共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 500 毫秒
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牛、羊和鹿等动物属于反刍动物，反刍动物区别于单胃动物的最大消化生理特点是有复式胃结构，复式胃由瘤胃（Rumen）、网胃（Reticulum）、瓣胃（Omasum）和皱胃（Abomasum）4个部分组成。前3个胃称为前胃，其中起主要作用的是瘤胃，尽管瘤胃内没有消化腺，也不能分泌消化酶类，但瘤胃中存在大量瘤胃微生物，最主要的瘤胃微生物是厌氧性细菌（anaerobic bacteria）、原虫（protozoa）和厌氧真菌（anaerobic fungi），1g瘤胃内容物中约含细菌数150～250亿个和纤毛虫数60～180万个，总体积约占瘤胃液的3．6％，其中细菌和纤毛虫各占一半。这些瘤胃微生物产生的消化酶与机械破坏作用是反刍动物消化降解饲料的基础和前提， 相似文献
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《畜牧兽医科技信息》2021,(8)
正2020年7月起,中国严控抗生素的使用,养殖场开始重视绿色、生态、无污染、无残留的有益菌在畜牧业中的利用。尤其是牛羊等反刍动物因其独特的生理特点,有益菌更是得到快速的发展和利用。本文将对有益菌在肉牛养殖中的应用进行综述,为进一步健康发展肉牛养殖提供帮助。1肉牛生理特点及瘤胃作用牛、羊等反刍动物与猪、鸡等单胃动物最大的区别是多了3个胃,瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃,瘤胃是反刍动物最重要的消化器官,容积约有70～120L,生存着大量微生物,可消化利用单胃动物不可利用的粗纤维饲料,并可利用非蛋白氮作为蛋白质氮源。定植在肉牛瘤胃和肠道中的微生物不仅消化纤维素、 相似文献
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反刍动物蛋白质评定体系研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
长期以来 ,人们一直沿用粗蛋白质体系或可消化蛋白质体系来研究反刍动物蛋白质的营养价值 ,但是随着研究的不断深入 ,人们逐渐认识到了这种理论的局限性 ,主要原因是这种理论忽视了反刍动物与单胃动物在消化生理上的差别。反刍动物由于特殊的消化生理结构 ,在瘤胃中存在大量的细菌、原虫和厌氧真菌等微生物 ,使反刍动物利用蛋白质的方式明显不同于单胃动物。饲料中的蛋白质经过瘤胃微生物的作用后 ,到达小肠中的蛋白质主要由三部分组成 :瘤胃微生物合成的蛋白质 (MCP)、瘤胃非降解饲料蛋白质 (UDP)以及很少量的内源性蛋白质 (ECP) ,这三… 相似文献
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反刍动物小肠可利用淀粉代谢调控进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
反刍动物能量代谢与单胃动物有根本的区别,其采食的碳水化合物在瘤胃进行发酵生成挥发性脂肪酸(VFA),只有数量很有限的淀粉和其他糖类不被瘤胃消化而进入小肠。因此,反刍动物从消化道吸收的能量主要来源于VFA,而葡萄糖很少。但与单胃动物一样,葡萄糖对于反刍动物体内某些组织和器官具有十分重要的营养作用。如神经系统、肌肉、脂肪的合成和转化,某些杂合多聚糖的合成、睾丸、精子以及红细胞中的代谢都需要葡萄糖。反刍动物体内的葡萄糖主要由VFA在肝脏中经糖异生合成。虽然,瘤胃内发酵生成的VFA产量很高,然而VFA中只有丙酸才能在肝脏… 相似文献
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反刍动物瘤胃发酵与合成特性和饲料原料的复杂性,决定了外源酶制剂在反刍动物日粮中使用与一般单胃动物有根本差别,有必要建立反刍动物特异的饲料酶制剂技术体系,这是源于反刍动物酶制剂作用模式的特殊性,它包括外源酶对体内酶特别是瘤胃微生物酶的补充而降低高生产水平时瘤胃功能的压力、外源酶作用日粮成分产生原位益生元维持瘤胃微生态、多种形态酶制剂的集合解决复杂饲料原料消化、大体积粗饲料酶消化预处理结合精饲料酶制剂添加、过瘤胃技术让部分酶制剂在瘤胃后段肠道发挥功效等作用模式。反刍动物酶制剂技术体系包括4个解决方案：“集合酶技术”“酶菌同构技术”“粗料酶预处理与精料添加酶结合技术”“过瘤胃酶制剂技术”等,根据饲料原料和日粮特性、动物种类、生理状况、生产水平和环境条件等,技术体系方案可单独运用,或组合实施,在高产反刍动物特别是高产奶牛产奶前期有明显的应用价值。 相似文献
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Tohru MATSUI 《Animal Science Journal》2002,73(1):21-28
A large amount of phosphorus (P) in corn and soybean meal is in the form of phytate that is poorly available to monogastric animals. It leads to the presence of large amounts of P in manure, which contributes to the P pollution problem. The fermentation of soybean meal with Aspergillus usamii almost completely degraded phytate and improved P availability in chicks. Although dietary yeast phytase increased P absorption and availability in pigs, its efficacy was less than that of Aspergillus niger phytase. It was suggested that the lesser efficacy of yeast phytase resulted from its lower stability against pepsin. Phytate suppresses zinc availability in monogastric animals. Zinc availability was improved by the substitution of regular soybean meal with fermented soybean meal and by the supplementation with Aspergillus niger phytase in pigs. It has been considered that phytate is easily degraded in the rumen and the availability of phytate P is high in ruminants. However, 20% of phytate in oilseed meals was not degraded in the rumen of sheep. Additionally, heating and formaldehyde treatments with oilseed meals suppressed ruminal degradation of phytate and approximately half of phytate escaped from ruminal degradation in the treated oilseed meals. 相似文献
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许悦雯邱晓媛郭广振尹福泉 《动物营养学报》2023,(1):43-53
褪黑素(MT)是调节胃肠道运动、免疫功能及微生物菌群结构等的胺类激素,其前体物质(色氨酸)是微生物群-肠-脑轴的信号递质。目前有关MT的研究多集中于单胃动物,鲜见MT对反刍动物的综述报道。因此,本综述将从MT对反刍动物胃肠运动、摄食行为、生产性能以及胃肠道微生物的作用机制进行阐述,以期为MT作为反刍动物治疗辅助剂、饲料添加剂的价值提供参考。 相似文献
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In ruminants, the ruminal epithelium not only has the function of absorbing nutrients but also is an important tissue to prevent harmful substances in the rumen from entering the blood circulation. Thus, the normal function of ruminal epithelium is critical for ruminants. However, subacute ruminal acidosis induced by high-concentrate diets often damages the barrier function of ruminal epithelium in ruminants. Recently, many studies have shown that dietary supplementation with thiamine is an effective method to alleviate subacute ruminal acidosis. In order to provide theoretical reference for the in-depth study of subacute ruminal acidosis and the application of thiamine in the future, this review introduces the effects of subacute ruminal acidosis on morphological structure, inflammatory response, and tight junction of ruminal epithelium. In addition, this paper summarizes the role of thiamine in maintaining ruminal epithelial function of ruminants during subacute ruminal acidosis challenge. 相似文献
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反刍家畜瘤胃及肠道微生物研究进展 《畜牧与饲料科学》2021,42(5):28-38
反刍家畜瘤胃及肠道微生物处于一个复杂的微生态系统,其多样性及营养代谢与该系统中的各项因素存在紧密联系。了解反刍家畜瘤胃及肠道微生物多样性变化和营养代谢机制,是通过人为干预手段改善动物福利、提高动物生产效率、提升动物产品质量、减少温室气体排放的基础。关于反刍动物瘤胃及肠道微生物多样性及营养代谢与单个环境因子的关系得到了广泛的研究并取得了一些进展,对指导生产实践和保护环境起到了一定作用。综述了近年来国内外反刍家畜瘤胃及肠道微生物多样性,以及微生物与宿主动物、日粮结构、环境因子相互作用及机制方面的研究进展,以期为探索瘤胃及肠道微生物在反刍动物营养代谢中的作用及其机制提供参考。 相似文献
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Schröder B Breves G 《Animal health research reviews / Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases》2006,7(1-2):31-41
Adequate blood calcium (Ca) concentrations are a prerequisite to maintain several physiological functions of mammals such as pig and ruminants. Thus, blood Ca levels have to be regulated within very close limits. This is basically ensured through the coordinated effects of the calcitropic hormones parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3). If plasma Ca decreases, one main effect of subsequently secreted PTH is the stimulation of renal reabsorption of Ca from the glomerular filtrate to reduce urinary Ca loss. Another important action of PTH is the induction of the renal enzyme 1 alpha-hydroxylase, which is responsible for the production of calcitriol. In most monogastric species, so far investigated, one of the most important effects of calcitriol is to stimulate active absorption of Ca from the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the upper small intestines, via a vitamin D-receptor-mediated genomic action. Whether this concept can be transferred without any constrictions to ruminants is still under discussion. Marked interspecies differences have to be recognized with respect to ruminant or non-ruminant animals, particularly with respect to individual segments along the gastrointestinal axis and with respect to vitamin D sensitivity of Ca transport mechanisms. This review will elucidate some of the current concepts related to the mechanisms and sites of Ca absorption in pigs and ruminants with special emphasis on dairy cows where Ca homeostasis is occasionally compromised at the time of parturition. 相似文献
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M A PASS 《Australian veterinary journal》1986,63(6):169-171
Lantana poisoning in ruminants results from the ingestion of toxic varieties of the plant Lantana camara, which contain the triterpene acids lantadene A and lantadene B. Poisoning results in intrahepatic cholestasis and the consequences of the liver injury include jaundice, photosensitisation and ruminal stasis. The decreased ruminal motility causes toxic material to be retained in the rumen and continuous absorption of toxins from the rumen maintains the disease. Lantana poisoning can best be treated by preventing further absorption of toxins. This can be achieved by giving a large quantity of activated charcoal into the rumen together with a large volume of a multiple electrolyte solution to stimulate ruminal motility and rehydrate the animal. Treatment for photosensitive dermatitis should also be given. 相似文献