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1.
利用荧光显微镜观察栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)正常卵子与雄核发育卵子在减数分裂、受精过程和卵裂早期中的核相变化。雄核发育单倍体是将强度为2.8mW/(cm2·s)的紫外线照射20s的卵子与正常精子受精后得到的。结果表明,尽管紫外线照射并没有影响卵子的成熟分裂及雌性、雄性原核的形成,但它们的发生过程滞后。在第1卵裂中期,雄核发育卵子中雌性原核并不像雄性原核一样形成染色体,而是形成1个浓缩的染色质小体(DCB)。第1卵裂后期,DCB不参与核分裂。第1卵裂结束时,DCB位于2个分裂球其中之一的细胞质内或在赤道板处被分割成两部分。实验结果首次提供了栉孔扇贝雄核发育的细胞学证据。 相似文献
2.
采用紫外线遗传灭活的长牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）精子激活栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri）卵子,并用6-DMAP诱导染色体加倍的方法,获得第二极体抑制型雌核发育二倍体早期胚胎。多聚甲醛固定、免疫荧光染色后,运用荧光显微镜观察栉孔扇贝正常发育卵子和异源精子诱导的雌核发育卵子,对其受精过程中微管的动态变化过程进行观察和分析。结果表明：（1）正常发育组受精卵内以微管为基础的纺锤体能够顺利地组装并引导卵细胞进行减数分裂和第一、第二极体的排放,以及雌、雄原核融合和第一次卵裂;（2）异源精子诱导雌核发育的卵子经6-DMAP处理后,部分微管变得模糊或消失,纺锤体受到破坏导致染色体的分离无法进行,第二极体的形成受到抑制并使雌核染色体二倍化;去除6-DMAP作用后,微管重新组装,雌核分裂重新启动继而进行卵裂;精核保持固浓缩状态或轻微膨胀形成雄性原核,但卵裂后期则以致密的染色质体（DCB）形式存在于分裂沟上或进入一个卵裂球中。结果证实,长牡蛎精子经紫外线遗传灭活后可顺利进入并激活栉孔扇贝成熟卵子但不参与合子核的形成,6-DMAP也可有效抑制第二极体的排放而获得雌核发育二倍体胚胎。本实验结果为研究异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育的可行性提供了细胞学依据。 相似文献
3.
应用组织切片方法,比较观察了杂色鲍普通二倍体、人工诱导三倍体、人工诱导雌核发育单倍体和雌核发育二倍体在成熟分裂和第一次卵裂期间的细胞学变化,以探讨人工诱导杂色鲍雌核发育的细胞学机制。结果表明,精子经紫外线辐射进行遗传失活处理后,仍然能够进入卵子,并激动卵子发育,卵子能够正常完成两次减数分裂,与普通受精卵没有明显差别。精子入卵后形成精核,大多能够逐渐解凝、液化并膨大,最终形成形态正常的雄性原核,但在第一次卵裂早期退化成浓缩的染色质小体(DCB),并在胞质分裂时随机地分配到其中一个子细胞里的分裂沟附近。在人工诱导三倍体和雌核发育二倍体受精卵中,受精卵经细胞松弛素B处理后,染色单体在第二次成熟分裂期分离,但胞质分离受抑制,留在卵质中的两套染色体形成两个染色质团,并发育成两个雌性原核。 相似文献
4.
用1500μW/cm2的紫外线照射长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)精子60 s以进行灭活处理,并使之与栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)卵子受精,在卵子受精后排出第一极体前用6-DMAP(50 mg/L)处理受精卵,持续处理35 min,抑制第一极体和第二极体的排放,诱导异精雌核发育四倍体。采用二脒基苯基吲哚(DAPI)荧光染色显微观察法,对灭活的长牡蛎精子诱导的栉孔扇贝雌核发育四倍体早期胚胎发育过程进行细胞学观察。结果表明:经紫外线灭活过的长牡蛎精子进入栉孔扇贝卵子后发生轻微膨胀;在第一次卵裂中期,精核形成一致密的染色质小体(DCB),位于两组分开的母本染色体之间,不参与核分裂;第一次卵裂结束时DCB滞留于两卵裂球的分裂沟上或进入其中一分裂球中;第二次卵裂过程中,DCB的去向与第一次卵裂时基本一致。6-DMAP处理有效地抑制了第一极体和第二极体的排出,从而使雌核四倍化。对担轮幼虫染色体倍性分析结果表明,通过本方法可以获得6.25%的四倍体幼虫。本研究还对灭活的异源长牡蛎精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育四倍体过程中产生的复杂倍性、核物质分离紊乱及多精附卵现象进行了观察和分析。 相似文献
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采用二氨基苯基吲哚(DAPI)染色荧光显微方法,对栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri♀)×长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas♂)受精过程进行详细观察。结果显示,长牡蛎精子能迅速附着并穿过栉孔扇贝卵膜,精核发生解凝缩而膨胀形成雄性原核;精子入卵后,栉孔扇贝卵子减数分裂重新启动,释放极体并形成雌性原核,最后雌、雄原核融合,受精卵开始第1次卵裂。栉孔扇贝与长牡蛎杂交受精率一般在40%左右。受精卵发育过程中出现了排放2个极体、排放1个极体、不排放极体3种类型,所占受精卵比例约为65%、25%和10%。多数受精卵第1次卵裂后期,染色体发生异常分离,不能平均分配到2个子细胞中,这可能是造成早期胚胎畸形,只能发育到担轮幼虫阶段而全部死亡的主要原因。 相似文献
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栉孔扇贝正常发育和人工雌核发育二倍体早期胚胎核行为的细胞学观察 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
采用Bouin氏液固定、石蜡切片和苏木精-伊红染色方法，在光镜下对栉孔扇贝正常发育和6-DMAP第二极体抑制型雌核发育二倍体卵在受精和第一、二次卵裂过程中的核相变化进行了详细观察。结果表明，正常发育卵内的雌、雄原核能融合为合子核，而雌核发育卵内的精核、雌核变化相当复杂。精核至少存在两种状态：（1）精核只在刚入卵时发生轻微膨胀，以后保持固缩状态，不膨大形成雄原核；（2）在第二次成熟分裂之后，精核再次去浓缩膨胀，但其体积并未达到正常雄原核的大小。在第一、第二次卵裂过程中，此精核不参与核分裂，以致密的染色质体（DCB）存在于两组分开的母本染色体之间，卵裂结束时滞留于两卵裂球的分裂沟上或进入其一的细胞质中。受精卵经6-DMAP处理，雌核形成第二极体的过程受到有效抑制，导致雌核二倍化。此外，作者对实验中出现的多精入卵和多极分离现象进行了观察和分析。 相似文献
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以栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri为母本、长牡蛎Crassostrea gigas为父本进行人工杂交。采用Bouin氏液固定、石蜡切片和苏木精-伊红染色在光镜下对其受精和第1次卵裂过程中核相变化进行观察;运用压片法和热滴片法分别对4～8细胞期和担轮幼虫期胚胎进行染色体制片。结果表明,长牡蛎精子可以进入栉孔扇贝卵子,并激活卵子减数分裂使其释放第1极体（PB1）和第2极体（PB2）,能够形成雌、雄原核并融合为合子核,接着受精卵开始第1次卵裂;杂交胚胎发育过程中,囊胚期很长、胚胎畸形严重,只能发育到担轮幼虫期;杂种胚胎染色体数目变化范围较大,在20～85之间,染色体不能平均分配到两个子细胞中是杂种胚胎死亡的主要原因。杂交胚胎不能存活保证了异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育的可靠性。 相似文献
8.
研究了利用6-二甲基氨基嘌呤(60μg/mL;6-DMAP)抑制第1卵裂诱导栉孔扇贝[Chlamys farreri(Jones et Pre-ston)]雄核发育二倍体的条件。雄核发育单倍体是将强度为2.8 mW/(cm2.s)的紫外线照射20 s的卵子与正常精子受精后得到的。6-DMAP不仅可以有效地抑制减数分裂,还可以有效地抑制有丝分裂;抑制第1卵裂的适宜起始时间为受精后80 min,诱导率为21.0%~22.6%。细胞学观察显示,6-DMAP抑制第1卵裂产生的雄核发育二倍体主要来源于第1卵裂中期的受精卵,由于阻止了染色体分离和原核移动,导致一个融合的二倍性雌性原核的形成;经紫外线照射的卵核在第1卵裂中期没能形成染色体,而是形成1个浓缩的染色质小体,没有参与第1卵裂后期的核分裂。尽管倍化率和D形幼虫发生率较低,但本研究证实了栉孔扇贝雄核发育二倍体人工诱导的可行性。[中国水产科学,2006,13(4):585-590] 相似文献
9.
异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育后代的微卫星分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用紫外线遗传灭活的长牡蛎精子激活栉孔扇贝卵子,6-DMAP诱导染色体加倍的方法,获得第二极体抑制型雌核发育二倍体早期胚胎。通过优化PCR反应条件,在11对栉孔扇贝和10对长牡蛎微卫星引物中共筛选出3对引物,可以同时在长牡蛎和栉孔扇贝基因组中获得稳定性,多态性较好的特异性扩增条带,其中2对引物为栉孔扇贝引物。利用筛选出的3对通用微卫星引物对雌核发育后代进行检验及遗传分析。结果表明,雌核发育个体基因完全来自于母本,后代中没有父本基因的表达;部分雌核发育后代在3个座位上发生了纯合,部分个体发生了不同程度的基因重组,3个座位上的重组率分别为40%、55%和35%。研究结果从分子水平上证实,利用遗传失活的长牡蛎精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育是可行的,只进行一次第二极体抑制型雌核发育二倍体的诱导只能获得部分后代个体的基因纯合,但后代与母本具有较高的遗传同质性。 相似文献
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采用紫外线遗传灭活的长牡蛎精子激活栉孔扇贝卵子,运用L9（3^4）设计不同6-DMAP的处理条件来诱导染色体加倍,获得第二极体抑制型栉孔扇贝雌核发育二倍体早期胚胎。以雌核发育担轮幼虫为材料,滴片法制备染色体并采用计数法统计倍性,分析不同6-DMAP浓度、诱导时机和诱导持续时间对雌核发育二倍体诱导率的影响,并统计早期胚胎畸形率。结果表明,不同6-DMAP浓度、诱导时机和诱导持续时间对异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育二倍体的诱导率均有显著影响;早期胚胎畸形率与二倍体的诱导率呈负相关,y=46.632-0.891x（r=-0.813,P〈0.01）。6-DMAP诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育二倍体的最佳处理条件为：20%～25%受精卵排放出第1极体时,60μg/ml的6-DMAP持续处理25min可得到最高的诱导率为29.5±5.36%。研究结果为6-DMAP诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育染色体加倍提供了一定的细胞学依据和技术参数。 相似文献
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Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean 
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下载免费PDF全文 The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna. 相似文献
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Liping Li Rui Wang Wanwen Liang Xi Gan Ting Huang Yan Huang Jian Li Yunliang Shi Honglin Luo Ming Chen 《广西水产科技》2014,(1)
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China. 相似文献
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Iciar Martinez Amaya Velasco Ricardo Pérez-Martín Eskil Forås Michiaki Yamashita Carmen G. Sotelo 《Journal Of Aquatic Food Product Technology》2013,22(4):289-297
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus. 相似文献
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In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg. 相似文献
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Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation. 相似文献
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Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 G Sharon M Pimenta‐Leibowitz M C L Vilchis N Isakov D Zilberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(1):67-74
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality). 相似文献
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Qin-Cheng Huang Di‐Gen Qin Bei‐Ping Tan Tao Du Yuan-Zhi Yang Qi-hui Yang Shu‐Yan Chi Xiao-hui Dong 《Aquaculture Research》2020,51(2):816-827
A 5 × 3 factorial growth trial was conducted to evaluate optimal dietary protein and lipid levels (dietary protein level, DP; dietary lipid level, DL) for juvenile Sillago sihama (S. sihama) (2.0 ± 0.02 g, initial weight). Fish were fed 15 diets containing 5 DPs (350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 g/kg) and 3 DLs (60, 90 and 120 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The interaction between proteins and lipids significantly influenced the feed conversion ratio, condition factor, body composition, antioxidant indices and lipase activity (p < .05). DP 450 g/kg showed the highest average final body weight. DPs 500 and 550 g/kg significantly decreased the protein efficiency ratio (p < .05). DL 120 g/kg showed the highest percentage weight gain. The low feed conversion ratio was found in diets P45L12, P55L9 and P55L12. Diet P45L12 showed high superoxide dismutase activities. DP 450 g/kg showed the lowest average malondialdehyde content. Lipase activity was increased by increasing DP (p < .05) with a fall at DP 550 g/kg. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal DP for S. sihama was 450 g/kg under the DL 120 g/kg. 相似文献
20.
Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) increased plasma inorganic phosphate concentration in American eels,Anguilla rostrata, in a dose-dependent fashion. This response was more marked in phosphate loaded fish. In control as well as phosphate loaded
eels the hyperphosphatemic response to D3 was associated with a sharp reduction in renal phosphate clearance relative to14C-polyethelene glycol (PEG) clearance. Glomerular filtration and urine flow rates were not affected by D3. As renal phosphate clearance, even in phosphate loaded eels, never significantly exceeded that of PEG, it is suggested that
D3 reduced the relative clearance rate of phosphate by increasing renal phosphate reabsorption rather than by reducing the tubular
secretion of phosphate. 相似文献