共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 234 毫秒
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采用312-D最优饱和设计方案进行田间对比试验。对盐渍化土壤水肥耦合效应下向日葵叶水势的影响因素及变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,盐渍化地区油料向日葵叶水势的主要影响因素除气象因素外。还包括土壤盐分、土壤水分和施肥量。叶水势与大气水势、叶温呈线性关系。土壤基质势越高,叶水势越高;土壤基质势越低叶水势也越低。施肥在一定程度上可以缓解水盐的胁迫,施肥量的增加使叶水势降低。 相似文献
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土壤基质势调控对温室滴灌番茄土壤水分分布和产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
【目的】指导设施蔬菜生产中科学合理地利用滴灌技术进行灌溉。【方法】采用小区试验的方法,以冬春茬番茄为研究对象,布置了7个不同土壤基质势阈值的试验,在番茄开花坐果期和结果期分别控制滴头正下方20 cm深度土壤基质势在-15和-15 kPa(S1)、-15和-30 kPa(S2)、-15和-45 kPa(S3)、-25和-25 kPa(S4)、-30和-15 kPa(S5)、-30和-30 kPa(S6)以及-30和-45 kPa(S7),研究了日光温室滴灌土壤基质势调控下土壤水分随时间变化及空间分布的规律,以及番茄产量、畸形果率和灌溉水利用效率等。【结果】①控制滴头正下方20 cm深度土壤基质势可以明显影响0～100 cm深度土壤水分状况。②在番茄开花坐果期,当土壤基质势阈值控制在-30 kPa或更高时,番茄根系主要吸收利用0～60 cm深度以上范围的土壤水分,70 cm深度以下土壤水分基本不变,0～60 cm深度土壤体积含水率平均为28.6%,为田间持水率的84%,60～100 cm土壤体积含水率平均为36.2%,为田间持水率的90%。③番茄进入结果期后,当土壤基质势阈值控制在-25～-15 kPa时,整个土体土壤含水率基本保持在田间持水率的77%～91%,根系主要吸收利用0～60 cm深度以上范围的土壤水分,70 cm深度以下土壤水分消耗缓慢;当土壤基质势阈值降低到-45～-30 kPa时,根系吸收利用到80～100 cm深度的土壤水分,整个土体土壤含水率不断降低,降低到田间持水率的60%～66%。④不同处理番茄产量、畸形果率和灌溉水利用效率有明显差异,其中S3和S7处理番茄产量高,S5处理产量低;S1、S3和S4处理的畸形果率大,S6和S7处理的畸形果率低;S1处理的灌溉水利用效率最低,S7处理的灌溉水利用效率最高。【结论】日光温室少量高频滴灌条件下,当滴头正下方20 cm深度土壤基质势阈值开花坐果期控制在-30 kPa、结果期控制在-45 kPa时,整个土体土壤水分状况基本良好,番茄的产量高,畸形果率低,灌溉水利用效率高。 相似文献
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原状盐渍土不同盐分含量对土壤水分特征曲线的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探究原状盐渍土不同盐分含量对土壤水分特征曲线的影响,选用无、轻度和重度盐渍化地块土样测定其土壤水分特征曲线,采用van Genuchten-Mualem模型对无、轻度和重度盐渍化土壤土-水曲线及参数进行拟合分析,并分析不同盐分含量对累积当量孔径分布和土壤水分常数的影响.结果表明:原状盐渍土土壤水分特征曲线主要受盐分含量的影响,轻度盐渍化下的含盐量增加土壤持水性,但重度盐渍化下土壤中的含盐量则减小了土壤持水性;van Genuchten-Mualem模型的参数n值随原状盐渍土盐分含量的增加先减小后增大,而进气值倒数α值则呈减小趋势;VG模型对于YZ1和YZ3地块60 cm土层土壤土水-曲线拟合精度高于YZ2地块;轻度盐渍化土壤较无盐渍化土壤40 cm、60 cm深度的极微孔隙和微孔隙占总孔隙的比例分别增加11.75％和19.25％,田间持水率分别增大32.6％、28.8％;随土壤深度增加,重度盐渍化土壤较无盐渍化土壤的极微孔隙和微孔隙占总孔隙的比例分别减小28.08％、40.61％和21.64％,田间持水率分别减小34.4％、34.1％和6.5％.研究可为盐渍土的预防和改良提供一定的理论依据. 相似文献
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[目的]制定砂质土壤马铃薯的喷灌灌溉制度。[方法]选择“夏波蒂”(抗旱性弱)和“费乌瑞它”(抗旱性强)2种不同抗旱能力的马铃薯品种,通过2a的田间试验,研究了不同土壤基质势阈值对土壤水分状况、马铃薯产量与灌溉水利用效率等的影响,以确定马铃薯适宜的土壤基质势阈值来指导灌溉。2012年布置了3个处理,在马铃薯定苗后分别控制垄中心20cm深度处土壤基质势阈值为-20、-30和-40kPa,2013年增加了1个-10kPa处理。[结果]大型喷灌机灌溉条件下监控垄中心20cm深度处土壤基质势可较好地调控马铃薯农田的土壤水分状况;①指导灌溉的土壤基质势阈值越高,马铃薯生育期内0~30cm深度平均土壤基质势越高,并且变化幅度越平缓;土壤基质势阈值越低,0~30cm深度平均土壤基质势越低,且变化越剧烈;40cm深度以下土壤水分状况与土壤基质势阈值的关系不明显。②不同抗旱能力马铃薯品种的产量都随着土壤基质势阈值的降低而线性降低,当阈值低于-15.8 kPa时,土壤基质势每降低1kPa,产量降低1.8%,且主要表现在大薯(W≥250g)和中薯(150g≤ W<250g)质量的降低,单株结薯个数基本不受影响。③灌溉水利用效率随着土壤基质势的降低而线性增加,表现为土壤基质势每降低1 kPa,灌溉水利用效率升高1.3%。[结论]砂质土壤大型喷灌机灌溉或类似农业生产条件下,推荐监控垄中心20cm深度处土壤基质势来指导施肥灌溉,并且土壤基质势阈值建议为-15.8 kPa左右,在淀粉积累期之后可考虑适当地降低土壤基质势阈值,以获得高产和较高的灌溉水利用效率。 相似文献
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西藏林芝地区土壤水分特征曲线适用性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
西藏地区自然气候特征、成土母质和成土条件有着显著的地区特性,了解西藏高原地区土壤水动力学特性对于研究高原地区水文和水循环过程具有重要的意义。2015年分别在林芝地区米林县(海拔2 905 m),八一镇(海拔3 240 m)和林芝县(海拔3 879 m)3个青稞种植区田间取样,在原状土土壤水分特征曲线测试的基础上,研究了西藏林芝地区土壤基质势和土壤含水率之间的关系,并建立了参数的微分求解方程,发展了土壤水分特征曲线非线性函数的参数估计方法;基于实测值构建Jacobi矩阵,采用全局性最优方法确定了van Genuchten模型和Gardner-Russo模型的参数。结果表明,-11.0~-4.0、-42.0~-11.0 k Pa以及-54.0~-42.0 k Pa基质势区段的单位基质势平均含水率变化量分别为5.4×10-3、11.2×10-3和6.7×10-3cm~3/(cm~3·k Pa),最大差异性发生在-54.0~-42.0 k Pa之间,西藏地区的土壤水分特征曲线形状主要决定于黏粒质量分数,而砂粒质量分数则主要影响土壤水分特征曲线的变异性。van Genuchten模型和模拟6组试验数据的相对误差平均值和最大值分别为0.04和0.09。采用Gardner-Russo模型模拟6组试验数据的相对误差的平均值和最大值分别为0.06和0.14。van Genuchten模型模拟西藏林芝地区的土壤水分特征曲线的精度及有效性显著超过Gardner-Russo模型。 相似文献
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《Agricultural Water Management》1999,41(1):57-70
The salinity condition in the root zone hinders moisture extraction from soil by plants, because of osmotic potential development in soil water due to presence of salts, which ultimately, decreases transpiration of plants and thereby affects crop yield. Therefore, an effort was made in this study to quantify the impact of salinity on soil water availability to plants. The movement of salts under irrigation and evapotranspiration regimes in root zone of soil profile was studied throughout the growing season of wheat crop with adopting exponential pattern of root water uptake. A model was developed to analyze soil water balance to find out moisture deficit because of salinity. A non-linear relationship was formulated between moisture content and salt concentration for simultaneous prediction. The Crank–Nicolson method of Finite Differencing was used to solve the differential equations of soil water and solute transport. The effect of various salt concentrations on transpiration was analyzed to develop a relationship between relative evapotranspiration and relative yield. Relationships among salt concentration, matric potential, moisture deficit and actual transpiration were also established to provide better understanding about impact of salinization and to provide guidelines for obtaining better crop yields in saline soils. 相似文献
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《Agricultural Water Management》2001,49(2):115-129
Many models for water flow in cropped soil contain parameters such as rooting density, root permeability, and root water potential. Usually these parameters are chosen by trial-and-error method and direct measurements are difficult and impractical in some cases. This study presents a simulation model capable of analyzing water transport dynamics in a soil–plant–atmosphere continuum (SPAC). This model is developed by combining an existing mathematical model for soil water flow, a modified transpiration model taking into account of the air pressure and diurnal changes of the extinction coefficient of crop canopies, and a new simple model for root water uptake. Using data from lysimeters in a field experiment carried out on a wheat crop, we also developed two new empirical equations for the estimation of total canopy resistance and soil evaporation.We then applied the model for 2 years (1990–1991, 1991–1992) on winter wheat in a semiarid area of northwest China. Required parameters, particularly soil hydraulic and crop parameters, were determined by field and laboratory tests. Outputs from the simulation were in good agreement with the independent field measurements of seasonal changes in soil water content, canopy transpiration, surface evaporation, and root water uptake along the soil profile. In addition, this simulation agreed well with the actual measurements of seasonal crop water consumption and soil water balance among the treatments for different irrigation amounts. 相似文献
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基于非饱和土壤水动力学理论及根系吸水模型,建立地面滴灌土壤水分运动数学模型,应用HYDRUS-2D模型模拟全生育期不同灌水处理条件下设施茄子滴灌土壤水分动态变化,结果表明：土壤含水量模拟值与实测值之间具有较好的一致性,所建地面滴灌土壤水分运动数学模型能较好地反映滴灌条件下茄子土壤水分运动规律。 相似文献
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Water uptake by plant roots is an important process in the hydrological cycle, not only for plant growth but also for the role it plays in shaping microbial community and bringing in physical and biochemical changes to soils. The ability of roots to extract water is determined by combined soil and plant characteristics, and how to model it has been of interest for many years. Most macroscopic models for water uptake operate at soil profile scale under the assumption that the uptake rate depends on root density and soil moisture. Whilst proved appropriate, these models need spatio-temporal root density distributions, which is tedious to measure in situ and prone to uncertainty because of the complexity of root architecture hidden in the opaque soils. As a result, developing alternative methods that do not explicitly need the root density to estimate the root water uptake is practically useful but has not yet been addressed. This paper presents and tests such an approach. The method is based on a neural network model, estimating the water uptake using different types of data that are easy to measure in the field. Sunflower grown in a sandy loam subjected to water stress and salinity was taken as a demonstrating example. The inputs to the neural network model included soil moisture, electrical conductivity of the soil solution, height and diameter of plant shoot, potential evapotranspiration, atmospheric humidity and air temperature. The outputs were the root water uptake rate at different depths in the soil profile. To train and test the model, the root water uptake rate was directly measured based on mass balance and Darcy's law assessed from the measured soil moisture content and soil water matric potential in profiles from the soil surface to a depth of 100 cm. The ‘measured’ root water uptake agreed well with that predicted by the neural network model. The successful performance of the model provides an alternative and more practical way to estimate the root water uptake at field scale. 相似文献
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农作物对氮素吸收量的确定是衡量农田氮肥利用率、拟定最优施肥措施的重要依据，也是农田氮素转化运移模拟模型中的重要参数。就国内外有关农作物对氮素吸收量的几种主要计算方法，即根据根系吸水率和土壤溶液含Ｎ浓度估算根系吸氮量的方法、根据作物根系的吸氮能力而估算根系吸氮速率法和根据作物潜在氮素需求函数确定根系吸氮量的方法进行了总结评述。 相似文献
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华北冬小麦-夏玉米农田水分动态模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
冬小麦-夏玉米连作是华北地区主要的粮食作物种植模式。根据华北季节性冻土区的特点,将全年划分为作物生长期与越冬期,分别建立了作物生长条件下农田水分运移模型、冻融条件下土壤水热运移模型。前一模型主要包括参照腾发量计算、腾发量分配、作物根系吸水、土壤表面蒸发、土壤水分特征参数和土壤水分运动等子模型;后一模型主要包括冻土水热耦舍迁移、地气水热交换等子模型。应用以上模型对冬小麦-夏玉米连作条件下的土壤水分过程进行模拟,根据北京永乐店试验资料对模型进行检验。模拟了不同降水水平年、不同灌溉处理下的农田灌溉制度及土壤水分过程,分析了降水、灌溉对农田蒸散、土壤水利用、深层渗漏等的影响。 相似文献
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提高盐渍化土壤农业生产力已成为边际土壤地力提升的重要组成部分及途径,研究盐分胁迫对根系吸水的影响及其根系吸水模型的建立是该方面的重要研究内容之一。首先介绍了作物根系吸水模型的研究进展,在此基础上,对目前国内外常用的水盐胁迫条件下作物根系吸水模型及其相关研究作了综述,指出由静态向动态方向发展、突出水分胁迫与盐分胁迫对根系吸水耦合、体现作物根系吸水特征空间差异是水盐胁迫条件下作物根系吸水模型研究的重点。 相似文献
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A mathematical model for simulating soil water content in the root zone was developed by taking into consideration soil physical properties, crop and climatic parameters. The governing differential equation for unsaturated flow of water in the soil was solved numerically using the Crank-Nicholson finite difference technique. The water uptake by plants was simulated by using two different sink functions. The model predictions were in good agreement with field data and thus it is possible to schedule irrigations. 相似文献