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Cirtain JW Golub L Lundquist L van Ballegooijen A Savcheva A Shimojo M Deluca E Tsuneta S Sakao T Reeves K Weber M Kano R Narukage N Shibasaki K 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5856):1580-1582
Coronal magnetic fields are dynamic, and field lines may misalign, reassemble, and release energy by means of magnetic reconnection. Giant releases may generate solar flares and coronal mass ejections and, on a smaller scale, produce x-ray jets. Hinode observations of polar coronal holes reveal that x-ray jets have two distinct velocities: one near the Alfvén speed ( approximately 800 kilometers per second) and another near the sound speed (200 kilometers per second). Many more jets were seen than have been reported previously; we detected an average of 10 events per hour up to these speeds, whereas previous observations documented only a handful per day with lower average speeds of 200 kilometers per second. The x-ray jets are about 2 x 10(3) to 2 x 10(4) kilometers wide and 1 x 10(5) kilometers long and last from 100 to 2500 seconds. The large number of events, coupled with the high velocities of the apparent outflows, indicates that the jets may contribute to the high-speed solar wind. 相似文献
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Aulanier G Golub L Deluca EE Cirtain JW Kano R Lundquist LL Narukage N Sakao T Weber MA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5856):1588-1591
Magnetic reconnection of solar coronal loops is the main process that causes solar flares and possibly coronal heating. In the standard model, magnetic field lines break and reconnect instantaneously at places where the field mapping is discontinuous. However, another mode may operate where the magnetic field mapping is continuous but shows steep gradients: The field lines may slip across each other. Soft x-ray observations of fast bidirectional motions of coronal loops, observed by the Hinode spacecraft, support the existence of this slipping magnetic reconnection regime in the Sun's corona. This basic process should be considered when interpreting reconnection, both on the Sun and in laboratory-based plasma experiments. 相似文献
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Suzu Sakao Takafumi Fujimoto Terumasa Kobayashi Goro Yoshizaki Etsuro Yamaha Katsutoshi Arai 《Fisheries Science》2009,75(4):993-1000
Diploid gametes generated with tetraploid animals are a stepping stone to improving chromosome manipulation techniques. However,
artificially induced tetraploid individuals generally die soon after hatching. Diploid gametes could be induced by in vivo
cultures of tetraploid primordial germ cells (PGCs) through germ-line chimera. In the present study, characteristics of PGCs
were studied in inviable tetraploid masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou. Histological observation of tetraploid embryos revealed that the same or smaller numbers of PGCs were observed and they
migrate into the genital ridges as did diploid PGCs during gonadogenesis. By whole-mount in situ hybridization using vasa messenger RNA (mRNA), 4–35 vasa-positive signals were detected in a pair of genital ridges of tetraploids. By cytological
observation of genital ridge cell suspensions, several large round cells were observed, some of which extended pseudopodia.
They also contained large nuclei and round granules in their cytoplasm, characteristics of PGCs. As the results suggest that
inviable artificial tetraploids have PGCs, we expect to achieve diploid gamete production through surrogate propagation and
tetraploid fish production. 相似文献
4.
Takafumi Fujimoto Suzu Sakao Kouzou Oshima Etsuro Yamaha Katsutoshi Arai 《Aquaculture International》2013,21(4):769-781
Tetraploid fish, which are considered as key resources of diploid gametes for further breeding and ploidy manipulation, can be artificially induced by inhibition of the mitotic cell division with hydrostatic pressure or temperature treatments. Although many attempts have been made to induce artificial tetraploid strains, successful establishment of viable and fertile tetraploid strains are rare. In pond loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, natural tetraploid individuals are distributed in wild populations and diploid gametes from the tetraploid fish have been used for the induction of polyploid individuals, but artificially induced tetraploid strains have not been established yet. In the present study, we optimised starting timing of the heat-shock treatment (41 °C for 2 min) to inhibit a mitotic cell division in fertilised eggs of the normal diploid pond loach between 21 and 51 min after insemination at 20 °C. After the treatment, we observed external appearance of hatching larvae and flow cytometrically determined ploidy status of the resultant larvae. Although tetraploid and diploid/tetraploid mosaic larvae were obtained, the optimum timings for induction of tetraploidy varied amongst crosses. Various kinds of ploidy such as haploidy, diploidy, triploidy, pentaploidy, hexaploidy, aneuploidy and mosaic were detected in non-optimum heat-shock timings for tetraploidisation. Survivors, a tetraploid and a diploid/tetraploid mosaic male, matured at the age of 1-year-old, but they produced functional haploid spermatozoa. 相似文献
5.
An efficient procedure for the cryopreservation of fish blastomeres followed by restoration through germ-line chimera formation was established. Blastomeres of the loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) were cryopreserved in 250-μL straws in Eagle's minimum essential medium with various concentrations of dimethyl-sulfoxide (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%), and the best concentration was combined with glycerol (1, 2, and 4%) and external cryoprotectants (1 or 2% sucrose; 2, 5, or 10% fetal bovine serum; 1 or 2% BSA). Postthaw viability of the blastomeres was used to optimize cryopreservation conditions. Donor blastomeres were injected with zebrafish green fluorescence protein-nos1 3' untranslated region mRNA and biotin dextran before cryopreservation in the optimal freeze medium. Host embryos were injected with zebrafish DsRed-nos1 3' untranslated region mRNA and reared to the blastula stage. Donor blastomeres were thawed at 25 °C for 10 s and transplanted to the host embryos either immediately or after incubation for 16 h at 20 °C. Donor and host primordial germ cell migration was visualized with fluorescent imaging during the early stages of embryogenesis, and also by histology in 4-d-old embryos. Transplantation of blastomeres immediately after thawing gave decreased hatching rates (approximately 3%) and generated a smaller percentage of germ-line chimeras (approximately 1.1%). In contrast, incubation of a cryopreserved sample for 16 h followed by transplantation of the green fluorescence protein-positive blastomeres improved the hatching rate to 90%, and successfully produced presumable germ-line chimeras at a rate of 16.5%. The improved survival rates and germ-line chimerism may be an effective method for gene banking and subsequent reconstitution of endangered fish genotypes. 相似文献
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Reale F Parenti S Reeves KK Weber M Bobra MG Barbera M Kano R Narukage N Shimojo M Sakao T Peres G Golub L 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5856):1582-1585
The determination of the fine thermal structure of the solar corona is fundamental to constraining the coronal heating mechanisms. The Hinode X-ray Telescope collected images of the solar corona in different passbands, thus providing temperature diagnostics through energy ratios. By combining different filters to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio, we observed a coronal active region in five filters, revealing a highly thermally structured corona: very fine structures in the core of the region and on a larger scale further away. We observed continuous thermal distribution along the coronal loops, as well as entangled structures, and variations of thermal structuring along the line of sight. 相似文献
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扫描电镜杉木叶样制备的脱蜡方法 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文应用几种不同的脱蜡方法,探讨杉木叶片扫描电镜样品制备中的脱蜡问题。经多种实验结果表明二甲苯和醋酸异戊酯为杉木叶片较理想的脱蜡试剂。同时在应用二甲苯和醋酸异戊酯脱蜡前应先用乙醇逐级脱水,才能获得较理想的脱蜡效果。脱蜡时间5～6天。但不同类型、不同个体以及不同发育时期的杉木叶片,脱蜡时间应根据它们不同的生物特性加以适当的调整。 相似文献
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Continuous plasma outflows from the edge of a solar active region as a possible source of solar wind
Sakao T Kano R Narukage N Kotoku J Bando T Deluca EE Lundquist LL Tsuneta S Harra LK Katsukawa Y Kubo M Hara H Matsuzaki K Shimojo M Bookbinder JA Golub L Korreck KE Su Y Shibasaki K Shimizu T Nakatani I 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5856):1585-1588
The Sun continuously expels a huge amount of ionized material into interplanetary space as the solar wind. Despite its influence on the heliospheric environment, the origin of the solar wind has yet to be well identified. In this paper, we report Hinode X-ray Telescope observations of a solar active region. At the edge of the active region, located adjacent to a coronal hole, a pattern of continuous outflow of soft-x-ray-emitting plasmas was identified emanating along apparently open magnetic field lines and into the upper corona. Estimates of temperature and density for the outflowing plasmas suggest a mass loss rate that amounts to approximately 1/4 of the total mass loss rate of the solar wind. These outflows may be indicative of one of the solar wind sources at the Sun. 相似文献
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