且增大放尺比例使得土垡从刀片正切面的抛出时刻提前,抛出速度减小,土垡逐渐松散,壅土高度增加,但不改变正切面上各深度土层的土壤分布顺序。放尺比例为2～5时,仿真计算时间相较原尺状态减少99%,但仿真功耗相对实际功耗的误差超过32%,当放尺比例为1.2时,能够将功耗相对误差控制在11.1%,仿真时间为22.9 h,仿真数据量313.72 GB。研究结果可为农机领域离散元放尺计算及构建刀辊-土壤粗粒化模型提供一定参考。 相似文献
5.
针对长江中下游地区油菜机械化种植时土壤黏重板结、前茬秸秆留茬高、残留量大,致使油菜直播机旋耕及深施肥部件易出现秸秆缠绕、壅土堵塞等问题,导致秸秆埋覆率低、种床厢面起伏不平,影响种床质量的生产现状,该研究设计了一种适用于高茬黏重稻茬田的油菜直播机组合式埋茬防堵装置。该装置主要包括埋茬弯刀和双刃旋耕刀,刀片在筒状刀轴上整体呈人字型排布,通过埋茬弯刀和双刃旋耕刀配合作业,可防止旋耕及深施肥部件秸秆缠绕和黏附堵塞,实现黏重土壤细碎、高茬秸秆埋覆和厢面平整。开展理论分析与EDEM仿真,确定了埋茬弯刀回转半径为245 mm,正切面弯折线角为27 °、弯折角为125 °,作业幅宽为75 mm,防堵直刀回转半径为275 mm,刃磨角为15 °。田间对比试验结果表明：装有组合式埋茬防堵装置的油菜直播机在高茬黏重地表作业通过性好,未出现秸秆缠绕和黏土堵塞,厢面平整度为19.19～22.14 mm,相较于普通旋耕装置,秸秆埋覆率至少提高27.19个百分点,埋茬防堵性能良好,种床质量满足油菜直播农艺要求。研究结果可为高茬黏重工况下的种床整备装置开发提供参考。 相似文献
6.
草地振动松土机运动特性分析与振动频率优化 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
为了提升机具的作业性能,该文对振动松土工作单体的速度特性和轨迹特性进行研究,当机具的振动频率较低时,速度比λ<1,松土铲是持续切削的作业过程,增加振动频率使速度比λ>1时,松土铲的作业过程分为切削、后退和追赶3个连续的阶段,各个阶段的持续时间随λ的变化而变化。在前进速度为1km/h、振幅为12.7mm、振动角为28°条件下,对0～10Hz振动频率下的一组工作部件进行土槽试验,振动部件工作最佳的振动频率为4.4Hz,在此频率下,可以减小约40%的牵引阻力和11.7%～59%的功耗。 相似文献
7.
油菜气力盘式精量排种器槽齿辅助充种性能分析与试验 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
针对油菜气力盘式精量排种器高速排种过程中存在漏播严重和工作负压需求大的问题，该研究提出了一种槽齿定向扰动辅助充种种盘，采用质点动力学分析、EDEM软件、高速摄像技术和正交试验相结合的方法，对不同槽齿型式和槽齿厚度的种群流动性与辅助充种性能进行了研究。使用EDEM软件模拟分析了不同槽齿型式和槽齿厚度对种群流动性的影响，以种群平均动能和种群平均动能总和为量化指标，得出齿厚0.5～1.5 mm的直线型槽齿具有较好的辅助充种作用，有助于改善种子流动性和抑制种群拖带。选用华油杂62为试验材料，进行了槽齿型式优选试验，并以优选出的槽齿型式为对象开展了槽齿厚度、种盘转速和工作负压对充种性能影响的试验研究。结果表明：在工作负压不小于1 500 Pa条件下，作业速度小于6.0 km/h时，3种槽齿型式种盘的充种性能差异较小，当作业速度为6.0～9.5 km/h时，直线型槽齿辅助充种性能优于圆弧型槽齿和无槽齿的平面盘；三因素四水平正交试验优选出槽齿厚度为1.0 mm时充种性能最优，并明确了槽齿厚度、工作负压和作业速度对充种性能的影响规律；在槽齿厚度为1.0 mm、工作负压1 500～2 500 Pa、作业速度2.6～9.5 km/h条件下，种子吸附合格率不低于96%，漏吸率不大于4%。研究结果可为油菜气力盘式高速精量排种器结构优化设计提供参考。 相似文献
8.
植被恢复措施对不同排土年限煤矿排土场边坡细沟侵蚀的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究排土场边坡细沟侵蚀特征,采用野外调查方法,以内蒙古永利煤矿为研究对象,测定不同排土年限（1、3、5 a）和植被措施（裸地、沙柳方格+沙棘+油菜/沙打旺、沙柳方格+沙打旺）的排土场边坡物理指标和细沟形态指标。结果表明：1）排土年限为5 a时,同一措施下分形维数和土壤容重较1 a增大3.60%～7.20%和7.26%～20.00%,含植被措施土壤颗粒分形维数较裸地小0.40%～3.80%。2）以排土年限1 a为基准,裸地和沙柳方格+沙棘+油菜/沙打旺措施的细沟总长、细沟密度、平均沟深、平均沟宽和细沟割裂度随排土年限增加而加大97.65%～349.76%、10.34%～277.59%、80.51%～205.11%、28.69%～83.50%、50%～625%和86.37%～129.30%、12.96%～175.93%、1.81%～21.32%、60.61%～67.63%、75%～275%。3）排土年限为3和5 a时裸地细沟侵蚀模数较1a增加4.11%和581.28%,沙柳方格+沙棘+油菜/沙打旺减小27.27%和50.65%。4）细沟总长、平均和最大沟深是评价细沟侵蚀和细沟形态的优选指标。研究结果可为矿区生态恢复重建提供参考。 相似文献
9.
气吹集排式水稻旱直播机关键部件设计与试验 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
针对中国水稻直播品种不一、高速作业和大播量的要求,该文设计了一种气吹集排式水稻旱地精量直播机,直播机主要由均匀分种装置、定量排种装置、气力输送装置、同步传动装置、大尺寸集成种箱、开沟覆土镇压装置和支撑悬挂装置组成。从直播机的稻种适应性、作业速度、播量调节等方面研究了气吹集排式分种器的分种机理和分种均匀性。根据不同品种水稻种子的物理特性和气流输送原理,分析了不同种子在持续气流作用下,种子在分种器中的运动轨迹。按照大播量可调要求,设计了播量无级可调槽轮式排种器,槽轮槽形为圆弧状,通过双地轮驱动排种器保证播量同步。设计变速传动装置增加定量排种装置高速作业的适应性,气力输送装置使定量排种装置排出的种子在高速作业下连续排入播种沟。分种器的均匀稳定分种提高了直播机播种的均匀性和稳定性,通过减少排种器数量和使用气力输送种子,降低了伤种率。对比不同籼、粳稻品种在直播过程的运动规律和田间播种效果,得到了适应不同稻种的分种器结构及相关参数。试制了气吹集排式直播机并进行田间试验。田间试验结果表明,气吹集排式直播机的播量在75～375 kg/hm2可调,最高作业速度为14 km/h,10行幅宽2 m和20行幅宽4 m的每行播种量变异系数分别为4.89%和5.06%,田间播种的稻种破损率为0.46%。2017年,在宁夏播种富源4号品种的产量为10 372.5 kg/hm2,在广东播种粤农丝苗品种的产量为7 074kg/hm2,生产试验结果表明,所研制的气吹集排式水稻旱直播机达到了设计目标,满足作业需求。 相似文献
10.
水平摘锭式采棉机采摘头传动系统优化与试验 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
为了提高水平摘锭式采棉机的作业效率,针对国产采棉机在高速作业过程中存在采摘速比系数匹配不当、采摘头传动系统不合理的问题,该研究根据水平摘锭式采棉机采摘头结构与工作原理,对采摘头传动系统、采棉机采摘机理进行分析,根据传动系统传动要求和采棉机采摘条件,建立目标函数与约束条件,运用遗传算法和1stOpt软件对采摘头传动系统进行优化分析。优化结果为:滚筒动力齿轮齿数为72,离合器上齿轮变位系数为-0.14,滚筒动力齿轮变位系数为1.208,齿轮顶隙系数为1.25。结合采棉机作业要求搭建棉花采摘性能试验台,选取采摘滚筒转速113～143 r/min、作业速度5.93～7.20km/h,对优化前后采摘头的作业性能进行验证试验。结果表明:优化后的采摘头作业速度由6.4km/h提升至7.2 km/h,工作效率由4.86 hm~2/h提升至5.47 hm~2/h,提高了12.5%;优化后的采摘头在7.2 km/h的作业速度下,采净率由90.4%提升至93.7%,采净率提高了3.6%,含杂率由10.28%降至9.72%,含杂率降低了5.4%,验证了传动系统优化结果的合理性。该研究可为国产采棉机采摘头的研发提供参考。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献