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1.
为确定对春播豌豆安全高效的除草剂种类及其剂量,采用田间小区试验方法,对5种茎叶除草剂进行防效观察及安全性评价。结果表明,供试除草剂均可用于豌豆田。其中108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵乳油450～600 mL/hm2总防效最好,480 g/L灭草松水剂3 000～4 500 mL/hm2、10%精喹禾灵乳油900 mL/hm2、80%阔草清水分散粒剂45 g/hm2和24%烯草酮乳油675 mL/hm2均可有效防除豌豆田杂草。10%精喹禾灵乳油900 mL/hm2和80%阔草清水分散粒剂30～45 g/hm2处理增产效果显著,均较对照增产10%以上。108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵乳油450 mL/hm2处理较对照增产9.59%。综合考虑除草效果和安全性,推荐108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵乳油450 mL/hm2、480 g/L灭草松水剂3 000 mL/hm2、10%精喹禾灵乳油900 mL/hm2和80%阔草清水分散粒剂45 g/hm2用于豌豆田杂草防除。 相似文献
2.
针对紫花苜蓿田杂草,选用咪唑乙烟酸、精喹禾灵、高效氟吡甲禾灵和乙氧氟草醚4种除草剂,研究了不同除草剂和浓度对苜蓿产量和杂草群落特征的影响。结果表明,喷施咪唑乙烟酸、高效氟吡甲禾灵均能提高苜蓿产量,咪唑乙烟酸2 000 m L·hm-2、高效氟吡甲禾灵700 m L·hm-2增产效果最好,喷施乙氧氟草醚明显抑制苜蓿生长;咪唑乙烟酸、精喹禾灵、乙氧氟草醚能明显降低杂草种类。从物种重要值来看,马唐、马齿苋、稗草等属于较难防除杂草;喷施除草剂对杂草群落产生了影响,物种多样性指数随药剂浓度的增大均呈下降趋势。从试验结果综合判断,除草剂最佳选择为咪唑乙烟酸2 000 m L·hm-2,其次为高效氟吡甲禾灵700 m L·hm-2。 相似文献
3.
为解决甘南州青稞田杂草滋生的问题，验证除草剂组合5%唑啉草酯乳油+20%苯磺隆可湿性粉剂在青稞田的使用效果和使用剂量，采用裂区设计，5%唑啉草酯乳油和20%苯磺隆可湿性粉剂均分别设3个用量水平，进行了2种除草剂不同剂量配比筛选试验。结果表明，5%唑啉草酯乳油1 500 mL/hm2+20%苯磺隆可湿性粉剂75.0 g/hm2兑水450 kg处理不仅对青稞田安全无药害，而且对青稞田野燕麦和阔叶杂草防除效果好，药后25 d株防效分别达到92.22%、91.87%，药后60 d鲜重防效分别达94.76%、92.33%。同时该处理的折合产量最高，为5 450 kg/hm2，较空白对照(不施用除草剂)增产32.28%。综合考虑认为，5%唑啉草酯乳油1 500 mL/hm2+20%苯磺隆可湿性粉剂75.0 g/hm2为甘南州青稞田防除野燕麦和阔叶杂草的最优除草剂组合。 相似文献
4.
以陇糜14号为指示品种,在糜子播后苗前选用50％扑草净可湿性粉剂、70%乙-莠-氰草津悬浮剂,分3个剂量水平进行喷施,施药45 d后调查统计杂草防除效果;在糜子苗后杂草2～4叶期选用25%辛酰溴苯腈乳油分2个剂量水平进行茎叶喷雾,用药30 d后调查统计杂草防除效果。结果表明,播后苗前喷施70%乙-莠-氰草津悬浮剂4 200 mL/hm2处理对糜子出苗没有影响,对杂草株防效达76.39%,对杂草鲜重防效达90.04%,糜子产量提高35.08%。25%辛酰溴苯腈乳油3 000 mL/hm2苗期茎叶处理对杂草株防效达54.84%,鲜重防效达73.4%,但比对照减产19.9%。 相似文献
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6.
尿素增强烯草酮胁迫下紫苏幼苗耐性的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为探讨烯草酮与尿素处理对紫苏生长的影响,阐明尿素对紫苏在烯草酮胁迫下耐性的调节效应。采用随机区组试验设计,在紫苏六叶期喷施不同浓度的尿素（0、1、2、4和 8 g/L）和24%烯草酮乳油（0、0.67、1.33、2.66和 3.99 mL/L）,分析其对紫苏生长、光合特性、抗逆性指标、杂草防效和产量的影响。结果表明,烯草酮抑制紫苏幼苗生长,降低光合特性,使丙二醛积累增加,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性随其浓度的增加呈先上升后下降趋势;而1～4 g/L浓度的尿素处理则促进生长,并提高了光合特性;8 g/L的尿素处理效果相反。1～4 g/L的尿素和不同浓度的烯草酮先后处理,比单施烯草酮处理的效果好,A组（先喷施尿素后喷施烯草酮）的C1N3（4 g/L尿素,0.67 ml/L烯草酮）处理可使现蕾期产量和子粒产量比单独施用烯草酮增产13.94 %和10.54 %,株防效提高11%。表明在紫苏六叶期先喷施4 g/L的尿素再喷施0.67 mL/L 的烯草酮,能显著提高紫苏幼苗在烯草酮胁迫下的耐性,提高幼苗净光合速率,促进植株生长,这些效应与其提高抗氧化酶活性有关;该施药模式具有提高防效,安全高产等特点,有较高的推广价值。 相似文献
7.
目前水稻直播稻田的常用除草方法是在播种3～5 d 后采用喷雾机具喷施土壤处理除草剂,生产效率较低,劳动强度大,可能耽误施药较佳时期,从而会影响直播水稻生长。为了解决与水稻机械化穴播技术配套的除草技术问题,该文在水稻精量穴直播机的基础上,设计了一套同步喷施除草剂装置。在2014年早季、2015年早季和晚季的水稻机械穴直播大田生产中,采用二甲戊灵、扫茀特（主要成分丙草胺）和直播净（主要成分丙草胺）3种除草剂作为研究材料,开展了同步喷施除草剂的技术适应性以及不同除草剂有效成分在土壤和水体中的消解动态规律研究。研究结果表明,喷施20～23 d 后,土壤和水体中的3种除草剂有效成分消解率均达95%以上;与二甲戊灵除草剂相比,喷施扫茀特除草剂后的水稻成苗和杂草控制效果较好;与不喷施除草剂对照（CK1）相比,同步喷施扫茀特处理的产量增加了4.02%～10.79%,播种后3d 喷施扫茀特处理产量增加了7.65%;与播种后3 d 喷施扫茀特处理相比,同步喷施扫茀特处理的产量变化仅为?3.38%～2.91%,可见,扫茀特除草剂的适应性较好;播种时同步喷施除草剂后,稻田土壤中除草剂浓度较播后3 d 喷施处理的高,水体中除草剂存留时间较土壤中的长;在建议的平均用药量条件下,喷施扫茀特除草剂后20～23 d 在土壤或水体中的有效成分含量较直播净除草剂高。研究结果可为同步喷施水稻精量穴直播技术与机具的改进研究提供参考。 相似文献
8.
在北京和安徽两地开展了田间试验,研究二甲戊灵在土壤与马铃薯植株中的残留降解动态与残留水平。试验样品中的二甲戊灵用乙腈提取,分散固相萃取净化,采用GCMS法,选择离子模式监测(SIM)定量测定。二甲戊灵在马铃薯块茎、植株和土壤的添加回收率分别为84.5%~89.8%、91.5%~101%和78.7%~88.1%,相对标准偏差分别为4.8%~8.5%、6.2%~8.2%和5.2%~7.8%。结果表明,二甲戊灵在马铃薯植株与土壤中的降解动态符合一级动力学模型,在安徽(潮土)和北京(褐土)两地土壤中的半衰期分别为21.0和30.1d,在马铃薯植株中的半衰期分别为9.5和10.6d。收获后,马铃薯块茎中二甲戊灵的残留量小于0.01mg·kg~(-1),低于欧盟规定的二甲戊灵在马铃薯中最大允许残留限量0.05mg·kg~(-1)。研究结果为了解二甲戊灵在环境中的残留水平及食物链迁移转化提供了参考。 相似文献
9.
为减少玉米田除草剂使用量，并提高杂草防效，本研究对前期筛选得到对除草剂具有增效作用的椰子油进行桶混助剂的配方优化和田间药效试验。结果表明，椰子油桶混助剂的最佳助剂配方溶剂为正己醇，复配乳化剂Span-80∶Tween-80为1.40∶3.60。在温室试验中，椰子油桶混助剂对烟嘧磺隆、硝磺草酮2种除草剂单剂的防治效果可提高11.24～49.35个百分点，对烟嘧·莠去津、硝磺·莠去津2种复配除草剂的防治效果可提高14.71～31.25个百分点，且除草剂减量后添加助剂与常量不添加助剂的杂草防效相当。在苯唑草酮和莠去津混用处理中，椰子油桶混助剂对药剂的增效作用比乙基和甲基酯植物油助剂高2.33～6.99个百分点。田间试验结果表明，椰子油桶混助剂对烟嘧·莠去津、硝磺·莠去津等苗后除草剂的防治效果可提高8.46～13.57个百分点。由此可见，添加椰子油桶混助剂后，除草剂减量处理的防效优于常量不添加助剂。综上，椰子油桶混助剂可达到除草剂减量增效、降低成本的目的。本研究结果为开发农药助剂新产品提供了理论依据。 相似文献
10.
百合田间种植易受杂草危害,为寻求高效低毒、适用于百合生产的新型除草剂及其使用技术,本试验研究了我国创制的新型高效除草剂丙酯草醚对百合田间杂草的控制情况和对其生长的影响规律,同时利用高效液相色谱法检测了其在百合鳞茎中的残留。结果表明,丙酯草醚作为土壤处理剂,于杂草芽前处理,在60 g ai·hm~(-2)用药剂量下能有效防除百合田间禾本科和部分阔叶杂草,杂草鲜重总防效为87.2%;百合田早期喷施丙酯草醚,不仅对百合整个生育期的植株无药害,而且处理组百合在现蕾期、始花期和盛花期的株高、地上部鲜重、花蕾数、花苞数和花朵数均极显著大于对照组,丙酯草醚处理显著促进了百合的生理和生殖生长。高效液相色谱分析结果表明,百合田早期喷施丙酯草醚,在处理组百合鳞茎中未检出丙酯草醚残留(检测限0.001 mg·kg~(-1)FW)。由此可见,丙酯草醚能用于百合田间杂草防除,对百合生长及其食用是安全的。本研究结果为百合田间杂草防除提供了科学依据和技术支持。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
16.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
17.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
19.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
20.
Yoav Bashan Bernardo Salazar Ma. Esther Puente Macario Bacilio Robert Linderman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):585-594
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse
trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus
were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB;
the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons
reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened
later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons
growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants,
no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi,
enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant.
In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after
30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination
only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity
to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as
compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it. 相似文献