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【目的】烟草连作导致化感物质累积,探索化感物质中主要的酚酸类物质对根际土壤微生物的影响,可为克服烟草连作障碍提供理论依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验方法,将前期分离、鉴定出的烟草根系分泌物中主要酚酸类物质苯甲酸和3-苯丙酸接种到土壤中,模拟烟草多年连作土壤。试验设4个处理:对照(T0),向土壤中加入等量灭菌去离子水;添加苯甲酸3μg/kg土(T1);3-苯丙酸8μg/kg土(T2);同时添加苯甲酸3μg/kg土和3-苯丙酸8μg/kg土(T3),每处理5次重复。以MiSeq测序平台对根际土壤微生物进行高通量测序,探索其对根际土壤微生物的影响,同时采用荧光定量PCR法检测土壤中的茄科劳尔氏菌、短短芽孢杆菌、固氮菌、无机磷细菌、硅酸盐细菌等功能微生物及细菌和真菌的数量变化。【结果】T 1、 T 2处理土壤细菌OTUs(Operational Taxonomic Units)数目分别比对照T0降低了21.5%和17.0%,T3处理OTU数量低于T1和T2处理;T2处理土壤中优势微生物种群增多,结构平衡性降低,门上分类构成和微生物群落构成显著不同于对照。主成分分析与聚类分析显示,T2或T3处理土壤微生物聚类关系较近,都与T0处理较远;T3处理土壤中病原菌数量显著提高,拮抗菌、固氮菌、无机磷细菌、硅酸盐细菌、细菌和真菌数量显著减少,且减少幅度大于T1、T2处理。【结论】根系分泌物中主要酚酸类物质苯甲酸和3-苯丙酸均能明显改变根际土壤微生物区系,降低土壤微生群落多样性,显著增加有害微生物数量的同时大大降低有益微生物数量。两种酚类同时存在的危害效果远大于单一酚类。 相似文献
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马铃薯连作栽培对土壤微生物多样性的影响 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
马铃薯是宁夏回族自治区南部山区重要的粮菜兼用作物,随栽培面积持续扩大,轮作倒茬困难,由此带来的连作障碍问题日渐突出。为探明马铃薯连作障碍机制,分别采集马铃薯正茬、连作1年、6年和10年的根际土壤样本,利用末端标记限制性片段长度多态性(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)技术研究连作栽培对根际土壤微生物多样性的影响,以期揭示马铃薯根际土壤主要菌群动态变化规律及连作障碍的可能原因。结果表明:连作栽培后马铃薯土壤细菌和真菌DNA仍具有较高的T-RFLP多态性,但不同连作年限根际土壤中优势T-RFs片段发生变化,多年连作使某些T-RFs消失;随连作年限增加,根际土细菌Shannon-Wienen指数、Simpson指数和Sorenson指数下降,而真菌Shannon-Wienen指数和Simpson指数上升。菌群分析发现,土壤细菌中以厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)和梭菌纲(Clostridia)所占比例最大。连作使细菌和真菌菌群发生变化,芽孢杆菌纲、鞘氨醇纲(Sphingobacteria)等比例下降甚至消失,β-变形菌纲(Beta proteobacteria)和异常球菌纲(Deinococci)比例上升;土壤真菌中座囊菌纲(Dothideomycetes)煤炱目(Capnodiales)随连作年限增加比例下降,粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes)肉座菌目(Hypocreales)随连作年限增加比例上升。马铃薯连作使根际土壤中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)等有益菌属的细菌减少,罗尔斯通菌属(Ralstonia)等致病菌属的细菌增加。连作导致马铃薯根际土壤细菌多样性水平降低,真菌多样性水平升高,根际土壤微生物多样性存在明显差异,连作破坏了根际土壤微生物群落的平衡,使其根际土壤微生态环境恶化。连作障碍可能是多因素综合互作用的结果,持续的研究有利于做出较合理的解释。 相似文献
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土壤健康和化肥减施是实现绿色农业发展的基础,探究减施氮肥的同时添加生物炭对植烟土壤的影响对科学施肥具有重要意义。以烤烟“K326”根际土壤为研究对象,通过大田试验研究了烟株生育期内生物炭配合减氮措施对土壤养分、碳含量和土壤微生物群落的影响。生物炭配合减氮措施能够增加土壤中的有效磷含量,且以T3处理的增幅最大,达82.22%。在烟草4个生育期T4处理的速效钾含量分别较CK2显著增加了11.89%、35.11%、25.95%、15.85%。4个生物炭配合减氮措施处理的碱解氮含量较CK2分别增加了7.21%、8.03%、12.41%、12.76%。T3处理的全碳含量在烟草4个生育期较CK2分别显著增加了12.44%、18.48%、16.58%、6.15%。生物炭配合减氮措施能够提升土壤碳氮比,以T4处理最大,达到8.96。植烟土壤中土壤细菌的优势菌纲为放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)、γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)和α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria),土壤真菌的优势菌纲为粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes)、散囊菌纲(Eurotiomycetes)和子囊菌门某纲(norank_p_Ascomy-cota)。较CK2处理,生物炭配合减氮措施会增加α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、纤线杆菌纲(Ktedonobacte-ria)、散囊菌纲(Eurotiomycetes)和子囊菌门某纲(norank_p_Ascomycota)的相对丰度,减少放线菌纲(Actinobac-teria)及酸杆菌纲(Acidobacteria)的相对丰度。研究表明,生物炭配合减氮措施能够促进作物根际区域土壤碳氮平衡,改善植烟土壤根际微生态环境并提高土壤功能微生物相对丰度,提高养分利用效率,为植烟土壤氮肥高效利用和健康土壤培育提供理论依据。 相似文献
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微生物有机肥结合土壤改良剂防治烟草青枯病 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
盆栽试验设置了五个处理:对照(T1)、施用普通有机肥(T2)、施用SQY-7号微生物有机肥(T3)、石灰处理土壤后施用SQY-7号微生物有机肥(T4)、石灰和碳铵处理土壤后施用SQY-7号微生物有机肥(T5),用DGGE和平板计数法研究了根际土壤微生物群落的多样性,旨在探讨微生物有机肥及微生物有机肥结合土壤改良剂对烟草青枯病的防治效果和对烟草根际土壤细菌群落多样性的影响.结果表明:连作土壤中,施用普通有机肥(T2)不仅不能防治烟草青枯病,还提高了烟草青枯病的病情指数,而施用微生物有机肥处理(T3、T4和T5)对烟草青枯病的防治效果达66.7％～87.9％;施用微生物有机肥可显著改变根际微生物区系结构:T2处理的根际土壤细菌和放线菌数量较T1处理略有增加,真菌数量则较T1处理增加了1.1倍;T3和T4处理的根际土壤细菌分别较T1处理增加了3.5倍和6.1倍,同时,放线菌数量分别增加了3.7倍和3.5倍,而真菌数量分别下降了66.2％和70.1％;T5处理的根际土壤细菌和放线菌数量较T1处理分别增加了13.6倍和5.1倍,真菌数量下降了75.0％;各处理的细菌群落多样性均较T1处理增加.初步研究表明,连作病害土壤用石灰和碳铵预处理后再施用SQY-7号微生物有机肥能有效防控烟草青枯病和减缓连作生物障碍,其作用机制主要通过改变微生物区系和降低病原菌数量实现. 相似文献
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为防治烟草青枯病,在邵武地区试验田里施用了一种生物有机肥,考察了该生物肥对烟草青枯病的防治效果,通过对土壤样本的高通量宏基因组测序,研究了该生物肥对烟草根际土壤微生物多样性的影响以及与防治青枯病的初步关系。分析结果表明,施用生物有机肥的试验处理,烟株青枯病病情指数在3次观测中均较对照低,尤其在移栽后95 d时,青枯病病情指数下降了31.43%,而且上等烟比例、最终产量等经济性状较对照高。对土壤样本测序后发现,生物有机肥的施用,提高了烟株根际土壤微生物多样性;不同处理下各样本的土壤细菌和真菌菌群大部分相同,但相对丰度有差别,这与青枯病的发生有着一定的关系。 相似文献
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为研究施用石灰氮对烟株根际土壤微生物区系变化及其对烟草青枯病发病率的影响,分别在烟株不同生长期采集根部土壤进行16S/18S rDNA基因测序,以分析烟株生长过程中微生物数量、多样性以及群落结构的变化。结果表明,施用石灰氮后,在烟株生长的团棵期硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)相对丰度相比对照分别增加了55.0%和105.6%,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)降低了20.2%,旺长期细菌的Sobs指数、Shannon指数和Chao指数分别增加了6.3%、3.1%和3.4%。PCA分析显示,施用石灰氮的处理与对照的根际土壤微生物区系结构从团棵期开始表现出差别,且随烟株生长差异逐渐增大。物种差异分析显示施用石灰氮的处理中鞘脂单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)、黄杆菌属(Flavisolibacte)等与土壤氮循环有关的功能菌丰度显著增多。成熟期对青枯病发病率和烟叶产量等统计表明,施用石灰氮处理对烟草青枯病的防控率达到了49.9%,烟叶产量提高了11.7%。 相似文献
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为探讨轮作与连作对烟田根际土壤微生物群落的影响,采用实验室微生物培养联合微生物高通量测序技术,分析了玉米-烤烟轮作和烟叶连作对烟株根际土壤微生物数量、群落结构及其多样性的影响。研究结果表明,轮作烟田根际土壤中可培养细菌和放线菌数量均高于连作烟田根际土壤,但真菌数量低于连作烟田。土壤高通量测序结果表明,轮作烟田根际土壤真菌和细菌群落多样性均高于连作烟田;在烟株的生长过程中,轮作和连作烟田在旺长期和成熟期微生物群落相似度降低。相较于黑胫病/根腐病/根结线虫发病率较高(36. 67%)的连作烟田来说,轮作烟田发病率较低(0%),进一步分析真菌和细菌群落结构发现,轮作烟田根际土壤中拮抗菌如Sphingomonas (鞘脂单胞菌属)、Pseudomonas (假单胞菌属)、Aspergillus (曲霉属)等相对丰度均高于连作烟田,而连作烟田根腐病病菌Pythium (腐霉属)丰度较高。 相似文献
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不同黑胫病发病程度下植烟根际土壤酶活性及细菌群落结构差异比较 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
土传病害的发生与土壤环境,特别是微生物群落结构变化密切相关,田间自然发病条件下探讨土传病害发生、发展过程中土壤环境因子的变化特征,可更加科学地评价病害发生与土壤环境因子变化的关系,为进一步了解土传病害发生机理提供必要科学依据。选择云南烟草黑胫病危害较为严重的3个植烟区(石林板桥、保山耇街、保山珠街)统一种植高感黑胫病烤烟品种红花大金元,调查定点田块病害发生情况并根据病害调查标准将发病烟株划分不同程度(正常烟株、轻度发病烟株、中度发病烟株、重度发病烟株)。同时在保山耇街试验点采集不同发病程度烟株根际土壤,分析比较其土壤酶活性及细菌群落的差异。研究结果表明:各调查点不同发病程度烟株根际土壤与脲酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性随发病程度增加均呈下降趋势;土壤16S rRNA高通量测序及多样性分析表明,与土壤细菌门类水平优势群落组成相似,并且随发病程度放线菌门相对丰度呈下降趋势,而酸杆菌门呈上升趋势;不同发病程度根际土壤细菌群落属水平上相对丰度差异较大,其中甾体杆菌属(Steroidobacter)、阿达尔杆菌属(Adhaeribacter)、根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)、杜氏杆菌属(Tumebacillus)随发病程度呈先下降后上升的趋势;细菌群落α多样性指数均不同程度低于健康根际土壤,且均表现为轻度发病烟株根际土壤α多样性指数最低,其中shannon和simpson指数轻度发病烟株显著低于健康烟株;PCoA主成分分析表明,根际土壤细菌群落结构随发病程度发生了明显分离,且沿第二主成分坐标轴上细菌群落结构分离随发病程度呈逐渐增大趋势。综上所述,不同发病程度烟株根际主要环境因子存在较大差异,土壤酶活性受到不同程度抑制,细菌群落组成发生趋向性变化,群落结构发生趋向性改变,土壤微生物多样性降低。 相似文献
10.
烟草根系分泌物酚酸类物质的鉴定及其对根际微生物的影响 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
【目的】烟草连作已导致土传病害发生、 烟株生长受抑制、 产量下降和品质恶化等问题。烟株对自身及土壤微生物产生的化感作用,是烟草产生连作障碍的一个重要原因,其中化感物质中的根系分泌物是烟株与土壤微生物间相互作用的重要物质,探索烟草根系分泌物对根际微生物生长的影响是生物防控烟草青枯病的理论依据。【方法】本文利用超高效液相色谱串联四级杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF/MS)技术,分离、 鉴定烟草根系分泌物中主要酚酸类物质的种类和含量; 通过添加外源酚酸类物质,研究在液体培养基中烟草根系分泌物中的主要酚酸类物质对病原菌及拮抗菌的影响,并在土壤中添加鉴定出的主要酚酸类物质; 通过土壤培育试验,研究其对土壤微生物多样性和数量变化,特别是对烟草青枯病菌及其拮抗菌生长的影响。【结果】1)烟草根系分泌物粗提物对病原菌(茄科劳尔氏菌)生长的促进率为16.8％,对拮抗菌(短短芽孢杆菌)的生长抑制率达到29.4％; 2)UPLC-Q-TOF/MS检测根系分泌物中主要酚酸类物质为苯甲酸和3-苯丙酸,含量分别为0.25 μg/g干根重和1.15 μg/g干根重; 3)液体培养外源添加低浓度的苯甲酸(≤ 2 μg/L)和3-苯丙酸(≤ 3 μg/L)促进病原菌和拮抗菌的生长; 4 μg/L的苯甲酸对病原菌生长抑制作用不显著,对拮抗菌生长的抑制率达到90.2％,6 μg/L的 3-苯丙酸对病原菌的生长具有促进作用,对拮抗菌的生长抑制率达到81.1％,外源高浓度苯甲酸(≥4 μg/L)和3-苯丙酸(≥ 7 μg/L)抑制病原菌与拮抗菌的成长; 4)土壤中添加3 μg/kg土的苯甲酸时,土壤中病原菌的数量增加12.3％,而拮抗菌的数量减少21.0％,土壤细菌、 放线菌和真菌的数量分别降低37.5％,41.9％和55.6％; 3-苯丙酸浓度达到8 μg/kg土时,拮抗菌生长量减少14.5％,对病原菌没有显著影响,土壤细菌、 放线菌和真菌的数量分别降低69.9％,57.2％和80.7％; 5)土壤添加4 μg/kg的苯甲酸和7 μg/kg的3-苯丙酸后,土壤微生物Shannon指数、 Simpson指数、 McIntosh指数显著下降,分别仅为对照的57.7％、 94.1％、 88.1％和97.6％ 73.3％、 80.0％。【结论】烟草根系分泌物粗提物促进病原菌生长抑制拮抗菌生长,根系分泌物中酚酸类物质主要为苯甲酸和3-苯丙酸,液体培养中4 μg/L的苯甲酸或6 μg/L的 3-苯丙酸浓度是对病原菌生长抑制不明显但显著抑制拮抗菌生长的分界点,土壤外源添加3 μg/kg的苯甲酸或8 μg/kg的3-苯丙酸时,是土壤增加病原菌减少拮抗菌数量的分界点,同时土壤微生物功能多样性显著下降,病原菌对根系分泌物中苯甲酸和3-苯丙酸的利用优于拮抗菌,这也是烟草长期连作引起青枯病暴发流行的机理之一。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献