荒漠区滴灌施氮量对葡萄叶绿素荧光特性及碳代谢的影响     

韩丽娜  马宗桓  王颖  胡紫璟  史星雲  毛娟  陈佰鸿 《华北农学报》2020,35(2):170-177

为了研究蛇龙珠葡萄各生育期施氮量对叶片光合特性和同化产物积累的影响,在滴灌条件下,设定4个尿素施用量:150(N1),300(N2),450(N3),600 kg/hm~2(N4),对照(CK)设置为0 kg/hm~2,分析各生育期(花前5 d DBF5、花后20 d DAF20和花后50 d DAF50)不同氮素营养对葡萄叶片的光合荧光参数及碳代谢相关指标的影响。结果表明:适量增施氮肥提高了叶片叶绿素含量和RuBp羧化酶活性,增强了葡萄树的光合作用,而叶片中PSⅡ有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)的提高及非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)的降低使叶片叶绿素荧光增强,且N2下的Fv′/Fm′、ΦPSⅡ、qP在DAF20和DAF50时比同期CK分别显著升高了16.10%,17.80%;21.49%,21.13%及11.77%,19.73%;适量增施氮肥提高了蔗糖代谢相关酶的活性和可溶性糖含量,减少了淀粉含量,且在整个生育期,SPS、SS以及蔗糖在N3下有最高值,葡萄糖和果糖在N2下有最高值,而在DBF5、DAF20和DAF50时NI和AI分别在N2、N2和N1处理下有最高值。同CK相比,N2处理显著增加了可溶性糖、单宁、花青素的含量和可滴定酸含量,提高了坐果率和糖酸比,产量达14.50 t/hm~2。综上,在300～450 kg/hm~2的尿素施用范围内明显增强了叶片光合作用,促进可溶性糖的合成,从而为葡萄果实的生长发育供应足够的营养。  相似文献   

不同类型水稻品种产量和氮素吸收利用对大气CO2浓度升高响应的差异     

周娟  舒小伟  赖上坤  许高平  黄建晔  姚友礼  杨连新  董桂春  王余龙 《中国水稻科学》2020,34(6):561-573

目的 探明不同类型水稻品种产量和氮素吸收利用对FACE(大气CO₂浓度增高)响应的差异。方法 以常规粳稻、杂交籼稻、常规籼稻共6个品种为供试材料,研究FACE对不同类型水稻产量、氮素吸收利用的影响。结果 1）FACE处理极显著提高了水稻产量,平均增加24.17%, 常规籼稻增幅最大,FACE和对照均以杂交籼稻最高;2）FACE处理显著增加了单位面积穗数,常规粳稻增幅最大,并显著增加了杂交籼稻和常规籼稻每穗粒数;3）FACE处理显著提高了成熟期吸氮量和氮素籽粒生产效率,成熟期吸氮量平均增加21.23%,杂交籼稻增幅最大, FACE和对照均以常规籼稻最高;氮素籽粒生产效率平均增加7.33%,杂交籼稻增幅最大,FACE和对照均以杂交籼稻最高。成熟期吸氮量对产量促进作用略大于成熟期氮素籽粒生产效率;4）FACE处理降低了植株含氮率,成熟期平均下降0.105个百分点,常规粳稻降幅最大。FACE处理极显著提高植株干物质量,成熟期平均增加23.95%,常规籼稻增幅最大;FACE处理显著提高常规籼稻和杂交籼稻成熟期单穗吸氮量,分别增加10.79%、13.93%,但常规粳稻下降了9.60%;FACE处理显著提高了成熟期群体吸氮强度,平均增加22.29%,杂交籼稻增幅最大。FACE处理对水稻全生育期天数无显著影响;FACE处理显著提高茎鞘、叶片、穗各器官吸氮量,叶片增幅最大,平均增加51.86%,杂交籼稻增幅最大;FACE处理显著提高了不同生育阶段吸氮量,抽穗-成熟阶段增幅最大,平均增加108.90%,杂交籼稻增幅最大;5）植株干物质量、单穗吸氮量、吸氮强度、穗吸氮量、抽穗-成熟阶段吸氮量对成熟期总吸氮量的促进作用分别大于植株含氮率、单位面积穗数、生育天数、茎鞘叶吸氮量、移栽-分蘖和分蘖-抽穗阶段吸氮量;6）FACE处理显著提高了氮肥偏生产力,降低了每百千克籽粒需氮量,前者平均增加24.16%,常规籼稻增加最多;后者平均降低4.7%,常规籼稻降幅最大。结论 FACE处理可显著提高水稻产量和氮素吸收利用效率,但品种间差异较大。  相似文献   

The efficiency of nitrogen in cattle manures when applied to a double‐annual forage cropping system          下载免费PDF全文

B. Perramon  À. D. Bosch‐Serra  F. Domingo‐Olivé  J. Boixadera 《Grass and Forage Science》2017,72(4):676-690

The use of cattle manure (CM) for fertilization presents challenges for optimizing nitrogen (N) use. Our work aimed to assess N efficiencies, in a 6‐year experiment with three biennial rotations of four crops: oat–sorghum (first year) and ryegrass–maize (second year) in a rainfed humid Mediterranean area of Spain. Fertilization treatments included the following: control (no N), 250 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1 (250MN), three CM rates (supplying 170, 250 and 500 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) and four treatments where the two lowest CM rates were complemented with either 80 or 160 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1. Treatments were distributed randomly in each of three blocks. Maximum dry‐matter yield (~44–49 t ha^?1 rotation^?1) was achieved in the third rotation, and only the control and the 170CM yielded significantly less. Within the limitations of the EU Nitrate Directive, the N steady state supply of 170CM always requires a complement of mineral N (80 kg N ha^?1) to maximize N agronomic efficiency. The maximum N‐fertilizer replacement value (250CM vs. 250MN) was 0·67, without significant differences between the two treatments in other N‐related efficiency indexes, which indicates that plants took advantage of residual‐N effects. Nitrogen losses by leaching in the 250CM treatment were around 5–7% of the N applied. This reinforces the sustainability of manure recycling in long cropping seasons.  相似文献   

Getting cosy in freshwater: Assumed to be brackish pike are not so brackish after all     

Kim Birnie‐Gauvin  Lasse Birch Hjrup  Theis Kragh  Lene Jacobsen  Kim Aarestrup 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2019,28(3):376-384

Pike (Esox lucius) occupy coastal streams and rivers of the Baltic Sea, where they attain large sizes (>5 kg). These large sizes are perhaps due to the fact that they can tolerate relatively high salinities and can thus forage in the nearby more productive brackish environments. In an attempt to quantify the extent to which pike utilise brackish environments, and to provide some insight into the underlying causes for brackish water migrations, we tagged 30 pike from a western Baltic river with acoustic transmitters and were able to track 21 individuals for 1 year. Based on experienced from local anglers, this population was assumed to be brackish in nature, where individuals underwent freshwater migrations to spawn. Our findings however suggest that the smallest and most active individuals make short exits into brackish waters and do so on rare occasions. Our results further indicate that neither sex nor size is related to activity level. We suggest that these patterns reflect two distinct behaviours—active and passive—and that large pike can be supported by the food availability in the river, without the need to venture into coastal zones, thus defying the conventional view that Baltic pike are all brackish in nature.  相似文献   

Silage and total mixed ration hygienic quality on commercial farms: implications for animal production          下载免费PDF全文

T. Cogan  R. Hawkey  E. Higgie  M. R. F. Lee  E. Mee  D. Parfitt  J. Raj  S. Roderick  N. Walker  P. Ward  J. M. Wilkinson 《Grass and Forage Science》2017,72(4):601-613

Implications of silage hygienic quality for animal production were investigated on forty‐five dairy farms in South West England. Samples of grass and maize silages and of total mixed rations (TMR) were obtained together with information on silage technology, herd size and animal production. Samples were analysed for mycotoxins, bacteria, yeasts, moulds and chemical composition. Thirteen mycotoxins were assayed, but none were detected in the samples of grass silage. However, mycotoxins were found in 0·9 of all maize and other silage samples, with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone predominating. There was no relationship between total mycotoxin concentration and mean lactation milk yield per cow. Enterobacteria counts tended to be higher in maize silage than in grass silage and higher still in TMR – a cause for concern. There were no relationships between mould counts and mycotoxin concentrations in silages, implying that mycotoxins may have been produced in the field pre‐ensiling.  相似文献   

Whitened kernel surface: A fast and reliable method for assessing Fusarium severity on cereal grains by digital picture analysis     

Marine Ollier  Vincent Talle  Anne‐Laure Brisset  Zo Le Bihan  Simon Duerr  Marc Lemmens  Ellen Goudemand  Olivier Robert  Jean‐Louis Hilbert  Hermann Buerstmayr 《Plant Breeding》2019,138(1):69-81

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a cereal disease of major importance responsible for yield losses and mycotoxin contaminations in grains. Here, we introduce a new measurement approach to quantify FHB severity on grains based on the evaluation of the whitened kernel surface (WKS) using digital image analysis. The applicability of WKS was assessed on two bread wheat and one triticale grain sample sets (265 samples). Pearson correlation coefficients between Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK) and WKS range from r = 0.77 to r = 0.81 and from r = 0.61 to r = 0.86 for the correlation between deoxynivalenol (DON) content and WKS. This new scoring method facilitates fast and reliable assessment of the resistance to kernel infection and shows significant correlation with mycotoxin content. WKS can be automated and does not suffer from the “human factor” inherent to visual scorings. As a low‐cost and fast approach, this method appears particularly attractive for breeding and genetic analysis of FHB resistance where typically large numbers of experimental lines need to be evaluated, and for which WKS is suggested as an alternative to visual FDK scorings.  相似文献   

高效氯氟氰菊酯对东亚小花蝽捕食功能反应的影响          下载免费PDF全文

邓士群  张雯林  肖建飞  陈娟  高丽瞳  高云雷  邴玉成  韩岚岚  赵奎军 《中国生物防治学报》2020,36(1):40-45

为了研究高效氯氟氰菊酯对东亚小花蝽雌成虫捕食功能反应的影响，比较分析了LC₂₅、LC₅₀、LC₇₅高效氯氟氰菊酯胁迫3日龄东亚小花蝽雌成虫后，对大豆蚜捕食量、寻找效应、猎物密度效应、种内分摊竞争效应和功能反应等的影响。研究表明，对照组与LC₂₅、LC₅₀高效氯氟氰菊酯胁迫的东亚小花蝽成虫受猎物密度效应影响明显，而LC₇₅高效氯氟氰菊酯胁迫的东亚小花蝽成虫受猎物密度效应影响不明显；在药剂浓度为0 mg/L和140 mg/L时，捕食量达到的最大值和最小值分别为12.33和0.83头，寻找效应达到的最大值和最小值分别为0.96和0.10；受不同浓度药剂胁迫的东亚小花蝽成虫对大豆蚜的捕食能力和寻找效应均随着药剂浓度的增加而下降；捕食量随大豆蚜虫口密度增加而增多，种内竞争分摊强度随小花蝽数量增加而增强，平均捕食量降低；在LC₅₀高效氯氟氰菊酯胁迫下，东亚小花蝽成虫捕食作用率方程为E=0.1255P^-0.2956，分摊竞争强度方程为I=0.5401logP^-0.0033。  相似文献   

Paternal genomotype affects female growth in a hybrid fish complex          下载免费PDF全文

Sara Carona  Maria J. Collares‐Pereira  M. Filomena Magalhães 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2017,26(4):719-721

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Soil protection for a sustainable future: options for a soil monitoring network for Ireland          下载免费PDF全文

L. O'Sullivan  F. Bampa  K. Knights  R. E. Creamer 《Soil Use and Management》2017,33(2):346-363

The increased recognition of the importance of soil is reflected in the UN Post‐2015 Development Agenda with sustainable development goals that directly and indirectly relate to soil quality and protection. Despite a lack of legally binding legislation for soil protection, the European Commission remains committed to the objective of soil protection. However, the achievement of a legally binding framework for soil protection relies on the implementation of a soil monitoring network (SMN) that can detect changes to soil quality over time. As beneficiaries do not pay for the provision of soil information, the options for soil monitoring are limited. The use of existing data sets should be considered first. Using Ireland as an example, this research explored the opportunities for a SMN for Ireland considering three existing national data sets. The options for a SMN are considered in terms of their spatial and stratified distribution, the parameters to be measured and an economic analysis of the options proposed. This research finds that for Ireland, either a 10 or a 16 km² grid interval stratified by land use and drainage class offers the best potential in relation to the spatial distribution of existing data sets to reflect local data at a national level. With existing data, the stratified SIS data using the 16 km² grid offers the best value for money, with baseline costs for analysis, excluding field costs, of between €706 481 and €2.8 million. Acknowledging the impossibility of measuring all parameters with ideal frequency, this study proposes a two‐tier system for optimized monitoring frequency. Parameters must anticipate future policy requirements. Finally, the implementation of a SMN must be accompanied by standardized methods, defined thresholds and action mandates to maintain soil quality within allowable limits.  相似文献   

The ecosystem services concept: a new Esperanto to facilitate participatory planning processes?     

Spyra  Marcin  Kleemann  Janina  Cetin  Nuket Ipek  Vázquez Navarrete  Cesar Jesús  Albert  Christian  Palacios-Agundez  Igone  Ametzaga-Arregi  Ibone  La Rosa  Daniele  Rozas-Vásquez  Daniel  Adem Esmail  Blal  Picchi  Paolo  Geneletti  Davide  König  Hannes J.  Koo  HongMi  Kopperoinen  Leena  Fürst  Christine 《Landscape Ecology》2019,34(7):1715-1735

Landscape Ecology - Several case studies investigated the role of ecosystem services in participatory planning processes. However, no systematic study exists that cuts across a large number of...  相似文献