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1.
吉林省梨树县不同作物产能及产能水分利用效率研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
东北地区旱地作物水分来源是降水,基于产能及产能水分利用效率比较分析吉林梨树可替代玉米种植的主要作物对该地区未来种植结构调整具有重要意义。该文基于吉林省梨树县4种作物(大豆、小麦、谷子和马铃薯)2 a田间试验,结合各作物在不同降水年型条件下全生长季和各生育阶段的耗水规律及水分亏缺程度,以作物产能和产能水分利用效率为研究指标,对各作物在雨养及灌溉处理条件下的产能水分利用效率和水分经济效益差异性进行了比较。结果表明,在平水及丰水年,马铃薯产能显著高于其他作物,其他作物无显著差异,雨养条件下马铃薯及谷子均超过100 000 GJ/hm~2,不同降水年型条件下灌溉对马铃薯产能提升效果显著但提升幅度存在差异。比较各作物不同年型条件下的产能降水利用效率、产能灌溉水利用效率和产能农业水分利用效率,马铃薯均达到20 GJ/mm以上,显著高于其他作物,且不同作物的产能水分利用效率受降水年型及水分处理影响的程度不同。对比作物需水量与降水量的耦合程度,马铃薯水分亏缺最严重,其次为大豆和小麦;谷子产能降水利用效率及丰水年产能农业水利用效率仅低于马铃薯,且在全生育期各生育阶段发生水分亏缺现象较少,具有极好的抗旱能力。比较而言,基于作物产能、产能水分利用效率及经济效益的作物结构调整,马铃薯和谷子相对于小麦和大豆有更大优势;基于作物抗旱能力,谷子具有绝对优势。 相似文献
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玉米/大豆间作条件下作物生物量积累模型 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过不同间作比例的玉米/大豆间作试验,建立了基于辐射截获与利用的玉米/大豆间作群体生长和产量的模拟模型。作物总生物量和产量为光合有效辐射(PAR)、辐射截获率(F)以及辐射利用效率(RUE)的函数,根据太阳辐射(SR)与PAR的比例可估算PAR,采用Keating和Carberry建立的公式计算F值,利用生长度日(GDD)确定作物的出苗、开花与成熟时期。模拟结果表明模型能够较为准确地模拟水分充足条件下间作群体的总生物量和产量。 相似文献
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提高小麦光能利用效率机理的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
农作物产量依赖于生物量和收获指数，过去作物产量的增加主要得益于收获指数的增加而生物量增加很小，进一步提升作物产量在很大程度上依赖于生物量的提高，而光能利用效率是提高作物生物量的瓶颈。小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）是一种在全世界广泛种植的谷类作物，可为全世界人口提供约20.0%的能量，阐明小麦光能利用效率变化的内在机理与外在因素，对提高作物资源利用效率和生产力有重要意义。本文对光能利用效率的定义、主要过程、小麦的光能利用特性和内外影响因素进行综述，表明提高光能利用效率具有较大的潜力；论述了外部因素，即光、水分、养分和耕作制度等对小麦光能利用效率的影响，主要表现为在单株尺度上主要由光合作用等内部因素控制，而在田间尺度则由温度、降水、耕作栽培方式等非生物因素控制。进一步分析了目前存在的问题以及在气候变化背景下小麦的适应机制，旨在为提升小麦光能利用效率提供理论依据。未来光能利用效率的研究可利用高通量表型观测技术，与分子标记结合，设计在目标环境下的具有高光能利用效率的理想株型，为培育高产高效小麦品种提供科学依据。 相似文献
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北京市主要农作物水分利用的系统参数评价 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以北京市顺义区典型平原灌溉农田和延庆县典型山区旱作农田为研究对象,依据田间试验数据、气象统计资料,采用农户调查和数学模型等方法,从作物的降水满足率、需水和降水耦合度、水分生态适应性、水分利用率等方面对北京市主要农作物水分利用情况进行系统分析。结果表明:北京市主要农作物水分生态适应性指数排序依次为:灌区夏大豆>灌区春大豆>旱作春大豆>旱作春谷子>灌区夏玉米>灌区春玉米>旱作春玉米>旱作马铃薯>旱作苜蓿>灌区水稻>灌区苜蓿>灌区冬小麦,水分利用效率排序依次为:灌区苜蓿>旱作春玉米>旱作苜蓿>灌区春玉米>旱作春谷子>旱作春大豆>灌区春大豆。 相似文献
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利用MODIS_EVI图像时间序列提取作物种植模式初探 总被引：13，自引：9，他引：4
作物种植模式对于高效、可控农业管理具有非常重要的意义,通过遥感手段获取种植模式信息是目前亟待解决的难题.以华北平原为试验区,收集了2003年全年每16天合成的MODIS_EVI时间序列图像,从种植模式的MODIS_EVI时间谱分析入手,提取了表征冬小麦及其后茬夏玉米与其他同季生长作物物候差异性特征,分析表明返青期和峰值时期对冬小麦提取贡献最大,而峰值时间和大小以及表征营养生长向生殖生长转化时生物量累积差异的参量(偏斜度)对玉米提取贡献最大.建立了冬小麦和夏玉米的提取模型,各省17个县的抽样表明,冬小麦的总体提取精度为88.38%最后形成了小麦─玉米、小麦─水稻和小麦─其他种植模式的分布图,与作物熟制气候分布图具有较好的一致性. 相似文献
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《农业环境与发展》2021,(3)
本研究以2019年辽宁省铁岭县蔡牛镇玉米间隔耕作秸秆条带还田增密集成技术示范区和普通农户种植区玉米为研究对象,分析了两个区域玉米的光温资源利用率、光能利用率和热量利用效率,并从叶片和冠层尺度净光合速率、光合生产能力与光合参数、地上生物量累积等角度分析了集成技术光热资源利用效率提高的原因。结果表明,玉米间隔耕作秸秆条带还田增密集成技术与农户技术相比,光温资源利用率、光能利用率和热量利用效率分别提高了8.6、0.25个百分点和19.4%。示范区各层叶片光合生产能力和光合作用参数均显著高于农户技术;吐丝期至籽粒形成期示范区冠层日净同化量累积较农户技术高35.5%;开花吐丝期前后示范技术地上生物量累积显著高出农户技术19.4%,利于籽粒形成,提高株籽粒数和产量。因此,玉米间隔耕作秸秆条带还田增密集成技术冠层结构设计合理,叶片和冠层尺度光合能力均优于传统农户技术,产量关键期(开花吐丝期前后)地上生物量累积速度快,是一种能有效提高玉米光热资源利用效率的技术模式。 相似文献
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玉米光能利用率和产量对密度、施氮量及其互作的响应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献