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1.
大豆种植密度对玉米/大豆间作系统产量形成的竞争效应分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《作物学报》2021,(10)
旱区作物间作系统是优化作物群体质量、提高产量的一种重要种植方式,从产量构成因子角度探讨作物间作竞争优势机制还鲜见报道。本研究设置3个大豆密度梯度和4个种植比例(玉米与大豆以2∶0、0∶2、2∶2和2∶4间作),分析间作系统的作物竞争指数、产量构成和最终产量的差异性变化,探讨间作群体产量增加的作物竞争机制。结果表明,不同大豆密度和种植比例组合下的间作系统产量提高14%～23%。玉米的实际产量损失大于0,大豆的实际产量损失小于0。间作系统中玉米的穗重、穗长、穗粗、穗粒重、轴重和千粒重均显著高于单作;除结荚长度和主茎节间长度外,间作系统中大豆的单株粒重、单株荚数、单株总粒数、单株有效粒数、主茎节数和百粒重低于单作或与单作间无显著差异。间作系统中玉米的竞争比率大于1,大豆的竞争比率小于1,在3种大豆密度下玉米和大豆的竞争比率分别为2.08、1.84、1.68和0.49、0.56、0.63,表明随着大豆密度的增加,间作中玉米的竞争比率增加的同时大豆的竞争比率降低。玉米的侵占力大于0,大豆的侵占力小于0。玉米产量与轴重、千粒重、穗重、穗粒重、穗长、行粒数呈正相关关系,与秃尖长呈负相关关系。通径分析表明,直接作用中,穗粒重对玉米产量的贡献最大(2.18);间接作用中,轴重、千粒重通过每穗粒重对玉米产量的贡献较大(1.64和1.58)。综上所述,大豆间作玉米有间作优势,间作优势来源于每穗粒重。 相似文献
2.
研究不同施氮水平下箭筈豌豆、玉米产量对单作和间作的响应,对于优化栽培措施、提高作物产量具有重要意义。本试验于2017年在甘肃河西绿洲灌溉区进行,重点研究是不同施氮水平下箭筈豌豆、玉米在单作及间作模式中干物质累积、产量构成、产量表现。结果表明,间作箭筈豌豆干物质累积量与单作相比在不施氮(N0)、减量施氮(N1)和常规施氮(N2)处理下分别提高44.0%、36.7%和37.2%;施氮水平间,间作模式下N1比N2和N0提高9.1%和25.5%,单作模式下提高9.4%和32.1%。间作玉米干物质累积量与单作相比在N0、N1和N2处理下分别提高23.3%、22.5%和23.0%;施氮水平间,间作模式下N1比N2和N0提高9.3%和19.8%,单作模式下提高9.9%和20.7%。间作模式下箭筈豌豆豆荚数和玉米穗数较相应单作分别增加7.6%和14.5%,两者的产量较单作分别提高34.9%和27.0%。由通径分析可知,箭筈豌豆产量决定次序是豆荚数>粒重>单荚粒数,玉米产量决定次序是穗数>粒重>穗粒数。间作结合施氮量240 kg/hm2能获得较高干物质积累量和产量,是河西灌溉区玉米间作箭筈豌豆适宜的施氮水平。 相似文献
3.
交替灌溉对西北绿洲区小麦间作玉米水分利用的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
受水资源不足的严重制约,西北绿洲区以间作套种为主体的多熟种植面积被持续压缩,使单位耕地产出率和光能利用率明显下降,间作节水理论和技术研究亟待开展。交替灌溉技术节水和提高水分利用效率的作用已得到大量验证,但该技术应用到间作中能否产生节水、增效作用,缺乏理论依据。2006—2008年,在甘肃河西走廊干旱荒漠绿洲区进行田间试验,探讨了交替灌溉对小麦间作玉米产量、耗水量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,与单作相比,交替灌溉小麦间作玉米可显著提高土地利用效率(LER),LER达到1.22~1.52。交替灌溉与传统灌溉间作相比,LER差异不显著;对间作小麦的产量效应不显著,但使间作玉米的产量提高11.4%~36.4%,混合产量平均提高12.9%。与传统灌溉间作相比,交替灌间作未显著增加作物的耗水量,与单作小麦、单作玉米的加权平均相比高1.2%~19.4%。交替灌溉小麦间作玉米的WUE较单作小麦高12.0%~71.4%、较单作玉米高10.6%~37.8%、较传统灌小麦间作玉米高0.9%~22.5%。在河西绿洲灌区,小麦间作玉米上应用交替灌溉技术具有节水和提高WUE的可行性。 相似文献
4.
豆科–燕麦间作对作物光合特性及籽粒产量的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
为进一步揭示豆科燕麦间作体系中作物产量优势的光合机制,设置燕麦单作、大豆单作、花生单作、大豆燕麦间作和花生燕麦间作试验,在不施氮肥的条件下,调查大豆、花生同燕麦的产量、功能叶片相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)及光合特性。结果表明,与单作相比,大豆–燕麦和花生–燕麦间作优势明显,土地当量比(LER)分别为1.41~1.63和1.31~1.52。同大豆间作的燕麦除单株粒重及千粒重外,其他各产量构成因子均增加;同花生间作的燕麦各产量构成因子均高于单作燕麦,其中小穗数、穗粒数、单株粒重与单作相比差异显著;间作提高了大豆各产量构成因子,但降低了花生的结荚数及单株粒重。间作提高了燕麦的叶绿素含量和净光合速率,改变了叶绿素构成,使燕麦衰老延缓;间作对大豆的相对叶绿素含量及净光合速率均无显著影响;在燕麦孕穗后期至抽穗期,间作花生净光合速率显著高于单作。在不施氮肥的条件下,间作体系均明显优于单作,其中燕麦花生间作体系显著促进了燕麦的生长发育,大豆燕麦间作体系对燕麦、大豆均有一定促进作用。 相似文献
5.
竞争和补偿是间作体系产量优势发挥的主要生态学原理之一。于2017—2020年在甘肃张掖开展田间试验,试验包括3个玉米/豆科间作体系,即玉米/豌豆(maize/pea,M/P)、玉米/蚕豆(maize/fababean,M/F)、玉米/大豆(maize/soybean,M/S),4个单作种植体系,即单作豌豆(solepea,SP)、单作蚕豆(solefababean,SF)、单作大豆(sole soybean, SS)、单作玉米(sole maize, SM)。通过测定单间作条件下作物产量,分析间作作物增产率、豆科对玉米竞争力(aggressivity, A)、间作体系土地当量比(land equivalent ratio, LER)、净效应(net effect, NE)、补偿效应(complementarity effect,CE)和选择效应(selectioneffect,SE),以明确补偿效应和选择效应在3个间作体系产量优势发挥中的角色。结果表明:4年平均, M/P、M/F和M/S的LER分别为1.30、1.31和1.13,大豆偏土地当量比小于0.5,豌豆和蚕豆偏土地当量比大于0... 相似文献
6.
7.
间作种植模式对玉米和大豆干物质积累与产量组成的影响 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
玉米/大豆间作是中国北方地区常见的一种种植模式。本文通过2个生长季的大田试验,研究了间作种植模式对玉米和大豆的干物质积累与产量组成的影响。试验结果表明,生育前期（播后第79d以前）,不同种植模式下玉米的单株干物质量之间没有显著差异;生育后期,玉米/大豆1:3间作模式下（I1处理）玉米的单株干物质量高于单作玉米,达到极显著水平;玉米/大豆2:3间作模式下（I2处理）玉米的单株干物质量高于单作玉米,达到显著水平,1:3和2:3间作模式下玉米的单株干物质量也存在显著差异。生育期内不同种植模式下大豆的单株干物质量之间没有显著差异。利用Logistic方程拟合了单作和间作条件下玉米和大豆单株干物质积累的动态,相关性均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）。由于边际效应的影响,间作群体内玉米各器官干物质积累量高于单作。不同种植模式下大豆各器官的干物质积累差异不明显。间作玉米的干物质转换率高于单作,单作大豆的转换率高于间作。I1和I2处理间作总籽粒产量比单作玉米的籽粒产量增加约6%,比单作大豆的籽粒产量增加约320%。 相似文献
8.
《华北农学报》2021,36(3)
为了明确高粱大豆间作体系的间作优势,试验于2018-2019年在山西省汾阳市高粱试验田进行,设置高秆高粱晋杂22单作(G1)、矮秆高粱晋杂34单作(G2)、大豆单作(D)、2行高粱2行大豆间作(2G1∶2D、2G2∶2D)、2行高粱3行大豆间作(2G1∶3D、2G2∶3D)、2行高粱4行大豆间作(2G1∶4D、2G2∶4D)共9个处理,研究不同高粱与大豆间作模式下高粱大豆产量、土地生产力、水分养分利用效率的变化。结果表明,间作高粱的千粒质量、穗粒质量与单作高粱间差异不显著;大豆的结荚数在不同处理间达到显著差异,与单作相比,2G1∶2D、2G2∶2D、2G1∶4D、2G2∶4D间作处理大豆的结荚数分别降低37.89%,32.16%,22.46%,21.51%;高粱与大豆间作体系的土地当量比(LER)和水分当量比(WER)均大于1,表明间作具有土地和水分利用优势;间作体系的养分优势主要表现在氮累积量的增加;2G1∶2D间作处理的LER、WER、氮累积量分别比2G2∶2D间作处理提高8.91%,8.30%,4.56%,2G1∶4D间作处理的LER、WER、氮累积量分别比2G2∶4D间作处理提高10.17%,9.14%,4.35%,在晋杂22大豆间作体系下,2G1∶4D间作处理的LER、WER、氮磷钾累积量均高于2G1∶2D和2G1∶3D间作处理。高粱与大豆间作具有较高的土地生产力、水分及氮素养分利用优势;高秆高粱晋杂22与大豆间作比矮秆高粱晋杂34与大豆间作优势明显;2G1∶4D间作处理是最适宜的高粱和大豆间作配比。 相似文献
9.
玉米是北疆的主要粮食作物之一,而油莎豆行业发展缓慢,但其营养价值高,是一种新型经济作物。我国耕地面积少,间作不仅有助于增加农田作物多样性,还可以提升单位面积的作物产量。本试验设置3种种植模式,分别为玉米■油莎豆,单作油莎豆,单作玉米,分析玉米、油莎豆的农艺性状、根系形态结构与分布特征、产量构成因素,及其对作物生长发育与产量的影响。结果表明：间作模式增加了油莎豆的株高和叶绿素SPAD值,降低了玉米的株高和SPAD值,提高了玉米和油莎豆根系的分布范围。玉米■油莎豆的土壤当量比LER=1.68>1,该模式模式具有间作优势。 相似文献
10.
施氮量和玉米-花生间作模式对氮磷吸收与利用的影响 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
2004—2005年在山东泰安研究了施氮量与种植方式对玉米和花生产量、生物量、氮磷吸收与利用以及蛋白质产量的影响。结果表明, 与单作相比, 玉米-花生间作显著提高了玉米产量和氮、磷吸收量, 但降低了花生产量和氮吸收量。2行玉米4行花生间作模式(2∶4间作模式)的产量、生物量、蛋白质产量、氮磷吸收量以及氮磷吸收利用效率均高于2行玉米8行花生间作模式(2∶8间作模式); 2∶4间作模式的氮、磷吸收效率均显著高于单作模式, 土地当量比(LER)和蛋白质土地当量比(PLER)均大于1, 土地利用率提高8%~17%, 间作优势明显。与不施氮处理相比, 施氮处理显著提高间作玉米产量, 间作花生增产不显著, 促进玉米-花生间作体系氮、磷积累, 提高了氮、磷吸收总量及磷吸收利用效率, 从而显著提高了间作体系的产量和蛋白质产量, 间作优势却随施氮量的增加而降低。 相似文献
11.
G. H. Kroon 《Euphytica》1994,76(1-2):125-125
Summary
K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes. 相似文献
12.
Jens Jensen 《Euphytica》1979,28(1):47-56
Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans. 相似文献
13.
Hongyan WEI Jian ZHOU Jinguang LU Jingzheng SONG Qiongxi YU Zhihong JIANG 《Medicinal Plant》2019,(6):27-29
[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol... 相似文献
14.
Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed. 相似文献
15.
D. A. Bond G. J. Jellis G. G. Rowland J. Le Guen L. D. Robertson S. A. Khalil L. Li-Juan 《Euphytica》1993,73(1-2):151-166
Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses. 相似文献
16.
Chunli TANG Fengxian ZHAO Hongxia CHEN Jiabao MA Jiangcun WEI Meiyan QIU Zhen XIE 《Medicinal Plant》2019,(6):60-65
[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination... 相似文献
17.
Mohammed Riyazaddin Polavarapu B. Kavi Kishor Are Ashok Kumar Belum V. S. Reddy Rajendra S. Munghate Hari C. Sharma 《Plant Breeding》2015,134(4):423-436
Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums. 相似文献
18.
E. Keep 《Euphytica》1986,35(3):843-855
Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F1 hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf
1) and recessive for the other (Rf
2).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph
3(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf
1(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf
1and Rf
2were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf
1, and 0.15 for Lf
1-Sph
3were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph
3.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf
1-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph
3. Poor performance of lf
1- (and possibly lf
2-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off). 相似文献
19.
[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho... 相似文献
20.
Summary
Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases. 相似文献