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1.
不同施氮水平对深层包气带土壤氮素淋溶累积的影响 总被引：18，自引：6，他引：12
为研究深层包气带土壤中氮素的迁移规律,采用田间小区试验,研究了不同施氮水平(142.5、285和427.5kg/hm2)对夏玉米种植期间0～500cm包气带土壤中氮素淋溶累积的影响。结果表明,不同施氮水平对NO3--N、NH4+-N和总氮有显著影响,施氮越多,NO3--N、NH4+-N和总氮在土壤中的淋溶累积也就越多,夏玉米生育期间土壤中氮素的淋溶累积含量随着夏玉米生长逐渐减少。在0～200cm土层中,收获后不同施肥水平土壤中NO3--N和总氮累积量随施氮量增加而增多,285kg/hm2施氮水平NH4+-N累积量最多,427.5kg/hm2施氮水平NH4+-N累积量最少,但相差不超过0.1kg/hm2,收获后土壤中氮素累积量有损失。夏玉米生育期间不同施氮水平对土壤NO3--N、NH4+-N和总氮的影响深度主要为0～145cm。粉砂壤土中氮素更易累积,砂质壤土中氮素较易随水分淋溶至下层。142.5kg/hm2施氮水平可有效减少NO3--N在土壤中的淋溶损失,降低土壤中NH4+-N和总氮的含量,对地下水构成的潜在污染风险最小。北京地区地下水埋深较深,NO3--N不易淋溶至地下水,但长期大量施用氮肥、田间土壤大孔隙的存在等会加速NO3--N向深层土壤迁移,对地下水水质构成威胁。 相似文献
2.
模拟降雨下初始含水量对砂黄土硝态氮迁移特征的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
利用室内人工模拟降雨,研究了不同初始含水量砂黄土在降雨条件下入渗-径流、土壤侵蚀,以及NO3--N随径流流失和土壤深层淋溶特征。结果表明,初始含水量对产流时刻影响在相对含水量为49.4%和76.9%之间存在一个转折点,高初始含水量较低含水量产流提前大约15 min;土壤侵蚀量随着土壤初始含水量的增加而增加,相对含水量为97.1%时,侵蚀泥沙量分别是相对含水量22.9%的2.8倍,49.4%的2.3倍,76.9%的1.5倍。初始含水量高的处理径流初始NO3--N浓度高,随后各处理均衰减很快,10 min左右NO3--N含量趋于雨水本底值;土壤初始含水量越低,NO3--N被淋洗的程度越严重,土壤剖面中NO3--N的浓度峰越深。对于黄土高原坡地砂黄土NO3--N迁移特征来看,按照NO3--N迁移数量,随径流和泥沙流失量比向土壤深层迁移的数量小。说明在降雨条件下,NO3--N主要通过土壤深层淋溶损失,且土壤初始含水量越低其损失越严重。针对黄土高原降水量小,分布集中的特点,采取措施增加入渗,蓄积水分,在一定含水量下施肥,以提高氮肥利用率,降低NO3--N的淋溶。 相似文献
3.
三峡库区典型农耕地的氮素淋溶与评价 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
试验选择重庆市三峡库区典型、具有代表性的菜地和坡耕地,于2005至2007年将改进后的离子交换树脂吸附装置分别埋入20cm、30cm、40cm深度的土壤中,中雨、大雨之后或按月收集树脂吸附的NO3--N和NH4+-N,连续三年原位定点研究了两种土壤的氮素淋溶状况。结果表明,菜地的氮素淋失量(74.58kghm-2a-1)高于降雨输入量(56.9kghm-2a-1),坡耕地的(46.01kghm-2a-1)则相反,说明菜地的氮素淋失局部影响当地水环境,农耕地可能不是区域水体富营养化的主要原因。NO3--N占土壤氮素总淋溶量的90%以上,主要发生在施肥后的第一次中雨、大雨中。此外,NO3--N淋溶量耕作层心土层底土层,前者远远高于后两者。在整个降雨季节,土壤NO3--N淋溶量前期高,峰值出现在5月份;在雨季后期,土壤NO3--N淋失量很低,故对水体的影响甚小。NO3--N淋溶与土壤碱解氮呈指数正相关。由此可见,三峡库区降低土壤氮素淋溶的主要对象是菜地,有效措施包括控制氮肥用量,降低土壤有效氮库,抑制硝化作用等。 相似文献
4.
设施菜田不同施氮处理对硝酸盐迁移和积累的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在设施菜地条件下,研究了氮肥减施及配施抑制剂处理在黄瓜生长期对土壤NO3--N迁移累积的影响。结果表明,氮肥减施处理可显著降低土壤表层和整个土体的NO3--N含量。常规施氮量时0~40 cm土层的NO3--N含量均高于其它处理,减氮30%后0~40 cm土层未出现NO3--N显著积累现象;氮肥配施抑制剂处理不同程度降低了土壤NO3--N含量,且抑制硝态氮向下层土壤淋失,其中抑制剂组合的效果最好。氮肥配施抑制剂,可以有效控制NO3--N在土壤和植物体内的过量累积,减少硝态氮淋溶损失。 相似文献
5.
稀土开采会造成大量浸矿剂（硫酸铵）残留在土壤中，高浓度铵态氮（NH4+-N）可能在生物化学作用下转化为硝态氮（NO3--N）。为探明NO3--N在稀土尾矿山土体内的含量及影响因素，明确硝酸盐污染程度，本研究选择赣南地区一个离子型稀土原地浸矿尾矿山，由表土分层采样至基岩面，并分析土壤NO3--N及相关的理化性质。研究结果表明，尾矿山土体NO3--N含量变异范围非常大（2.80~193.99 mg·kg-1），其平均值为46.30±55.16 mg·kg-1，表层土壤NO3--N含量均值为5.16 mg·kg-1，与自然土壤相近；含矿层土壤NO3--N含量均值为48.64 mg·kg-1，是自然土壤的10倍。尾矿山土体深部含矿层土壤NO3--N含量明显高于表层， NO3--N含量随深度的分布规律与自然土壤相反，这是矿体部分残留大量浸矿剂造成的。土壤NH4+-N含量主导了NO3--N的产生量，但NO3--N在土体不同深度、山体不同部位的累积量还受降雨淋溶及NO3--N迁移过程的控制。开采结束4年后，尾矿山内累积的NO3--N仍不断向环境中释放。长期来看，尾矿山土壤中富集的NH4+-N将不断转化为NO3--N并随水迁移，持续威胁生态环境及人类健康。本研究可为稀土原地浸矿场地土壤及下游水体污染的评价和治理提供理论基础与科学支撑。 相似文献
6.
模拟降雨条件下成垄压实对硝态氮迁移的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
利用人工模拟降雨研究了成垄压实施肥条件下不同的垄坡度及不同压实的障碍层对硝态氮迁移的影响。结果表明,对一次60mm的降雨,无障碍层存在时,平地施肥条件下NO3--N淋溶剧烈,土壤表层施肥部位的NO3--N仅余总施入量的0.1%左右。垄沟施肥因其将入渗水分与施肥区分开,从而可以降低NO3--N的淋溶。不同的垄坡度对NO3--N的淋溶略有影响,30垄坡条件下上层土壤NO-残留量略大于20、40。相对于不同坡度垄沟,在施肥带部位通过压实形成水分运动的障碍层对防止NO3--N淋溶的效果较为显著,当压实层的土壤容重为1.36g/cm3时,施肥部位残余NO3--N就可达727.40mg,占原施入量的17.2%;对容重1.42g/cm3的压实层,其施肥部位残余NO3--N已占到原施入量的23.6%。以上结果表明通过压实在施肥部位形成障碍层的成垄压实施肥法,减小通过施肥区的入渗水量,从而可减少施肥部位的NO3--N随入渗水分向深层土壤的迁移和累积,这对提高氮肥利用率,保护地下水资源具有重要意义。 相似文献
7.
利用大型回填土渗漏池研究了陕西关中平原小麦-玉米轮作年生长周期内塿土不同施肥处理氮素淋溶的动态变化。结果表明,小麦-玉米期间土壤淋溶的氮素以硝态氮（NO3--N）为主,溶解性有机氮（DON）次之,铵态氮（NH4＋-N）最低,占淋失总氮的比例平均分别为72.1%、26.2%和1.7%,说明除NO3--N外,DON也是不可忽视的土壤氮素淋失形态。与施氮磷化肥（NP）相比,氮磷化肥和有机肥配施处理（NPM）明显降低了淋溶到100 cm深度土层的氮量;在小麦-玉米生长期间,NPM处理NO3--N、DON和NH4＋-N的累积淋溶量比NP处理分别降低了64.4%、42.9%和54.8%,这与配施有机肥后提高了土壤的持水保肥能力有关,说明有机肥与化肥合理配合施用可以降低氮素的淋溶损失。 相似文献
8.
以荒坡地为对照,研究了黄土高原退耕还林中广泛种植刺槐、柠条、苜蓿、杨树、侧柏的土壤中NO3--N的分布特征。结果表明：0～160cm土层中上述不同植被土壤NO3--N的平均含量由高到低依次为柠条〉刺槐〉苜蓿〉侧柏、杨树〉荒坡地（P〈0.05）;人工林地土壤NO3--N含量大于荒坡地,豆科植被大于其他植被;从整个土壤剖面看,这几种植被在0～20cm表层土壤中NO3--N含量均高于其底下各土层,以苜蓿最高,达到6.12mg.kg-1,柠条次之,为5.82mg.kg-1;随着土层深度的增加,在20～60cm柠条、苜蓿和刺槐土壤中NO3--N含量随深度增加逐渐下降,并于60cm以后趋于稳定,杨树、侧柏与荒坡地NO3--N含量随土层的加深变化不大;各植被在140cm以下土层中均存在NO3--N富集现象;不同坡位的NO3--N均呈现坡顶〉坡中〉坡底的趋势,阴坡土壤的NO3--N含量显著高于阳坡（P〈0.05）。 相似文献
9.
温室表层土壤硝态氮运移的水、热耦合效应研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探讨温室作物生产水肥管理和温度环境对土壤NO3--N向表层迁移的影响,选用5 a的温室土壤样品进行土柱蒸发模拟试验,研究蒸发温度、土壤初始含水量、初始NO3--N含量及其耦合效应对温室土壤迁移速率及其垂直剖面分布的影响。试验结果表明:蒸发温度和土壤初始含水量明显影响NO3--N向土壤表层的迁移,并随蒸发温度和土壤初始含水量的增加而加强;通过正交回归分析得出影响NO3--N迁移速率的因素依次为初始含水量、蒸发温度以及温度与含水量的交互作用;土壤初始NO3--N含量以及它与蒸发温度、土壤初始含水量的交互作用对NO3--N迁移速率的影响不显著,但它影响土壤中各层的NO3--N绝对含量;经过5 d蒸发后,NO3--N沿垂直剖面分布出现上高下低,并出现一小的回升后逐渐趋于稳定。本文建立了蒸发条件下NO3--N迁移速率的回归模型,利用该回归模型,可为温室土壤在不同环境及水肥条件下NO3--N向表层迁移速率的预测提供依据。 相似文献
10.
不同灌水和施氮对黄土性土壤中NO3^——N迁移和淋失的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过室内土柱渗透试验,研究了不同灌水和施氮对黄土性土壤中NO3^--N迁移和淋失的影响。结果表明：土壤含水量随灌水量增大而增大,大灌水定额时,在近饱和土壤水分条件下,氮素淋失严重;在小灌水定额条件下,0-35 cm土层含水量显著减小,NO3^--N未发生淋失;施氮量一定时,土壤剖面NO3^--N含量随灌水量增大而减小,随土层深度增加呈显著增加趋势;土壤剖面NO3^--N含量随施氮水平的增加有递增趋势、与土壤含水量成消长关系。土壤NO3^--N累积量与施氮量、土层深度、渗透时间成正比,与灌水量成反比,符合多元非线性模型。因此,为减小NO3--N淋溶损失,从经济和环境效益方面考虑,黄土性土壤适宜灌水量应小于121 mm,次施氮量不宜高于2.40 mg/cm^2。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
14.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
17.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
18.
Yoav Bashan Bernardo Salazar Ma. Esther Puente Macario Bacilio Robert Linderman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):585-594
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse
trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus
were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB;
the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons
reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened
later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons
growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants,
no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi,
enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant.
In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after
30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination
only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity
to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as
compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it. 相似文献
19.
Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value. 相似文献
20.
Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. 相似文献