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1.
禽流感（avian influenza,AI）是由禽流感病毒（AIV）引起的一种禽类烈性综合征,威胁动物和人类公共健康,严重影响中国养禽业发展,接种疫苗一直是控制禽流感病毒传播最有效的手段。基于基因工程技术的不断发展,各种新型疫苗相继研发并投入使用。其中,禽流感DNA疫苗具有安全性高、制备方法简单、易于储藏和运输等优点,受到了广泛关注。常见的禽流感疫苗有HA DNA疫苗、NA DNA疫苗、M DNA疫苗、NP DNA疫苗等。禽流感DNA疫苗是将含有目的基因序列的重组质粒导入动物细胞,诱导动物机体产生体液和细胞免疫应答。为了提高禽流感DNA疫苗的免疫效果,国内外学者通过添加合适的佐剂、将目的基因导入理想质粒载体、对抗原序列优化,增强DNA疫苗的转染效率和基因表达水平,取得了一定的研究成果。自DNA疫苗开始研发至今,H1、H3、H5、H7、H9等众多亚型禽流感DNA疫苗逐步研发。2018年,由中国农业科学院哈尔滨兽医研究所研制的禽流感H5亚型DNA疫苗获得国家一类新兽药证书,是中国首个获得批准的禽流感DNA疫苗,极大地推动了DNA疫苗的发展。文章主要论述了禽流感DNA疫苗的载体构建、免疫机制、佐剂和载体选择以及疫苗研发等方面的研究进展和创新,并对其应用前景进行简要分析,旨在为科研工作者研制新型禽流感疫苗提供新的思路和参考。 相似文献
2.
H5-H7双价禽流感核酸疫苗免疫研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
由于禽流感的高度变异性,免疫后不同亚型之间难以得到交叉保护,以致病毒得以逃避宿主免疫系统的监视,多价核酸禽流感疫苗具有可以保护不同亚型病毒攻击的特点。本试验设计并构建了包含禽流感H5HA和H7HA1基因的双价真核表达质粒pV-H5-H7及单独表达H5HA和H7HA1的pV-H5和pV-H7HA1。通过RT-PCR,间接免疫荧光(IFA)等方法验证构建质粒的正确性和其表达蛋白的免疫原性。0,21 d分别免疫6~8周龄的BALB/c小鼠,设立双价疫苗组,单表达免疫组和对照组。免疫后35 d用HPAIV H5N1进行致死性攻击。结果显示免疫组均可刺激机体产生H5特异性抗体,pV-H5-H7诱导产生的抗体对H5N1的攻毒保护率为80%,而pV-H5单表达的攻毒保护率也为80%。表明本实验构建的双价禽流感核酸疫苗的免疫效果与单表达组相当(P>0.05),为多价禽流感核酸疫苗的研制提供了基础。 相似文献
3.
禽流感病毒(Avian influenza virus, AIV)因其具有变异性强、亚型种类多、感染宿主多样性等特点,对畜牧业发展及公共卫生安全具有巨大的影响。目前,传统灭活疫苗在预防禽流感中虽起着重要作用,但仍存在免疫失败、多次接种及易出现不良反应等弊端,因此,研制新型疫苗来弥补传统疫苗的不足非常有必要。纳米颗粒疫苗具有包裹性好、结构稳定、靶向性高和免疫原性强等优点,可作为新型流感病毒疫苗的候选。笔者首先介绍了禽流感难以防控的原因及纳米疫苗的特点,然后对病毒样颗粒疫苗、自组装蛋白疫苗、聚合物纳米颗粒疫苗、无机纳米颗粒疫苗及纳米颗粒的毒性机制方面进行综述,概述了近年来AIV纳米颗粒疫苗的研究进展,并简述了采用不同抗原、不同纳米材料及不同给药方式对免疫效果的影响,结合目前纳米疫苗的研究,预测了未来纳米颗粒疫苗可作为AIV防控的一种新途径,对禽流感纳米疫苗在兽医临床的应用前景进行了分析和展望。 相似文献
4.
H9N2亚型禽流感病毒疫苗研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
H9N2亚型禽流感病毒在世界范围内广泛存在,给养禽业造成巨大的经济损失,并危害人类健康。流感病毒抗原易发生漂移和转换,使流感病毒的防控变得困难。疫苗接种是防控禽流感最有效的手段之一,全病毒灭活疫苗保护效果好,制备简单,是流感病毒常用的疫苗,但该疫苗局部副反应大,并伴随生物安全问题。随着分子生物学技术的发展,活载体疫苗、核酸疫苗、亚单位疫苗等新型疫苗的开发,给H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的防控提供了新的手段。新型疫苗除具有传统疫苗的保护效果外,在生物安全和普遍防控方面具有广泛的优势,是流感病毒疫苗发展的新方向。 相似文献
5.
Avian influenza (AI) is an acute respiratory disease caused by influenza A virus.Avian influenza virus (AIV) can infect poultry,wild birds and some mammals including human.AI is a big threat to both poultry and human health because the virus can cross the species barrier to get the capacity of transmitting from poultry to human.Vaccination is the most efficient measure against AI outbreaking.Traditional vaccines include inactivated vaccine based on chick embryo and attenuated vaccine.Although the traditional vaccines play important roles in the past AI epidemics,many disadvantages have been proved to exist in traditional vaccines.Forced by major drawbacks of traditional vaccines,several studies focused on the development of novel vaccines.In this review,we reviewed recombinant live vector vaccine,subunit vaccine,DNA vaccine and virus-like particle vaccine of AI in order to provide some references for prevention and control of AI. 相似文献
6.
禽流感是由A型流感病毒引起的一种急性呼吸道传染病,家禽、野鸟和部分哺乳动物均可感染.禽流感给中国养殖业造成了巨大的损失,同时,随着病毒的种间传播,人类的生命安全也受到了严重威胁.目前,疫苗免疫仍是防控禽流感最主要的手段,传统的疫苗主要有鸡胚灭活苗和禽流感弱毒疫苗.虽然在过往几次禽流感暴发过程中,传统疫苗发挥了重要作用,但其自身却存在诸多弊端,因此研制新型疫苗来弥补传统疫苗的不足是很有必要的.文章主要对禽流感重组活载体疫苗、基因工程亚单位疫苗、DNA疫苗和病毒样颗粒疫苗等新型疫苗的研究进展进行综述,旨在为禽流感的防控提供参考. 相似文献
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8.
为了提高甲型H1N1流感病毒HA基因DNA疫苗的免疫原性,本研究将流感病毒rPan09(HA和NA来自A/California/04/09,其余6个片段来自PR8的重组病毒)的HA基因通过人工合成的方法将其密码子优化为哺乳动物体内偏嗜性密码子opti-HA,同未优化的rPan09的HA基因分别与真核表达载体pCAGGS连接构成重组质粒pCA-optiHA和pCA-HA转染293T细胞,48 h后采用间接免疫荧光的方法检测HA基因的体外表达情况,结果显示重组质粒pCA-optiHA的蛋白表达量明显高于pCA-HA。为评价这两种重组质粒的免疫及保护效力,选取6~8周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠,将质粒pCA-HA、pCA-optiHA以100μg/只的剂量,进行后腿肌肉多点注射,同时设立空载体pCAGGS对照,共免疫3次,每次间隔2周。结果表明DNA疫苗pCA-optiHA可显著提高小鼠的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答水平。三免2周后用107.45EID50的rPan09采用滴鼻方式进行攻毒,用Real-time PCR及制作肺组织石蜡切片检测DNA疫苗的保护效力。结果表明,pCA-optiHA免疫组的保护效力明显高于pCA-HA免疫组。本研究为进一步研究和设计有效的甲型流感病毒DNA疫苗奠定了基础。 相似文献
9.
Fuchs W Veits J Mettenleiter TC 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2006,119(3-4):160-166
To help in the control of fowl plague caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses of hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes H5 and H7 several vaccines have been developed. A prophylactic immunization of poultry with inactivated influenza viruses in non-endemic situations is questionable, however, due to the impairment of serological identification of field virus-infected animals which hinders elimination of the infectious agent from the population. This problem might be overcome by the use of genetically engineered marker vaccines which contain only the protective influenza virus hemagglutinin. Infected animals could then be unambiguously identified by their serum antibodies against other influenza virus proteins, e.g. neuraminidase or nucleoprotein. For such a use, purified HA or HA-expressing DNA vaccines are conceivable. Economically advantageous and easier to apply are modified live virus vaccines in use against other poultry diseases, which have been modified to express influenza virus HA. So far, recombinant HA-expressing fowlpox virus (FPV) as well as infectious laryngotracheitis and Newcastle disease viruses have been asssessed in animal experiments. An H5-expressing FPV recombinant is already in use in Central America and Southeast Asia but without accompanying marker diagnostics. Advantages and disadvantages of the different viral vectors are discussed. 相似文献
10.
禽流感病毒（Avian Influenza Virus,AIv）是禽流行性感冒（简称禽流感,Avian Influenza,AI）的病原。其中高致病性的H5N1亚型AIV可以造成鸡群的大批死亡,对家禽养殖业影响严重,并可引起人的感染和死亡。通过接种疫苗能有效地控制禽流感的传播,专家们认为,选择优质的疫苗佐剂是新型疫苗走向成功的关键。本试验将同一批次的禽流感（H5N1亚型,Re-6株）抗原分别与国产白油佐剂、法国进口白油佐剂及美国进口白油佐剂3种佐剂制备成重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗（H5N1亚型,Re-6株）,进行物理性状、无菌检验,均符合规定标准。将以上三种疫苗分别免疫21日龄SPF鸡,0．3mL／只,在免疫后的一周、两周、三周、四周,每组抽取10只分别采血,分离血清;18日龄蛋鸡0．3mL／只,在免疫后的一周、两周、三周,每组抽取10只分别采血,分离血清,21d后二免O．5mL／只,二免蛋鸡在免疫后的两周、三周、四周、两个月、三个月每组抽取10只分别采血,分离血清;每次连同对照组5只血清用禽流感病毒H5亚型（Re-6株）抗原测定HI抗体,试验结果表明,美国进1：2白油佐剂制备的重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗（H5N1亚型,1Ke-6株）免疫鸡群后,HI抗体效价最高,免疫持续—段时间后,效价仍保持较高,同时做安全检验对比试验,各肌肉注射疫苗2．0mL／只,连续观察14d,试验结果表明,以上三种佐剂制备的疫苗均安全无副反应。 相似文献
11.
Vaccinating chickens against avian influenza with fowlpox recombinants expressing the H7 haemagglutinin 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the vaccine efficacy of a fowlpox virus recombinant expressing the H7 haemagglutinin of avian influenza virus in poultry. PROCEDURE: Specific-pathogen-free poultry were vaccinated with fowlpox recombinants expressing H7 or H1 haemagglutinins of influenza virus. Chickens were vaccinated at 2 or 7 days of age and challenged with virulent Australian avian influenza virus at 10 and 21 days later, respectively. Morbidity and mortality, body weight change and the development of immune responses to influenza haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein were recorded. RESULTS: Vaccination of poultry with fowlpox H7 avian influenza virus recombinants induced protective immune responses. All chickens vaccinated at 7 days of age and challenged 21 days later were protected from death. Few clinical signs of infection developed. In contrast, unvaccinated or chickens vaccinated with a non-recombinant fowlpox or a fowlpox expressing the H1 haemagglutinin of human influenza were highly susceptible to avian influenza. All those chickens died within 72 h of challenge. In younger chickens, vaccinated at 2 days of age and challenged 10 days later the protection was lower with 80% of chickens protected from death. Chickens surviving vaccination and challenge had high antibody responses to haemagglutinin and primary antibody responses to nucleoprotein suggesting that although vaccination protected substantially against disease it failed to completely prevent replication of the challenge avian influenza virus. CONCLUSION: Vaccination of chickens with fowlpox virus expressing the avian influenza H7 haemagglutinin provided good protection against experimental challenge with virulent avian influenza of H7 type. Although eradication will remain the method of first choice for control of avian influenza, in the circumstances of a continuing and widespread outbreak the availability of vaccines based upon fowlpox recombinants provides an additional method for disease control. 相似文献
12.
H9亚型禽流感油乳剂灭活苗免疫产生期内T淋巴细胞表型亚类的检测与研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用免疫荧光法、使用流式细胞检测仪对经H9亚型禽流感病毒人工感染SPF鸡、H9亚型禽流感油乳剂灭活苗免疫SPF鸡以及经免疫后使用H9亚型禽流感病毒攻毒后的SPF鸡外周血、脾脏、胸腺中T细胞表型亚类(CD4+、CD8+、TCR1+)的变化规律进行了监测,结果表明,H9亚型禽流感油乳剂灭活苗免疫后抗原的缓慢释放可在一定程度上激发机体的细胞免疫应答,使免疫活性T淋巴细胞得到活化,免疫后鸡体外周血中CD4+、CD8+和TCR1+T细胞的数量呈现出一明显升高的过程;同时,人工感染免疫鸡后,脾脏和胸腺TCR1+T细胞的数量上升,外周血CD4+、CD8+和TCR1+T细胞的数量少量降低或维持不变,随后短期即恢复正常;而人工感染SPF对照鸡后,外周血CD4+、CD8+和TCR1+T细胞的数量呈现下降趋势. 相似文献
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14.
H9N2亚型禽流感病毒已在世界范围内的禽类中分离确认,并被证实可以传播到人类和低等哺乳类动物。对于它存在的潜在危害已经越来越多地受到关注,相关的研究也相继开展。许多遗传进化的分析为禽或猪流感可以直接感染人提供了证据,通过在人体的适应或与人流感病毒基因重组,可以形成新的病毒株,引起人类流感疫情暴发。文章提示应当密切监控H9N2亚型禽流感病毒,防止人类流感大流行。 相似文献
15.
禽流感病毒（avian influenza virus,AIV）是一种重要的人兽共患病病原,严重制约养禽业的健康发展,并对公共卫生安全构成极大威胁。其中,H5（H5N1、H5N2、H5N6、H5N8等）和H7N9亚型高致病性禽流感病毒（highly pathogenic avian influenza virus,HPAIV）引起的高致病性禽流感（highly pathogenic avian influenza,HPAI）对我国养禽业危害巨大。通过实施强制免疫,疫情得到了控制,但在禽群中仍散状暴发,并出现多种新型病毒,防控形势依然严峻。本文总结了截至2021年9月我国禽类暴发H5和H7N9亚型HPAI的所有官方公布的疫情暴发事件以及监测数据,分析了其流行特点,以期为禽流感的预警和防控提供参考。 相似文献
16.
Avian influenza viruses do not typically replicate efficiently in humans, indicating direct transmission of avian influenza virus to humans is unlikely. However, since 1997, several cases of human infections with different subtypes (H5N1, H7N7, and H9N2) of avian influenza viruses have been identified and raised the pandemic potential of avian influenza virus in humans. Although circumstantial evidence of human to human transmission exists, the novel avian-origin influenza viruses isolated from humans lack the ability to transmit efficiently from person-to-person. However, the on-going human infection with avian-origin H5N1 viruses increases the likelihood of the generation of human-adapted avian influenza virus with pandemic potential. Thus, a better understanding of the biological and genetic basis of host restriction of influenza viruses is a critical factor in determining whether the introduction of a novel influenza virus into the human population will result in a pandemic. In this article, we review current knowledge of type A influenza virus in which all avian influenza viruses are categorized. 相似文献
17.
The effect of eukaryotic expression vectors and adjuvants on DNA vaccines in chickens using an avian influenza model 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Vaccination of poultry with naked plasmid DNA has been successfully demonstrated with several different poultry pathogens, but the technology needs to be further developed before it can be practically implemented. Many different methods can conceivably enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccines, and this report examines the use of different eukaryotic expression vectors with different promoters and different adjuvants to express the influenza hemagglutinin protein. Four different promoters in five different plasmids were used to express the hemagglutinin protein of an H5 avian influenza virus, including two different immediate early cytomegaloviruses (CMVs), Rous sarcoma virus, chicken actin, and simian virus 40 promoters. All five constructs expressed detectable hemagglutinin protein in cell culture, but the pCI-neo HA plasmid with the CMV promoter provided the best response in chickens when vaccinated intramuscularly at 1 day of age on the basis of antibody titer and survivability after challenge with a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus at 6 wk postinoculation. A beneficial response was observed in birds boostered at 3 wk of age, in birds given larger amounts of DNA, and with the use of multiple injection sites to administer the vaccine. With the use of the pCI-neo construct, the effects of different adjuvants designed to increase the uptake of plasmid DNA, including 25% sucrose, diethylaminoethyl dextran, calcium phosphate, polybrene, and two different cationic liposomes, were examined. Both liposomes tested enhanced antibody titers as compared with the positive controls, but the other chemical adjuvants decreased the antibody response as compared with the control chickens that received just the plasmid alone. The results observed are promising for continued studies, but continued improvements in vaccine response and reduced costs are necessary before the technology can be commercially developed. 相似文献
18.
Avian influenza vaccines and therapies for poultry 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Swayne DE 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2009,32(4):351-363
Vaccines have been used in avian influenza (AI) control programs to prevent, manage or eradicate AI from poultry and other birds. The best protection is produced from the humoral response against the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. A variety of vaccines have been developed and tested under experimental conditions with a few receiving licensure and field use following demonstration of purity, safety, efficacy and potency. Current licensed vaccines are predominately inactivated whole AI vaccines, typically produced from low pathogenicity (LP) AI virus strains, or occasionally from high pathogenicity AI virus strains. Recently, reverse genetic procedures have been developed that allow construction of vaccine strains using a genetically altered HA gene (changing HP HA proteolytic cleavage site to LP) and a backbone of internal gene segments for safe, high growth production. Other licensed AI vaccines include recombinant fowl poxvirus vector with an AI H5 insert and a recombinant Newcastle disease virus vector with an AI H5 gene insert. The latter vaccine can be mass administered via aerosol application. 相似文献
19.
禽流感（Ａｖｉａｎ Ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｚａ）是由 Ａ型流感病毒引起的一种禽类的病毒性传染病,被国际兽疫局确定为Ⅰ类烈性传染性病。该病毒属正粘病毒科,几乎所有的野生与家养禽类均可感染。１８７８年在意大利的鸡群中首次暴发,其后许多国家和地区都相继报道ＡＩＶ存在的事实,近几年,我国在不同地区都分离到禽流感病毒,广泛存在的主要是Ｈ９亚型病毒,且多为中等以下毒力的毒株。本试验采集病料主要针对河北省养鸡业较为发达的几个县市的七个小型养鸡场,选择未注过流感疫苗,临床症状出现产蛋下降和呼吸道症状严重的鸡只,剖杀,采集病变明显的脏器,如胰、肝、肺、脾、气管、肾、泄殖腔及其干酪样物等,剪碎研磨,加抗生素处理后,接种９－１０日龄鸡胚,弃掉２４小时内死亡的鸡胚,收集２４－７２小时死亡鸡胚的尿囊液,盲传三代,并做血凝试验,对于ＨＡ阳性的样品,进一步做ＨＩ试验,结果有２株禽流感病毒为Ｈ９亚型;进一步测定其神经氨酸酶活性,结果为Ｎ２。取１： １０稀释的尿液０．２ｍｌ肌肉接种８只８周龄ＳＰＦ鸡测其致病力指数,观察１０天内鸡只发病情况,结果第三天鸡群精神稍有沉郁,其中一只出现歪脖的神经症状,采用英国中心兽医实验室静脉致病指数（ＩＶＰＩ）测定计算方法 相似文献
20.
禽流感病毒非结构蛋白NS1的分子生物学特性与功能 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
禽流感严重威胁着世界养禽业及人类健康.随着对流感病毒研究的逐渐深入,人们已经从对流感病毒结构蛋白的研究转移到对非结构蛋白即NS1蛋白的研究上来.研究发现流感病毒的NS1蛋白与流感病毒所诱导的细胞凋亡之间存在一定的联系,其对凋亡的调节作用与流感病毒感染的细胞是否产生干扰素及其所感染的细胞系直接相关.NS1蛋白能够抑制病毒感染细胞干扰素的产生,在流感病毒颉颃干扰素的抗病毒效应中发挥了重要的作用.随着疫苗的广泛使用,无法区分野毒感染和疫苗免疫的禽群,干扰了禽流感的诊断,掩盖了禽流感的流行,增加了禽流感的预防难度.NS1蛋白作为流感病毒的非结构蛋白,具有高度的保守性,在临床应用中作为鉴别诊断免疫禽和自然感染禽的检测抗原具有广阔前景. 相似文献