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1.
为了更好地研究乳肉兼用西门塔尔牛(分为德系西门塔尔的弗莱维赫牛和法系西门塔尔的蒙贝利亚牛)与中国荷斯坦牛杂交的效果,本研究选择在相同饲养环境下的蒙荷F1(蒙贝利亚牛与荷斯坦牛杂交子一代)、弗荷F1(弗莱维赫牛与荷斯坦牛杂交子一代)作为研究对象,并与纯种荷斯坦牛进行对比分析。研究结果显示,乳肉兼用牛与荷斯坦牛杂交后代具有良好的产奶性能,肉用价值更高。产奶量方面,蒙荷F1与弗荷F1均低于纯种荷斯坦牛,但差异不显著(P0.05)。奶质方面,蒙荷F1与弗荷F1的乳蛋白率、乳糖率均高于纯种荷斯坦牛,且差异显著(P0.05)。蒙荷F1与弗荷F1的体重均高于纯种荷斯坦牛,且差异显著(P0.05)。可以得出,乳肉兼用西门塔尔牛与中国荷斯坦牛的杂交一代在牛奶品质、产奶稳定性及肉用性能方面均优于荷斯坦牛。  相似文献   

2.
为探寻宁夏地区荷斯坦牛体型外貌性状与产奶性状之间的相互关系,本试验选取宁夏地区12个规模化牧场5006头头胎荷斯坦牛作为研究对象,测定其305d产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、高峰奶量4个产奶性状,体型外貌性状采用9分制进行评分,采用SPSS 21.0软件统计分析鉴定牛只的五大部位20个描述性状和总体得分性状的表型参数,并利用相关分析方法确定体型总分及7个体型外貌特征性状与各产奶性状之间的关系。结果表明,体型总分与305d产奶量、高峰奶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与乳脂率、乳蛋白率呈弱正相关,差异不显著(P0.05);体躯容量与305d奶产量、高峰奶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与乳脂率呈极显著负相关(P0.01);尻部与乳脂率呈显著负相关(P0.05);肢蹄与305d产奶量、高峰奶量呈显著正相关(P0.05);乳房形态与305d产奶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与乳脂率、高峰奶量呈显著正相关(P0.05);前乳房与乳脂率成显著正相关(P0.05);后乳房与305d产奶量、高峰奶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与乳脂率呈显著正相关(P0.05);泌乳系统与305d产奶量、乳脂率、高峰奶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01);乳用特征与305d产奶量、高峰奶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与乳脂率呈显著负相关(P0.05)。可以得出,奶牛体躯容量、肢蹄、乳房形态、后乳房、泌乳系统、乳用特征是影响荷斯坦牛产奶性状的主要因素,加强体型性状的选择对于筛选优质高产核心群及开展选种选配工作具有重要指导意义。  相似文献   

3.
牛整合素β-2(ITGB2)基因D128G突变能引起牛白细胞粘附综合征(BLAD),是牛乳房炎抗性的研究热点之一,但ITGB2基因其他突变在中国荷斯坦牛中的分布及其与乳房炎抗性和产奶性状是否有关尚不清楚。本研究选取ITGB2基因389CT(rs108953545)和774CT(rs209411752)2个SNP位点,利用SNaPshot技术检测其在1 212头荷斯坦母牛的基因型,并与体细胞评分(SCS)和5个产奶性状(305 d产奶量、乳脂和乳脂率、乳蛋白和乳蛋白率)进行相关性分析。结果表明:389位点CC、CT、TT基因型的频率分别是0.29、0.49和0.22,774位点相应的基因型频率为0.69、0.27、0.04;2个位点与SCS和5个产奶性状相关性分析显示,仅774位点CT和TT型个体乳蛋白率显著低于CC基因型(P0.05);2个位点6种复合基因型相关分析发现,CTCC和TTCC基因型具有高的乳脂率和乳蛋白率(P0.01),而TTCC基因型个体的SCS更低(P0.05)。总体而言,TTCC基因型是中国荷斯坦奶牛乳房炎抗性和乳品质潜在的分子标记。  相似文献   

4.
本实验旨在研究中国荷斯坦牛泌乳早期(产后1~7 d)体细胞数(SCC)的群体规律、影响因素及其与其他乳成分之间的关系。以2018年7、8月产犊的64头中国荷斯坦牛为研究对象,收集测定母牛产后1~7 d每次挤奶样品中的SCC、乳脂率、乳蛋白率和乳糖率,分析泌乳天数、胎次、样品采集时间和牧场因素对泌乳早期体细胞评分(SCS)的影响,并分析泌乳早期SCS与其他乳成分之间的关系。结果表明:中国荷斯坦牛产后1~7 d SCC均值为670.02×103个/mL,泌乳早期SCC随泌乳天数的增加逐渐下降;泌乳天数、胎次、样品采集时间和牧场均对泌乳早期SCS有显著影响(P<0.05);泌乳早期SCC与乳糖率呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与乳脂率和乳蛋白率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。  相似文献   

5.
试验利用湖南某奶牛规模养殖场2022年1～12月份2339条DHI测定数据，比较分析荷斯坦牛与娟珊牛泌乳量、乳成分、体细胞数水平及饲料成本之间的差异。结果表明：荷斯坦牛全年及夏季日产奶量、高峰奶量、305 d奶量极显著高于娟珊牛（P<0.01）；娟珊组全年及夏季乳脂率、乳蛋白率均极显著高于荷斯坦牛（P<0.01）；娟姗牛体细胞数0～20万/m L的群体比例与荷斯坦牛无显著性差异（P>0.05），夏季娟姗牛健康牛群的下降比例低于荷斯坦牛群；经济效益分析结果显示，娟姗牛每生产1 kg牛奶的饲料成本为2.11元，比荷斯坦牛节省0.25元。由此可见，荷斯坦牛的产奶量具有明显优势，但娟珊牛乳脂率、乳蛋白率等乳品质优于荷斯坦牛，而且在夏季热应激环境下，娟珊牛泌乳稳定性更强，单位产奶量饲料成本更低。  相似文献   

6.
蒙贝利亚牛 (Ｍｏｎｔｂｅｌｉａｒｄｅ) (简称蒙牛 ) ,属乳肉兼用品种。原产于法国东部的道布斯 (Ｄｏｕｂｓ)县。 1889年在世界博览会上 ,官方正式承认蒙贝利亚牛品种并予登记注册 ,同年进行了蒙贝利亚牛良种登记。现有头数约 15 0万头 ,其中泌乳母牛 68 5万头 ,登记母牛3 2 8万头。在法国 ,它被列为主要的乳用品种之一 ,其产奶量仅次于荷斯坦牛居全国第二位。蒙贝利亚牛有较强的适应性和抗病力 ,耐粗饲 ,适宜于山区放牧 ,且有良好的产奶性能 ,较高的乳脂率和乳蛋白率 ,以及较为突出的肉用性能。目前已出口到40多个国家。外貌特征 ,被毛…  相似文献   

7.
本研究基于课题组前期对北京地区中国荷斯坦牛群体产奶性状全基因组关联分析结果,在新的中国荷斯坦牛群中将转运蛋白颗粒复合体9(TRAPPC9)基因作为产奶性状的候选基因进行遗传效应验证。研究利用混池测序寻找SNPs位点,结合前期GWAS结果筛选到的SNPs位点,进而分析这些多态性位点与中国荷斯坦牛产奶性状的相关性。结果发现,SNP1、SNP2位点对乳蛋白率和乳糖率效应均显著(P0.05);SNP3位点对乳脂率和乳蛋白率的效应均极显著(P0.01);SNP4位点对乳脂率有极显著影响(P0.01);SNP5位点对乳脂率和乳糖率的效应显著(P0.05)。同时发现TRAPPC9基因的表达量对产奶性状也有显著影响(P0.05),而TRAPPC9基因启动子区DNA甲基化对产奶性状无直接显著影响。该结果进一步表明,TRAPPC9基因可以考虑作为分子遗传标记应用于中国荷斯坦牛产奶性状的标记辅助选择。  相似文献   

8.
本文旨在研究中国荷斯坦牛初乳、常乳及乳房炎乳乳成分及理化性质的差异。对扬州大学试验农牧场36头中国荷斯坦牛乳常规成分、乳密度和导电率进行了测定（其中初乳牛6头,产奶时间为产犊后1h到第8天,正常乳16头（无隐性乳房炎）,患不同程度隐性乳房炎奶牛14头）。结果表明,初乳随着泌乳时间的延长,乳蛋白率、SNF含量、密度和滴定酸度逐渐下降,乳脂率在波动中下降,导电率无明显变化规律;正常乳与隐性乳房炎乳乳脂率差异不显著（P〉0.05）,导电率差异显著（P〈0.05）,蛋白率、SNF、密度差异极显著（P〈0.01）。结果提示,随泌乳时间的延长,初乳中的理化指标的测量值呈下降趋势;乳汁导电率、SNF、密度、乳蛋白率和酸度可作为鉴别常乳和隐性乳房炎乳的指标。  相似文献   

9.
目的:估计新疆乌鲁木齐种牛场荷斯坦牛产奶性状的遗传参数及育种值,为该场荷斯坦种公牛的选种选配计划提供理论依据。方法:以新疆乌鲁木齐种牛场2009~2015年间荷斯坦泌乳母牛的产奶性能记录资料为基础,运用DMUAI-REML算法及动物模型BLUP法,对荷斯坦牛产奶量及乳成分进行单性状方差组分及育种值估计。结果:牛场荷斯坦种公牛后代母牛的产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率及非脂固形物的遗传力分别为0.14、0.13、0.14、0.09、0.11。6头种公牛里估计得到产奶量育种值最高的是65206012号种公牛,乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、非脂固形物育种值最高的是11101917号种公牛。结论:使种公牛生产性能评定的更准确,需综合考虑产奶量和乳成分等性状,最终对种公牛进行选育选配。  相似文献   

10.
中国荷斯坦牛SCD1基因多态性与泌乳性状的关联分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本研究旨在探索中国荷斯坦牛SCD1基因多态性与产奶性状的相关性.以上海某奶牛场610头中国荷斯坦牛为试验材料,采用PCR-SSCP法对SCD1基因A293V位点遗传多态性进行分析,利用一般线性模型分析SCD1基因A293V位点突变对测定日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、305天校正产奶量、乳脂量、乳蛋白量及体细胞评分7个泌乳性状的影响.共检测到AA、AV和VV 3种基因型,频率分别为0.634、0.323和0.043,等位基因A和V的频率分别为0.796和0.204.该位点突变对乳脂率、乳蛋白率的影响达到显著水平(P＜0.05),对测定日产奶量、305天校正产奶量、305天乳蛋白量和305天乳脂量以及体细胞评分影响不显著(P＞0.05).多重比较表明,VV基因型个体的乳蛋白率、乳脂率极显著高于AA、AV型个体(P＜0.01).SCD1基因A293V位点突变对中国荷斯坦牛泌乳性状的遗传效应有一定程度的影响,但影响机理需要进一步的研究.  相似文献   

11.
Nitrogen metabolism and recycling in Holstein heifers   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
To study the effect of dietary N level on urea kinetics and recycling, four Holstein heifers (267 +/- 3.6 kg) were used in a Youden square design. Isocaloric diets with a N content of 1.44, 1.89, 2.50, 2.97, and 3.40% were fed at approximately 1.8 times maintenance intake. Increasing the N content of the diet increased urinary N excretion (P < 0.001) and N balance (P < 0.01), but did not affect the fecal N excretion (P = 0.21). Increasing the level of dietary N, increased urea production (P < 0.001) and excretion (P < 0.001), but no effect (P = 0.24) could be detected in the amount of N recycled to the gut. Urea recycled with the saliva, however, increased (P < 0.001) both in absolute and relative terms, with increasing dietary N. No difference could be detected on the amount of recycled N that was used for anabolism or returned to the ornithine cycle, but less (P = 0.001) N originating from urea was excreted in feces as dietary N increased. Ruminal ammonia concentration increased (P < 0.001) with increasing N intake, but total tract neutral detergent fiber digestibility was depressed only on the lowest N intake diet. No difference (P = 0.30) was detected in ruminal microbial yield among diets, but more (P < 0.003) N was derived from blood urea at low N intakes, and the efficiency of use of the recycled N decreased (P < 0.001) with increasing levels of dietary N. Adaptive changes to low-N diets were a decrease (P < 0.003) in the renal clearance of urea and an increase (P < 0.001) in the gastrointestinal clearance of urea. Urea transporters were present in the rumen wall of the heifers and differentially expressed depending on dietary N content, but their role in the transfer of urea into the rumen remains uncertain. Different mechanisms of N salvage and recycling were involved when animals were fed low-N diets that ensured a supply of endogenous N to the gastrointestinal tract and, due to the reduced contribution of dietary N, an increased efficiency of the N recycled was observed.  相似文献   

12.
Stanniocalcin-1 is a hormone that possesses both paracrine and endocrine functions and has recently been identified in mammals. While paracrine functions have been determined for several organs, the role of circulating stanniocalcin-1 in cattle is still unclear but, observations in mice and cows suggest that stanniocalcin-1 plays a role in both gestation and lactation. The changes in serum stanniocalcin-1 content in different physiological states have never been evaluated in ruminants. We measured stanniocalcin-1 levels in sera from cattle ranging in age from post-weaned calves to 17-month-old heifers and in sera from cows during lactation and pregnancy. Our results indicate that the blood concentration of stanniocalcin-1 is increased by pregnancy, but not by lactation. The highest levels of stanniocalcin-1 were found in young calves and during the non-lactating period preceding calving. This suggests that stanniocalcin-1 is important for gestation and the preparation of the mammary gland for lactation.  相似文献   

13.
A factorial experiment was conducted to determine influence of energy balance (EB) and body condition (BC) on luteal function in heifers. Heifers with moderate (MBC) or fat (FBC) BC were fed individually to sustain positive EB (PEB) or to cause negative EB (NEB). Intake of feed was measured daily and body weight weekly. Progesterone was quantified daily in serum for 3.5 estrous cycles. On days 9, 10, or 11 after fourth estrus, blood was sampled every 15 min for 12 hr to quantify luteinizing hormone (LH), growth hormone (GH), insulin and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). The next day, luteal cells were incubated and proportions of small to large cells were determined. After fourth estrus, area of progesterone profiles in serum for 10 days postestrus was reduced in all heifers relative to MBC-PEB heifers. But, luteal weight from FBC-PEB and MBC-NEB heifers was less than MBC-PEB heifers and FBC-NEB heifers were intermediate. Secretion of progesterone in vitro was increased by LH for PEB but not NEB heifers. MBC-NEB heifers had increased ratios of small to large luteal cells. Independent of BC, NEB decreased concentrations of insulin and increased GH and NEFA. Secretion of progesterone was not associated with LH, GH or insulin, but was correlated negatively with NEFA. We conclude that reduced concentrations of progesterone in serum of FBC-PEB and MBC-NEB heifers is due to impaired luteal development. But, reduced concentrations of progesterone in serum of NEB heifers is due also to reduced basal (MBC) and LH-induced (MBC and FBC) secretion of progesterone by luteal cells. Body condition at onset of NEB may determine when effects of NEB on progesterone are detected.  相似文献   

14.
The effect of manual teat stimulation (milking paradigm) on release of oxytocin, epinephrine and norepinephrine was studied in (1) 15 heifers at 100, 150, 200 and 250 d of gestation and at 30 and 90 d of lactation (during machine milking) and (2) simultaneously in six heifers at less than 100 d and in six heifers at greater than 200 d of gestation. Oxytocin responses to teat stimulation, including peak heights and area under the response curves, at 150, 200 and 250 d or at greater than 200 d of gestation were similar and were significantly greater than responses at 100 d or at less than 100 d. Responses to milking were lower at 90 d compared to responses at 30 d. Catecholamines were measured only during gestation and were generally not affected by teat stimulation. Epinephrine levels were significantly higher at 200 and 250 d compared to levels at 100 and 150 d. Baseline oxytocin concentrations and responses to teat stimulation were greatest at 150 d of gestation when epinephrine levels were still low, suggesting that stimulatory mechanisms responsible for the release of oxytocin develop and/or are expressed prior to the development of inhibitory sympathetic mechanisms. For norepinephrine, linear analyses did not show significant responses to teat stimulation overall. However, elevated norepinephrine responses (greater than .2 pmol/ml) following teat stimulation were seen in 28 of 51 trials, and large oxytocin responses (greater than 75 pg/ml/min) were seen predominantly only when norepinephrine responses were low (less than = .2 pmol/ml).  相似文献   

15.
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16.
Radiographic and immunohistochemical analyses were performed in two Holstein heifers with leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD). Severe bone resorption, osteolysis and severe progressive periodontitis in submandibula due to dysfunction of leukocytes in heifers affected with BLAD were demonstrated by radiographic examination. Immunohistochemical analysis of lymph nodes using anti-CD18 monoclonal antibody demonstrated that CD18-positive cells were not found on those from a heifer affected with BLAD, whereas CD18-positive cells were clearly present in lymph nodes from a clinically normal heifer. These characteristic findings support the importance of adherence-dependent leukocyte functions in host defense.  相似文献   

17.
This study examined the effects of road transportation on metabolic and immunological responses in dairy heifers. Twenty Holstein heifers in early pregnancy were divided into non‐transported (NT; n = 7) and transported (T; n = 13) groups. Blood was collected before transportation (BT), immediately after transportation for 100 km (T1) and 200 km (T2), and 24 h after transportation (AT). The T heifers had higher (P < 0.05) blood cortisol and non‐esterified fatty acid concentrations after T1 and T2 than did NT heifers. By contrast, the T heifers had lower (P < 0.05) serum triglyceride concentrations after T1 and T2 than had the NT heifers. The serum cortisol and triglyceride concentrations returned (P > 0.05) to the BT concentrations at 24 h AT in the T heifers. The granulocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio and the percentage of monocytes were higher (P < 0.05) after T2 in the T heifers than in the NT heifers, suggesting that transportation stress increased the numbers of innate immune cells. T heifers had higher (P < 0.01) plasma haptoglobin concentrations than NT heifers 24 h AT. In conclusion, transportation increased cortisol secretion and was correlated with increased metabolic responses and up‐regulation of peripheral innate immune cells in dairy heifers.  相似文献   

18.
A clinical trial was conducted to determine whether prepartum intramammary pirlimycin reduces the proportion of nulliparous heifers with intramammary infection (IMI) during early lactation and improves milk production. Quarter milk samples were collected from 428 heifers, systematically allocated to treatment and control groups, 6 to 12 d before the expected calving date and 2 to 8 d after calving. At the prepartum visit, heifers in the treatment group (n = 219) received an infusion of pirlimycin hydrochloride in all 4 quarters; the control heifers (n = 209) received no infusions. Intramammary infection was detected in 69% of the heifers and 33% of the quarters before calving. After calving, the proportion of treated heifers with IMI was significantly lower than the proportion of control heifers (31% versus 45%). Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 10% of the heifers and 3% of the quarters before calving. After calving, the proportion of IMIs due to S. aureus was significantly lower in the treated heifers than in the control heifers (5.6% versus 10%). Antibiotic treatment increased the percentage of cures and prevented new IMIs caused by gram-positive bacteria after calving. The incidence of new IMIs caused by gram-negative bacteria and yeast was higher among treated heifers than among control heifers. There was no overall effect of treatment on milk production, but there was a significant interaction effect of treatment and the interval between treatment and calving. An increase of 302 kg of milk was observed when antibiotic treatment was applied more than 1 wk before calving. Treatment did not affect the milk somatic cell count on the 1st 3 test days after calving.  相似文献   

19.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate antibody (AMIR) and cell-mediated immune responses (CMIR), survival, and somatic cell score (SCS) between purebred Holstein (HO) and crossbred Norwegian Red × Holstein (NRHO) first-calf heifers postpartum. Additionally, immune response traits observed as calves in a previous study were correlated with their immune response traits as first-calf heifers. Heifers, previously immunized as calves, were bled and reimmunized 6 to 9 d postcalving with known type 1 and type 2 antigens and human serum albumin (HSA). Seven days later, heifers were rebled, and background skinfold measurements of the tail fold were taken. Intradermal injections of PBS and type 1 antigen were administered on either side of the tail fold. On d 9 final skinfold measurements were taken and used to assess delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) as an indicator of CMIR. Blood samples were also collected for a final time on d 14 from heifers that received the antigen HSA. Serum was obtained from blood collected on d 0, 7, and 14 and analyzed by ELISA to assess AMIR. Data on survival and somatic cell count, which was converted to SCS, were obtained from CanWest Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI). All SCS, survival, and immune response data were analyzed using general linear models to determine significance between HO and NRHO first-calf heifers. To determine residual correlations between immune response traits observed in calves to their responses as first-calf heifers, residuals were obtained from models, and correlations between traits were determined using PROC CORR in SAS. Results showed NRHO had a greater primary IgG antibody response to HSA and greater tertiary IgG antibody response to the type 2 antigen compared with HO. Crossbreds (NRHO)also had significantly greater DTH response (P < 0.05) and, in general, greater survival from calving to 100 d in milk (dim), 100 to 305 dim, calving to 305 dim, and age at immune response testing as calf to 305 dim. No difference was observed between breeds for SCS. Results also showed most correlations between calf and first-calf heifer immune response traits were found to be positive and significant (P < 0.05). In conclusion, NRHO heifers have greater survival, which likely relates at least in part to increases in aspects of both AMIR and CMIR and could indicate that crossbred heifers have enhanced disease resistance.  相似文献   

20.
Several studies have shown that foot lesions and clinical lameness occur before first calving and develop further during the lactation period. Lameness may cause production losses, but the relationship between foot lesions, particularly in the claw horn, and lameness in heifers is unclear. The objectives of this study were to describe the development of and evaluate the relationship between lameness and foot lesions in Danish Holsteins before and after first calving. In a longitudinal study, 147 heifers were examined for lameness and foot lesions 2–5 times over an 18-month period. Lameness was assessed by means of a visual locomotion score and foot lesion severity was recorded.The prevalence of a locomotion score 3 was 25% before calving, and 90% at approximately 250 days in milk (DIM). Prevalence of moderate to severe sole haemorrhage (SH) was 27% before calving and 56% at 250 DIM, and that of moderate to severe white line lesion (WLL) 44% before calving with a peak of 70% at 200 DIM. There was one case of white line abscess but SH was seen throughout the entire study period. Digital dermatitis (DD) was prevalent prior to first calving (15%) and peaked at 39% at 0–100 DIM. Heel horn erosion (HHE) occurred in almost all cows (93–100%) and was strongly correlated with DD (r = 0.51). The correlation coefficient between SH and WLL was also high (0.42). The relatively high correlations between WLL and both DD and HHE were more surprising (0.38 and 0.35, respectively), those between SH and both DD and HHE were moderate (around 0.18). Interdigital dermatitis was significantly correlated with both HHE and DD, but completely unrelated to SH and WLL.The overall average locomotion score increased by about one-half of a score unit from 1 month prior to calving until 250 DIM, with a large difference between herds, although this was unsurprising as cows may alter their locomotion pattern with management factors (e.g. floor properties). DD and WLL were both associated with a locomotion score 3 but of the cows with severe WLL there was no clear association between a locomotion score 3 and DD. The highest locomotion scores occurred among cows with DD but without WLL.  相似文献   

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