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51.
Accounting for temporal inflow variation in the inverse solution for infiltration in surface irrigation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A simple modification of the volume balance equation of the IPARM model is presented to facilitate the use of variable inflow.
Traditional approaches for estimating infiltration from advance and/or runoff have merely considered the constant or step
inflow case. Whenever this assumption is violated, significant uncertainty is introduced into the estimated infiltration parameters.
Evaluation of the procedure with a number of data sets has demonstrated significant improvements in the estimates of infiltration
parameters. Furthermore, the technique has shown that a portion of the apparent variability in estimated soil intake rates
between furrows in the same field is a consequence of the constant inflow assumption. Accounting for the variable inflow to
estimate infiltration functions, both standardised the shape of the infiltration curve and reduced the magnitude of the variation
between curves. The proposed technique remains restricted by limitations similar to that of other volume balance models but
offers greater performance under typical inflow variations often experienced in practice. 相似文献
52.
A modern computer-based simulation tool (WaterMan) in the form of a game for on-farm water management was developed for application in training events for farmers, students, and irrigators. The WaterMan game utilizes an interactive framework, thereby allowing the user to develop scenarios and test alternatives in a convenient, risk-free environment. It includes a comprehensive soil water and salt balance calculation algorithm. It also employs heuristic capabilities for modeling all of the important aspects of on-farm water management, and to provide quantitative performance evaluations and practical water management advice to the trainees. Random events (both favorable and unfavorable) and different strategic decisions are included in the game for more realism and to provide an appropriate level of challenge according to player performance. Thus, the ability to anticipate the player skill level, and to reply with random events appropriate to the anticipated level, is provided by the heuristic capabilities used in the software. These heuristic features were developed based on a combination of two artificial intelligence approaches: (1) a pattern recognition approach and (2) reinforcement learning based on a Markov decision processes approach, specifically the Q-learning method. These two approaches were combined in a new way to account for the difference in the effect of actions taken by the player and action taken by the system in the game world. The reward function for the Q-learning method was modified to reflect the suggested classification of the WaterMan game as what is referred to as a partially competitive and partially cooperative game. 相似文献
53.
54.
Reducing overall water diversions for agriculture, while maintaining or increasing production to keep up with increasing world
population, has been and will continue to be a challenge. Yet there is not good agreement regarding the programs needed to
improve the productivity of agricultural water use, nor what increases are feasible. It is recognized that field irrigation
is inherently nonuniform. So also is the distribution of water to users and water delivery service nonuniform. Here, we suggest
that crop-scale irrigation uniformity can be examined at a project scale by understanding how field, farm and project irrigation
systems contribute to nonuniformity. We also discuss the interrelation between project scale uniformity and the relative irrigation
water supply, and their combined impact on project productivity. We provide an example which relates internal measures of
project performance (e.g., water distribution operations) and external measures of project performance (e.g., project-wise
water productivity). 相似文献
55.
56.
K. L. Worrall C. G. Carter R. J. Wilkinson M. J. R. Porter 《Aquaculture International》2011,19(6):1075-1082
The efficacy of photoperiod manipulation to influence growth and developmental processes is well documented in a range of
temperate aquaculture species. However, the application of such techniques with tropical species requires further investigation.
This preliminary 20-day study investigated the influence of continuous photoperiod on growth of barramundi (Lates calcarifer). In addition, diel plasma melatonin profiles provided a physiological measure of how the endocrine system of barramundi
responded to continuous photoperiod. Juvenile barramundi (1.33 ± 0.02 g) were held in recirculation systems under 12-h light:
12-h dark (12L:12D) or 24-h light (24L:0D) with a light intensity of 1,000 lux throughout the water column. Fish from both
treatments grew to more than 14 times their original weight, with final weight (24L:0D = 21.59 ± 0.85 g; 12L:12D = 19.12 ± 0.55 g),
total length (24L:0D = 12.67 ± 0.14 cm; 12L:12D = 11.96 ± 0.13 cm) and specific growth rate (24L:0D = 9.60 ± 0.05% bw day−1; 12L:12D = 9.14 ± 0.06% bw day−1) being significantly higher for fish grown on 24L:0D compared with 12L:12D. There were no significant differences in feed
intake (24L:0D = 226.46 ± 6.27 g; 12L:12D = 219.02 ± 5.73 g) or feed conversion ratio (24L:0D = 0.71 ± 0.06; 12L:12D = 0.80 ± 0.07)
between light treatments. Barramundi held under 12L:12D exhibited diel melatonin secretion, which peaked mid-dark phase (171.83 ± 4.81 pg ml−1) followed by a gradual decrease in base levels at the onset of illumination (68.61 ± 8.77 pg ml−1). When juvenile barramundi were subjected to 24L:0D, the amplitude of peak melatonin secretion was significantly suppressed
during the subjective mid-dark phase (129.71 ± 2.36 pg ml−1). This preliminary study confirmed that barramundi respond to photoperiod manipulation in a similar manner to many temperate
fish species, thus demonstrating the future potential use of artificial lighting to improve growth in this species commercially. 相似文献
57.
This paper explores the plasticity of sexually dimorphic characters in subadult female Brevimyrus niger, an African weakly electric mormyrid species. Thirty-five fish were exposed in a staggered fashion (five fish a week) to aromatizable 17α-methyltestosterone over a period of 7 weeks; 18 fish served as untreated controls. 17α-MT induced precocious vitellogenesis that mirrored the natural maturational process during seasonal ovarian recrudescence. At the same time, 17α-MT exposure resulted in complete masculinization of the females’ anal fin support structure normally observed during rainy season in adult males. We discuss possible hormonal mechanisms acting along the brain-pituitary-gonad axis that would explain the occurrence of precocious vitellogenesis and the male-typical transformation of the female’s anal fin ray bases. Our findings are relevant to commercial aquaculture as the use of 17α-MT in fish hatcheries can pose serious environmental issues. 相似文献
58.
Maria Rowena R. Romana-Eguia Minoru Ikeda Zubaida U. Basiao Nobuhiko Taniguchi 《Aquaculture International》2010,18(6):1205-1221
Growth of several genetically improved Nile tilapia (GIFT or Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia, FaST or Freshwater Aquaculture
Center Selected Tilapia, SEAFDEC-selected) and domesticated red tilapia (BFS or Binangonan Freshwater Station, NIFI-red or
National Inland Fisheries Institute red, HL or Hacienda Luisita) stocks were compared in controlled (tank) and uncontrolled
farm conditions (lake-based cages) with unselected NIFI or Chitralada Nile tilapia as control. Specific growth rate differed
significantly (P = 0.009) in tank-reared Nile tilapia stocks where GIFT grew best at 1.358%/day followed by FaST (1.307%/day), control stock
NIFI (1.257%/day) and SEAFDEC-selected (1.202%/day). Genetic effect explained 84.4% of the variance in growth of Nile tilapia
in tanks. Although Nile tilapia growth in cages followed the same trend where GIFT grew best at 1.570%/day, no significant
stock differences (P = 0.479) were noted. Meanwhile, red tilapia reared in either tanks or cages showed no significant stock differences in terms
of growth. However, survival of the red tilapia stocks in cages differed significantly with HL having the highest percentage
survival at 93.3%. The different growth responses of the Nile tilapia stocks especially under controlled (tank) farm conditions
were largely due to genetic factors (stock differences).Under uncontrolled farm conditions, environmental factors were generally
observed to have also affected the survival and to some extent, the growth of Asian Nile and red tilapia stocks. 相似文献
59.
Reproduction in fishes is influenced by thyroid hormones at various levels of gonadal cell differentiation and steroidogenesis.
Thyroid hormones have recently also emerged as an important modulator of season- and photoperiod-dependent variations in the
reproductive cycle with a possible effect on the hypothalamo–hypophyseal axis and pineal interactions. This review describes
the current status of thyroid hormone research in relation to reproduction, with special emphasis on contributions to this
field by Indian researchers including our laboratory. Evidence is provided for the multifocal action of thyroid hormones at
various levels of the hypothalamo–hypophyseal–gonadal axis affecting reproduction. The underlying physiological and molecular
mechanisms pertaining to thyroid hormone modulation of reproduction, such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) synthesis
and release, androgen and gonadotropin receptor expression, gonadotropin (GTH) expression, and tissue sensitivity to GTHs
are highlighted with relevant discussions of the current technical limitations, applications, and future perspectives of research
in this field. 相似文献
60.
Effects of three prostaglandins (i.e., prostanoids) and one of its precursors, arachidonic acid, were examined on the melanophores of the fish Labeo rohita (Ham.). PGE1, PGE2, PGF2α and arachidonic acid elicit a concentration-related dispersion in the fish melanophores. In vitro analysis of melanophores was performed through incubation of the isolated fish scales in different agonists and antagonists solutions. Dispersal effect of prostanoids may be mediated directly through the typical receptors or indirectly through release of neurotransmitter substance(s) from the melanophore nerve endings. Denervation of fish melanophores rendered them insensitive to prostanoid (PGF2α). Propranolol and verapamil completely inhibited the dispersal effects of PGF2α; theophylline and indomethacine blocked the effects of higher concentrations of PGF2α. During dispersing influence of PGF2α, a free flux of Ca2+ ions was required and the indirectly released substance(s) from melanophore nerve endings would be the catecholamines of adrenergic and purinergic in nature. 相似文献