In silico prediction of Gallibacterium anatis pan-immunogens     

Ragnhild J Bager  Egle Kudirkiene  Isabelle da Piedade  Torsten Seemann  Tine K Nielsen  Susanne E Pors  Andreas H Mattsson  John D Boyce  Ben Adler  Anders M Bojesen 《Veterinary research》2014,45(1)

The Gram-negative bacterium Gallibacterium anatis is a major cause of salpingitis and peritonitis in commercial egg-layers, leading to reduced egg production and increased mortality. Unfortunately, widespread multidrug resistance and antigenic diversity makes it difficult to control infections and novel prevention strategies are urgently needed. In this study, a pan-genomic reverse vaccinology (RV) approach was used to identify potential vaccine candidates. Firstly, the genomes of 10 selected Gallibacterium strains were analyzed and proteins selected on the following criteria; predicted surface-exposure or secretion, none or one transmembrane helix (TMH), and presence in six or more of the 10 genomes. In total, 42 proteins were selected. The genes encoding 27 of these proteins were successfully cloned in Escherichia coli and the proteins expressed and purified. To reduce the number of vaccine candidates for in vivo testing, each of the purified recombinant proteins was screened by ELISA for their ability to elicit a significant serological response with serum from chickens that had been infected with G. anatis. Additionally, an in silico prediction of the protective potential was carried out based on a protein property prediction method. Of the 27 proteins, two novel putative immunogens were identified; Gab_1309 and Gab_2312. Moreover, three previously characterized virulence factors; GtxA, FlfA and Gab_2156, were identified. Thus, by combining the pan-genomic RV approach with subsequent in vitro and in silico screening, we have narrowed down the pan-proteome of G. anatis to five vaccine candidates. Importantly, preliminary immunization trials indicated an in vivo protective potential of GtxA-N, FlfA and Gab_1309.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-014-0080-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

A test of the individual feeding activity and food size preference in rainbow trout using demand feeders     

Anders Alanärä  Eva Brännäs 《Aquaculture International》1993,1(1):47-54

Feeding activity and food size preferences were investigated in three groups of rainbow trout with initial weights ranging from 200 to 1000 g. Fish were given the option of releasing food from either of two demand feeding devices that contained either 6 mm or 9 mm food pellets. Individual biting activity (to activate release of food) was continuously monitored using specially designed passive integrated transponders (PIT-tags). In each of the groups, biting activity was strongly influenced by three individuals, which accounted for 70–85% of the total. Thus, high bite activity by few individuals indicates the development of social dominance hierarchies. There was no statistically significant correlation between number of bites and growth rate, indicating that the fish that operated the demand feeders did not gain any growth advantage. Trout that dominated the actuation of the feeders were found among both medium- and large-sized fish. There was no evidence of active food size selection, and the fish that most frequently operated the feeders defended one area of the tank rather than preferring the trigger that would have delivered food of the optimal size.  相似文献   

鱼粉质量对中国对虾、真鲷、饲料转化率和蛋白质消化率的影响     

梁明青  AndersAksnes 《海洋水产研究》2001,22(4):75-79

IntroductionInherent to the practice of intensive aquaculture is the generation of wastes having immediate and verybroad effects on the aquatic environment.There is a growing consensus about the need to reduce waste pro-duction in aquaculture to minimize the negative impacts on the environment.Nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) wastes are major concerns for many aquaculture operations.In the past,formulation of diets in intensive aquaculture was often aimed at meeting requirements formaximum growt…  相似文献   

Comparison of acid-detergent lignin,alkaline-peroxide lignin,and acid-detergent insoluble ash as internal markers for predicting fecal output and digestibilily by caltie offered bermudagrass hays of varying nutrient composition     

Juvenal Kanani  ;Dirk Philipp  ;Kenneth P Coffey  ;Elizabeth B Kegley  ;Charles P West  ;Shane Gadberry  ;John Jennings  ;Ashley N Young  ;Robert T Rhein 《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2014,(3):310-317

Background： The potential for acid-detergent insoluble ash （ADIA）, alkaline-peroxide lignin （APL）, and acid-detergent lignin （ADL） to predict fecal output （FO） and dry matter digestibility （DMD） by cattle offered bermudagrass [Cynodon doctylon （L） Pers.] hays of different qualities was evaluated. Eight ruminally cannulated cows （594 ± 35.5 kg） were allocated randomly to 4 hay diets： low （L）, medium low （ML）, medium high （MH）, and high （H） crude protein （CP） concentration （79, 111,131, and 164 g CP/kg on a DM basis, respectively）. Diets were offered in 3 periods with 2 diet replicates per period and were rotated across cows between periods. Cows were individually fed 20 g DM/kg of body weight in equal feedings at 08：00 and 16：00 h for a 10-d adaptation followed by a 5-d total fecal collection. Actual DM intake （DMI）, DMD, and FO were determined based on hay offered, ort, and feces excreted. These components were then analyzed for ADL, APL, and ADIA concentration to determine marker recovery and marker-based estimates of FO and DMD. Results： Forage DMI was affected by diet （P = 0.02）, and DMI from MH and H was greater （P 〈 0.05） than from L. Apparent DMD tended （P = 0.08） to differ among diets while FO （P = 0.20） was not affected by diet treatments. Average ADL recovery （1.16） was greater （P 〈 0.05） than that of ADIA （1.03） and APL （1.06）, but ADIA and APL did not differ （P = 0.42）. Estimates of FO and DMD derived using APL and ADIA were not different （P≥0.05） from total fecal collection while those using ADL differed （P 〈 0.05）. There was no diet by marker interaction （P≥ 0.22） for either FO or DMD. Conclusion： Acid-detergent insoluble ash and APL accurately predicted FO and DMD of cattle fed bermudagrass hay of varying nutrient composition. These internal markers may facilitate studies involving large numbers of animals and forages. Results from such studies may be used to develop improve  相似文献   

A simple and inexpensive spawning and egg collection system for fish with pelagic eggs     

Ingvar Huse  Per Anders Jensen 《Aquacultural Engineering》1983,2(3):165-171

A spawning and egg collecting system for fish with pelagic eggs is described and discussed. The spawning unit is a 175 m³ submersible plastic pen supported by a polyethylene floating collar. The eggs are collected by rotating the water column in the pen and placing a net in the rotating water. The system is inexpensive and easy to operate. Temperature and illumination control are feasible.The quantity collected in the 1981 spawning season was 138 million eggs. Obtained eggs were of good quality. The theoretical spawning potential of the brood stock was 271 million eggs. This difference was mainly ascribed to suboptimal collection, but also to incomplete spawning and sinking of unfertilized and dead eggs.  相似文献   

The cytochrome P450 system of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): II. Variations in hepatic catalytic activities and isozyme patterns during an annual reproductive cycle     

Håvard E. Larsen  Malin Celander  Anders Goksøyr 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1992,10(4):291-301

A group of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was followed through their first year of maturation and spawning. At monthly intervals, starting with juvenile fish in December, 5–7 fish of each sex were killed, and liver and plasma were sampled. The last sampling point was of spawning fish in November a year later. Variables in the cytochrome P450 (P450) system were studied in hepatic microsomes, and estradiol 17 was measured in the plasma of females to assess the maturational status. The P450 1A1-mediated 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) started at high levels in winter, but decreased to non-detectable activities in pre-spawning females. Decreases, but not to the same extent, were also observed during this period in total cytochrome P450, cytochrome b₅, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, and in the content of two immunochemically determined P450 isozymes. At the same time, LSI levels increased in maturing females (starting in July), and GSI levels increased in both sexes (starting in May). Sex specific differences were observed in pre-spawning fish in September and October, with levels of total P450, b₅, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, EROD and P450 isozymes significantly lower in females. At the same time, plasma estradiol-17 levels reached peak values in females. The results point to the important role of sex steroids such as estradiol-17 as major factors in the regulation of final sexual maturation. However, this study also indicates that there may be estradiol-17 independent events of equal importance in the early stages of gonadal maturation that may involve the P450 system. The changes observed in the P450 system (as a major drug and steroid metabolizing system) of Atlantic salmon during sexual maturation may be of importance both in the endogenous transduction of hormonal signals, and as a pharmacological basis for designing therapeutic treatment of diseases in the aquaculture industry.Parts of this work were presented at the 5th International Symposium on Responses of Marine Organisms to Pollutants, April 1989 in Plymouth, United Kingdom (Larsen and Goks\/oyr 1989).  相似文献   

Tenerife's freshwater macroinvertebrates: Status and threats (Canary Islands,Spain)     

Bjrn Malmqvist  Anders N. Nilsson  Marcos Baez 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》1995,5(1):1-24

• 1 This paper lists 171 freshwater macroinvertebrate taxa from Tenerife (excluding chironomids) based on this study and other published information. Canarian endemism and a Mediterranean origin are dominant features in the data set. At least 14 species are Tenerife endemics. Endemism is especially high in the Diptera, Trichoptera and Coleoptera.
• 2 Extensive investigations were carried out at 57 sites in six different habitat categories and from at least two seasons. The most species-rich habitats were those with permanently running water, a biotope that is rare and diminishing in Tenerife.
• 3 The principal threat to freshwater environments is an increase in human exploitation of the water resources, which, if it is not moderated, will cause extinctions in the near future. Taxa that do not favour man-made canals are especially at risk—a risk that is increased by the small number of populations. These include the Canarian endemics Wormaldia tagananana, Tinodes canariensis (Trichoptera), Dixa tetrica (Diptera) and Baetis pseudorhodani (Ephemeroptera). Thirty-nine species were found at five or fewer sites.
• 4 Some species can survive in intermittent streams, although we found less than half of the taxa present in this habitat, indicating the extent of the diversity reductions that might be expected to follow the drying up of permanent streams.
• 5 Species living in the thin film of water in the madicolous habitats are similarly at risk. Three Canarian endemics were found exclusively in this habitat: Hydrotarsus pilosus, Limnebius punctatus (Coleoptera) and Satchelliella binunciolata (Diptera).
• 6 As a first step, protective measures are proposed for five of the most species-rich streams. If these were to be implemented, they would make a significant contribution towards maintaining biodiversity in the fresh waters of Tenerife.

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摄食促进剂对对虾生长的影响   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

梁萌青  常青等 《海洋水产研究》2001,22(4):71-74

IntroductionMeasures to assure that all feed offered to animals in commercial operation is consumed and to reduceformulated feed waste pollution,have been considered as some of the most relevant for lowering productioncosts in aquaculture.Considering the importance of chemical stimulant in development of the crustacean lifecircle,it is logical to assume that by adding attractants to the feed,the animal would rapidly find potentialfeed and ingest it.Additionally,measures involving the incorpora…  相似文献   

双乙酸钠在肉鸭日粮中的添饲效果试验     

刘安芳 《畜禽业》2003,(2):38-39

选用1日龄健康樱桃谷肉鸭600只,随机分为3组,每组设4个重复,每个重复50只肉鸭,试验采用单因素完全随机试验设计。A组饲喂基础日粮,B组、C组在基础日粮的基础上分别添加0.2%、0.4%的双乙酸钠。试验结果表明:日粮中添加双乙酸钠对肉鸭日增重、瘦肉率有显著影响(P<0.05);对肉鸭的饲料转化率有极显著影响(P<0.01);对肉鸭的成活率和屠宰率、皮脂率无显著影响(P>0.05)。B组日增重比A组提高了8.65%(P<0.05),比C组提高了5.45%(P>0.05);B组料肉比较A组降低了11.52%(P<0.01),较C组降低了3.29%(P<0.05);B组的成活率与A组、C组间差异不显著(P>0.05);B组每只肉鸭分别比A、C组多盈利1.04元、1.06元。  相似文献   

Changes in arterial PO₂, physiological blood parameters and intracellular antioxidants in free-swimming Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) exposed to varying levels of hyperoxia     

Karlsson A  Heier LS  Rosseland BO  Salbu B  Kiessling A 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2011,37(1):249-258

Free-swimming Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were exposed to water oxygen pressures (P _wO₂) ranging from 18.1 to 41.5 kPa and sampled for blood using an indwelling caudal artery cannula. Arterial blood oxygen pressure (P _aO₂) increased with increasing P _wO₂, from 12.0 kPa in normoxia (18.1 kPa) to 34.2 kPa in the highest hyperoxic level tested (41.5 kPa). Blood CO₂ pressure and plasma bicarbonate concentration increased with P _wO₂, indicating reduced ventilation with increased P _wO₂. Plasma glucose, sodium and potassium were not affected by water oxygen level. Blood oxidative stress biomarkers, reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione and the oxidative stress index (ratio between oxidized and total glutathione) differed intermittently between normoxia and hyperoxia. The oxidative stress index was higher in the blood of exposed compared to unexposed control cod. Together with elevated P _aO₂, these findings suggest increased production of reactive oxygen species and increased oxidative stress in Atlantic cod exposed to hyperoxia.  相似文献